并列句、复合句和连词
一．连词概述
连词是一种虚词，不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for 等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等) 和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等) ，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether 等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。
并列句
1. 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。 2. 常用的并列连词有如下四种： 联合并列句 and （和；并且）
I tried my best, and I caught up with him at last. 转折并列句 but ，yet （但是）
It is raining hard, but I still go to school. 选择并列句 or （或者，否则） Be careful, or you will hurt yourself. 因果并列句 so ，for （因此，所以） He was ill, so he went to see a doctor.
He must be a good student, for he is always careful with his lessons.
注意：and 常用于肯定句中，表肯定列举；or 常表示选择和否定的列举，常用于选择疑问句或否定句中。
3. 常用的并列连词词组有not only … but also … , either … or … , neither … nor … , not … but …, both … and …, 等等。例如：
Not only one but also all of us were invited.
Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.
Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.
练习
1.It was so late, _________ the farmers went to working in the field. A. and B. or C. so D. but
2.. I didn't know anything about it_______ my father told me. A. until B. because C. if D. after
3. . It’s very nice _____you to give me the chance. A. of B. for C. to D. at
4.. The sports meet will continue_____ it rains this afternoon. A. if B. since C. as soon as D. unless
5.Study hard, ___________you are sure to have a good result in the exam. A. or B. and C. for D. But
状语从句
在复合句中充当时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等状语成分的从句通称为状语从句。
（1） 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由since, when, after, as, while, till/until, before, by, during 等时间连词引导。例如：
Tom was playing computer games when his mother found him. I 'll wait you till /until you come to see me. I'll didn't go until I finished my homework. （2）地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如： I found my wallet where I walked.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. （3）方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, （just ） as…so…, as if, as though引导。例如： As water is to fish, so air is to man. 注意：as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作" 仿佛……似的" ，" 好像……似的" 。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） （4）目的状语从句
表示目的的状语从句可以由so that, in order that,, for fear that, in case等词引导。如： Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. He must get up early so that he can catch the bus. （5）原因状语从句
原因状语从句一般由because, since, as和for 引导。
because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why 提出的问题。 当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as 或 since 。
由because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for 。例如： I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 （6）结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
So +形容词、副词+that
So+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that Such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that Such+形容词+复数名词+that Such+形容词+不可数名词+that
e.g.He is so young a boy that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school （7）条件状语从句
条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。unless = if not. 例如： If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. You will be late unless you leave immediately. （8）让步状语从句
though, although 引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but ，但是 though 和yet 可连用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. He is very old, but he still works very hard. ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。 whether…or… 不管……都。例如： Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
"no matter +疑问词" 或" 疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 宾语从句
1. 主句和从句时态一致的问题。
1) 如果主句是现在的某种时态，那么从句的时态可以根据实际情况而定。如： I remember he gave me a book yesterday. He has told me that he’ll leave for New York.
2) 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句也要用过去的某种时态。如果从句表示的是客观事实, 即使主句是过去式也要用一般现在时态. 如： He told me that he would take part in the high jump. The teacher told us that the whale is not fish. 2. 宾语从句的语序-----陈述句语序
What’s Kate’s address? Do you know? =Do you know what Kate’s address is? 3. 宾语从句连接词
1) 连接词that 在以下情况不能省略。 a. 当宾语从句主语是that 时。
b. 当宾语从句中含有主从句时。如：
I'm afraid that if you have lost it, you must pay for it.
c. 两个或多个宾语从句由并列词连接时，除第一个可以省略外其余都不能省。如：He said (that) the film was interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.
2) 当从句是一般疑问句，连词要用if 、whether 。但是，当从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词用原来的词。如：
Are you from Japan? He asked me=He asked me if/whether I was from Japan. When did he leave for London? Could you tell me?= Could you tell me when he left for London?
（4）宾语从句的否定转移：主句谓语动词是think , believe , imagine , suppose, consider, expect, fancy , guess 等，主语是第一人称且一般现在时时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。其反意疑问句的主语与从句的主语保持一致。
如：I don’t think they’ll stick out to the last minute.
I don’t suppose it’s his fault, is it ? 课堂练习
1.She is very dear to us. We have been ready to do ____ it takes to save her life. A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever
2.At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see___ it would get any better.
A.when B.how c.why D.if
3.Could I speak to___ is in charge of International Sales please? Awho B.what C.whoever D.whatever
综合题组训练 补全句子
1.He said he wanted to speak to the boss. 他说他想跟老板说话。
2.I don’t know it is going to rain. 我不知道是否会下雨。
3.I’m thinking of we should go fishing. 我在想我们是否应该去钓鱼。
4.We didn’t know she would come back. 我们不知道她什么时候回来。
5.Don’t do anythingyou look at the picture. 在你看图画之前什么也不要说。
the lights are red,the traffic must stop. 当红灯亮的时候，车辆必须停止。 7.He didn’t comehe was ill. 他没来是因为他生病了。
8.Please let me know Li Ming comes back. 如果李明回来，请让我知道。
you’ll pass the exam easily. 努力学习，你会很容易通过考试的。
he is poor,she still loves him. 尽管他穷，但她仍然很爱他。
1.that/不填 2.if/whether 3.whether 4.when 5.before 6.When 7.because 8.if 9.and 10.Even though
并列句、复合句和连词
一．连词概述
连词是一种虚词，不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for 等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等) 和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等) ，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether 等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。
并列句
1. 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。 2. 常用的并列连词有如下四种： 联合并列句 and （和；并且）
I tried my best, and I caught up with him at last. 转折并列句 but ，yet （但是）
It is raining hard, but I still go to school. 选择并列句 or （或者，否则） Be careful, or you will hurt yourself. 因果并列句 so ，for （因此，所以） He was ill, so he went to see a doctor.
He must be a good student, for he is always careful with his lessons.
注意：and 常用于肯定句中，表肯定列举；or 常表示选择和否定的列举，常用于选择疑问句或否定句中。
3. 常用的并列连词词组有not only … but also … , either … or … , neither … nor … , not … but …, both … and …, 等等。例如：
Not only one but also all of us were invited.
Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.
Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.
练习
1.It was so late, _________ the farmers went to working in the field. A. and B. or C. so D. but
2.. I didn't know anything about it_______ my father told me. A. until B. because C. if D. after
3. . It’s very nice _____you to give me the chance. A. of B. for C. to D. at
4.. The sports meet will continue_____ it rains this afternoon. A. if B. since C. as soon as D. unless
5.Study hard, ___________you are sure to have a good result in the exam. A. or B. and C. for D. But
状语从句
在复合句中充当时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等状语成分的从句通称为状语从句。
（1） 时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由since, when, after, as, while, till/until, before, by, during 等时间连词引导。例如：
Tom was playing computer games when his mother found him. I 'll wait you till /until you come to see me. I'll didn't go until I finished my homework. （2）地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如： I found my wallet where I walked.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. （3）方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, （just ） as…so…, as if, as though引导。例如： As water is to fish, so air is to man. 注意：as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作" 仿佛……似的" ，" 好像……似的" 。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） （4）目的状语从句
表示目的的状语从句可以由so that, in order that,, for fear that, in case等词引导。如： Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. He must get up early so that he can catch the bus. （5）原因状语从句
原因状语从句一般由because, since, as和for 引导。
because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why 提出的问题。 当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as 或 since 。
由because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for 。例如： I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 （6）结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
So +形容词、副词+that
So+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that Such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that Such+形容词+复数名词+that Such+形容词+不可数名词+that
e.g.He is so young a boy that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school （7）条件状语从句
条件状语从句的连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。unless = if not. 例如： If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. You will be late unless you leave immediately. （8）让步状语从句
though, although 引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but ，但是 though 和yet 可连用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. He is very old, but he still works very hard. ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。 whether…or… 不管……都。例如： Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
"no matter +疑问词" 或" 疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 宾语从句
1. 主句和从句时态一致的问题。
1) 如果主句是现在的某种时态，那么从句的时态可以根据实际情况而定。如： I remember he gave me a book yesterday. He has told me that he’ll leave for New York.
2) 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句也要用过去的某种时态。如果从句表示的是客观事实, 即使主句是过去式也要用一般现在时态. 如： He told me that he would take part in the high jump. The teacher told us that the whale is not fish. 2. 宾语从句的语序-----陈述句语序
What’s Kate’s address? Do you know? =Do you know what Kate’s address is? 3. 宾语从句连接词
1) 连接词that 在以下情况不能省略。 a. 当宾语从句主语是that 时。
b. 当宾语从句中含有主从句时。如：
I'm afraid that if you have lost it, you must pay for it.
c. 两个或多个宾语从句由并列词连接时，除第一个可以省略外其余都不能省。如：He said (that) the film was interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.
2) 当从句是一般疑问句，连词要用if 、whether 。但是，当从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词用原来的词。如：
Are you from Japan? He asked me=He asked me if/whether I was from Japan. When did he leave for London? Could you tell me?= Could you tell me when he left for London?
（4）宾语从句的否定转移：主句谓语动词是think , believe , imagine , suppose, consider, expect, fancy , guess 等，主语是第一人称且一般现在时时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。其反意疑问句的主语与从句的主语保持一致。
如：I don’t think they’ll stick out to the last minute.
I don’t suppose it’s his fault, is it ? 课堂练习
1.She is very dear to us. We have been ready to do ____ it takes to save her life. A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever
2.At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see___ it would get any better.
A.when B.how c.why D.if
3.Could I speak to___ is in charge of International Sales please? Awho B.what C.whoever D.whatever
综合题组训练 补全句子
1.He said he wanted to speak to the boss. 他说他想跟老板说话。
2.I don’t know it is going to rain. 我不知道是否会下雨。
3.I’m thinking of we should go fishing. 我在想我们是否应该去钓鱼。
4.We didn’t know she would come back. 我们不知道她什么时候回来。
5.Don’t do anythingyou look at the picture. 在你看图画之前什么也不要说。
the lights are red,the traffic must stop. 当红灯亮的时候，车辆必须停止。 7.He didn’t comehe was ill. 他没来是因为他生病了。
8.Please let me know Li Ming comes back. 如果李明回来，请让我知道。
you’ll pass the exam easily. 努力学习，你会很容易通过考试的。
he is poor,she still loves him. 尽管他穷，但她仍然很爱他。
1.that/不填 2.if/whether 3.whether 4.when 5.before 6.When 7.because 8.if 9.and 10.Even though