什么是Hofstede 的五个文化尺度
吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德（Hofstede ）的五个文化尺度是用来衡量不同国家文化差异、价值取向的一个有效架构：
•权力距离。一国范围内人与人之间的不平等程度。
•个人主义与集体主义。个人对于人际关系（他们所属的家庭或组织）的认同与重视程度。 •男性气质与女性气质。男性气质的文化有益于权力、控制、获取等社会行，与之相对的女性气质文化则更有益于个人、情感以及生活质量。
•不确定性规避。一国范围内人们对于结构性情景（相对于非结构性情景、非常规态势）的偏爱程度。
•长期取向与短期取向。长期：着眼于未来的价值取向，比如储蓄习惯和坚持力。短期：着眼于短期和眼前的价值取向，比如尊重传统、重视履行社会义务。
权力距离是指“一个社会对组织机构中权力分配不平等的情况所能接受的程度。”在权力距离大的文化中，下属对上司有强烈的依附性，人们心目中理想的上司是开明专制君主，是仁慈的独裁者；在权力距离小的文化中，员工参与决策的程度较高，下属在其规定的职责范围内有相应的自主权。
个人主义是指一个松散的社会结构，假定其中的人们都只关心自己和最亲密的家庭成员；而集体主义则是在一个紧密的社会结构中人们分为内部群体与外部群体，人们期望自己所在的那个内部群体照顾自己，而自己则对这个内部群体绝对忠诚。
所谓“不确定性的规避”，是指“一个社会对不确定和模糊态势所感到的威胁程度，试图保障职业安全，制订更为正式的规则，拒绝越轨的观点和行为，相信绝对忠诚和专业知识来规避上述态势。”
男性气质与女性气质，是指“社会中‘男性’价值观占优势的程度，即自信、追求金钱和物质、不关心别人、重视个人生活质量”；其反面则是“女性”价值占优势。
长期导向性、短期导向性表明一个民族对长远利益和近期利益的价值观。具有长期导向的文化和社会主要面向未来，较注重对未来的考虑，对待事物以动态的观点去考察；注重节约、节俭和储备；做任何事均留有余地。短期导向性的文化与社会则面向过去与现在，着重眼前的利益，注重对传统的尊重，注重负担社会的责任；在管理上最重要的是此时的利润，上级对下级的考绩周期较短，要求立见功效，急功近利，不容拖延。
要了解一个国家的管理文化，你不仅仅要有关于这个国家的知识，还要对它的文化有一个完整概念，能够心领神会。Hofstede 的独特统计调研法给出的结果告诉我们，即便在处理最基本的社会问题上，另一个国家的人们的思想、感受以及行动可能都会和我们有很大的差别。Hofstede 的文化尺度理论同时提醒管理人员与战略家们必须牢记：人类总会习惯性地根据根据他的既有经验去思考、感受和行动，尤其是在国际环境中工作的时候。
Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the
leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.
Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
* Description for each of Hofstede's Dimensions listed below
Geert Hofstede analysis for China has Long-term Orientation (LTO) the highest-ranking factor (118), which is true for all Asian cultures. This Dimension indicates a society's time perspective and an attitude of persevering; that is, overcoming obstacles with time, if not with will and strength. (see Asian countries graph below)
The Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in the Individualism (IDV) ranking, at 20 compared to an average of 24. This may be attributed, in part, to the high level of emphasis on a Collectivist society by the Communist rule, as compared to one of Individualism.
The low Individualism ranking is manifest in a close and committed member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.
* Average of scores for China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Of note is China's significantly higher Power Distance ranking of 80 compared to the other Far East Asian countries' average of 60, and the world average of 55. This is indicative of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage.
World averages are 55 - 43 - 50 - 64 - 45
China’s religion is officially designated as Atheist by the State, although the concepts and teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (500BC) are woven into the society at large. Some religious practice is acceptable in China; however, the government sets rigid limits.
* * *
Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find
societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the
philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a
questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.
什么是Hofstede 的五个文化尺度
吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德（Hofstede ）的五个文化尺度是用来衡量不同国家文化差异、价值取向的一个有效架构：
•权力距离。一国范围内人与人之间的不平等程度。
•个人主义与集体主义。个人对于人际关系（他们所属的家庭或组织）的认同与重视程度。 •男性气质与女性气质。男性气质的文化有益于权力、控制、获取等社会行，与之相对的女性气质文化则更有益于个人、情感以及生活质量。
•不确定性规避。一国范围内人们对于结构性情景（相对于非结构性情景、非常规态势）的偏爱程度。
•长期取向与短期取向。长期：着眼于未来的价值取向，比如储蓄习惯和坚持力。短期：着眼于短期和眼前的价值取向，比如尊重传统、重视履行社会义务。
权力距离是指“一个社会对组织机构中权力分配不平等的情况所能接受的程度。”在权力距离大的文化中，下属对上司有强烈的依附性，人们心目中理想的上司是开明专制君主，是仁慈的独裁者；在权力距离小的文化中，员工参与决策的程度较高，下属在其规定的职责范围内有相应的自主权。
个人主义是指一个松散的社会结构，假定其中的人们都只关心自己和最亲密的家庭成员；而集体主义则是在一个紧密的社会结构中人们分为内部群体与外部群体，人们期望自己所在的那个内部群体照顾自己，而自己则对这个内部群体绝对忠诚。
所谓“不确定性的规避”，是指“一个社会对不确定和模糊态势所感到的威胁程度，试图保障职业安全，制订更为正式的规则，拒绝越轨的观点和行为，相信绝对忠诚和专业知识来规避上述态势。”
男性气质与女性气质，是指“社会中‘男性’价值观占优势的程度，即自信、追求金钱和物质、不关心别人、重视个人生活质量”；其反面则是“女性”价值占优势。
长期导向性、短期导向性表明一个民族对长远利益和近期利益的价值观。具有长期导向的文化和社会主要面向未来，较注重对未来的考虑，对待事物以动态的观点去考察；注重节约、节俭和储备；做任何事均留有余地。短期导向性的文化与社会则面向过去与现在，着重眼前的利益，注重对传统的尊重，注重负担社会的责任；在管理上最重要的是此时的利润，上级对下级的考绩周期较短，要求立见功效，急功近利，不容拖延。
要了解一个国家的管理文化，你不仅仅要有关于这个国家的知识，还要对它的文化有一个完整概念，能够心领神会。Hofstede 的独特统计调研法给出的结果告诉我们，即便在处理最基本的社会问题上，另一个国家的人们的思想、感受以及行动可能都会和我们有很大的差别。Hofstede 的文化尺度理论同时提醒管理人员与战略家们必须牢记：人类总会习惯性地根据根据他的既有经验去思考、感受和行动，尤其是在国际环境中工作的时候。
Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the
leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.
Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
* Description for each of Hofstede's Dimensions listed below
Geert Hofstede analysis for China has Long-term Orientation (LTO) the highest-ranking factor (118), which is true for all Asian cultures. This Dimension indicates a society's time perspective and an attitude of persevering; that is, overcoming obstacles with time, if not with will and strength. (see Asian countries graph below)
The Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in the Individualism (IDV) ranking, at 20 compared to an average of 24. This may be attributed, in part, to the high level of emphasis on a Collectivist society by the Communist rule, as compared to one of Individualism.
The low Individualism ranking is manifest in a close and committed member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.
* Average of scores for China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Of note is China's significantly higher Power Distance ranking of 80 compared to the other Far East Asian countries' average of 60, and the world average of 55. This is indicative of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage.
World averages are 55 - 43 - 50 - 64 - 45
China’s religion is officially designated as Atheist by the State, although the concepts and teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (500BC) are woven into the society at large. Some religious practice is acceptable in China; however, the government sets rigid limits.
* * *
Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find
societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the
philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation: this fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a
questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.