《跨文化交际与口译基础》 翻译理论简介：
Unit One
I. 汉语词类的转换处理
II．英语词类的转换处理
Unit Two
I. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理
II. 英语中定语从句的翻译（I）
Unit Three
英语定语从句的翻译（II）
Unit Four
汉语句子的英译
Unit Five
II. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理
II. 英语句子成分的转译
Unit Six
汉语长句的英译处理
Unit Seven
英汉语言结构差异分析及英汉互译
Unit Eight
汉语习语的英译
Unit One
I. 汉语词类的转换处理
1. 汉语名词转换成英语动词(表示“形状、地位、态度、特点、印象、目的、定义的汉语名词常用动词翻译。) 社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力
自然保护区的规定和管理应按照国务院有关规定办理
Nature reserves shall be according to the relevant provisions of the State Councils.
2. 汉语动词转换成英语名词 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。
China’s successful of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量 the products.
3.汉语动词转换成英语形容词（表示情感、知觉等心理状态的动词）她母亲为她的健康担忧。 我们决不满足于现有的成就。 汉语动词转换成英语介词或介词词组 我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一，反对；第
二，不怕。
Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are 我们全体赞成他的提议。 2． 汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词 他试图用热情的款待把它的窘态遮盖过去。
hospitality. 空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of II． 英语词类的转换处理
1. 英语名词转译成动词（A由动词派生的名词；B 具有动作意
味的名词；C 以er结尾的表示身份或职业的名词；D作为习语主体的名词） 他倒是不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。
The application of electronic computers makes for a 电子计算机的应用可以大大提高劳动生产率。
2.英语名词转译成形容词（由形容词派生的名词，以及有些不加不定冠词的名词作表语时）
The people of some nations greet with others smilingly, but there are ethnic
eyes.
有些国家的人民以微笑方式打招呼，但在有些宗教团体中，规定的方式是眼中含泪与人打招呼。
Allow me, on behalf of the delegation that accompanies me and in my own name, to sincerely thank you for this and people.
对此，请允许我以陪同我访问的代表团和我个人的
名义，向你们表示诚挚的谢意，并向你们传达我们人民的兄弟般的友好情谊。
3.英语动词转译成名词（英语中由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转换的动词）
He was very shabbily by the U.S. press and 观点，他受到了迫害。
And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations 他还警告说，如果战争继续下去，双边关系的改善有可能受到损害。
4.英语形容词转译成动词。（英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语，译为动词。如able, afraid, angry, anxious. Ashamed, aware, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant, sorry, sure, thankful.）
The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to 慎。
A socially mature person does not necessarily like or respect all people, but he and and does not intentionally hurt anyone’s feelings.
在社交方面成熟的人不一定要喜欢或尊敬所有人，但是它能容忍、谅解他们，而且不会故意去伤害他人。
Unit Two
I. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理
1. 转化成从句
以上就是我们同意继续进行两岸对话的条件
The afore-said are conditions under which we will agree to continue talks between both sides of the Strait.
找不找人帮忙的事由你来决定。
It’s up to you to decide whether we should look for helping hands or not.
这就是故事中后来成为了著名天文学家的那个孩子。
This is the young man in the story who was to become a great astronomer years later.
2. 转化成动词不定式
为什么人服务的问题，是一个根本的问题，原则的问题。 To serve for whom is a cardinal problem, a matter of principle. 四川是首先实行社会保险改革的省份之一。
Sichuan is one of the first provinces to introduce a social insurance reform.
我看到你健康、快乐而富有，心里很高兴。
I’m very pleased to see you happy, healthy and wealthy.
3. 转化成分词或分词短语
统计数字还表明转而从事专业性工作的妇女人数有了相当大的增加。
Statistics also show a considerable rise in the number of women
turning to more professional lines of work.
在被调查的妇女中，71.39%的人对“男尊女卑”的现象持否定
或怀疑态度。
Among those women surveyed, 71.39% maintains a negative or
skeptical attitude towards the idea that “ men are superior
to women”.
企业要建立风险资金以补偿因管理不善而造成的亏损。
Risk funds will be set up to compensate for losses incurred
because of poor management.
4. 转化成介词短语
尽管有好多缺点，他是个勤奋的人。
With all his shortcomings, he is a hard-working man. 她听到丈夫被在野党刺杀的消息，痛不欲生。
She is overwhelmed with sorrow at the news that her husband
was assassinated by the opposition party.
游行的人们手舞鲜花和彩旗，走过天安门广场。
The paraders marched through Tian An Men Square with flowers
and banners in their hands.
5. 惯用法的灵活处理
她人长得好看，脑子又聪明。 She is as pretty as wise. 高等学校中具有高级职称的教师人数已占专职教师总数的32%。
The number of professors and associate professors accounts for
32% of the full-time faculty members in institutions of higher education.
这事说来容易做来难。 It’s easier said than done. II. 英语定语从句的翻译 (I)
一． 限制性定语从句
1. 译成前置定语
Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.
为了人民事业牺牲自己的人是历史上真正的英雄。
Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us.
我们对在工业博览会上所看到的每样东西都非常感兴趣。 He therefore resolved immediately to tell him the fact which we have above slightly hinted.
因此，他马上决定把我们在上面隐约提到的那件事告诉他。
2. 译成并列句
I have strong opinions which wouldn’t suit you.
我有坚决地主张，怕对你么不合适。
Vicky was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet.
维基是一个精力充沛的学生，她不辞辛劳地撰写那篇关于14世纪一位鲜为人知的诗人的学位论文。
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
是他街道那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
二． 非限制性定语从句
1. 译成并列句
He took the idea to Bill, who liked it and ordered a secret study, made to see if it could be done.
他把这个想法汇报给比尔，比尔对此很感兴趣，命令进行秘密研究，看看是否可行。
Anybody is better than Matt, who has neither honour, nor ability, nor capital.
谁都比迈特强，他既没名誉，又没能力，也没资金。
Actually, it isn’t. Because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种认识并不存在。
2. 译成独立句
I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue. 你的成功对我是个鼓舞，我希望你不断取得成功。
Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that computations were accurate.
不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算是准确地。
He had talked to Vice-President, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
他和副总统谈过话。副总统向他保证，凡是能做到的都将竭尽全力去做。
Unit Three
英语定语从句的翻译 (II)
三、分述法
1．将关系代词还原
He was first introduced to the students at the English corner on the campus by his friend Lin Pingzhi who was already a postgraduate at the university.
他是在校园的英语角由的朋友林平之首次介绍给学生的，林平之当时已是该校的研究生了。
One day Miss Elizabeth wrote a letter to Jane Austin, who was a famous English woman write.
有一天，伊丽莎白小姐写了一封信给简.奥斯丁，奥斯丁石以
为著名的英国女作家。
At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs Bradley and a shy
drab girl who seemed even younger than the others.
席间我发现我座位两边分别是布莱德雷太太和一位腼腆的乏
味的姑娘。这姑娘看上去比其他人都要年轻。
Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a
precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake.
我们这个职业在传统上恪守这样一个信条，这个信条胜过
为讲真话而讲真话的美德。
2. 简化或概括先行词
I received the impression of a brutal, clever, competent man who, in business matters, at all events, would be pitiless.
我对这个人的印象是又残酷又精明能干。这种人在生意上无论如何都是毫不殉情的。
Aunt Harriet lived in that leisurely age when servants were
employed to do homework.
哈丽特姑妈生活在一个有限的时代，那时家务事是可以
雇佣人来做的。
3. 主从糅合，重新组织
In countries where people remain in one town or city for most of their lives, the social customs are different.
有些国家的人民几乎终身未离开一个市镇，所以社会风俗颇为不同。
As I came in, Mr. Thompson, who owned the taxicab that used to stand at the corner of our street, waved to me from a table.
我进来时，那个开出租车的汤普生先生坐在一张桌子边向我招手。他的车子经常停在我们的街角上。
This poem, which almost everybody knows is written by Tennyson.
特纳森写的这首诗，几乎人人皆知。
四．带有状语功能的定语从句
1.译成表示“原因”的分句
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more
rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以
在黑夜也能看得清楚。
He would have to be careful not to offend the foreman,
who could give him the sack at any time.
2. 译成表示“结果”的分句
Late last century all the universities in the United States
adopted the credit system which benefited students a
great deal.
上个世纪末，美国所有大学都采用了学分制，学生从中受益匪浅。
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
这个方案富于创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢
3. 译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another car, which he had no use for .
他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并没有这个必要。
He lived his life apart from the workers on whose skill he depended.
他不跟工人们在一起生活，虽然他离不开他们的熟练技巧。
4. 译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention.
他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。
We recognize the need to establish and develop instituitions
which help to tame the excessive use of power.
我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于对权力滥用的
控制。
5 译成表示“条件、假设”的分句
Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be
derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
如果以为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个
唯心论者。
He would be a rash man who should venture to defy
world public opinion and act arbitrarily
如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行，他
一定是个鲁莽之徒。
五、As 引导的定语从句
1．As 引导的定语从句位于句首（将其置于句首或句末） As is very natural, man can’t live without air.
没有空气人就不能生存，这是很自然的。
As is known to all, a body at rest will not move unless it is
acted upon by a force.
众所周知，静止的物体没有外力的作用就不会移动。
2．As 引导的定语从句位于句中和句末（译成前置定语） The patient did not have a heart attack as the doctor had
feared.
患者并没有像医生所担心的那样复发心脏病
The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless. 科学的某些事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥乏味。 Unit Four
汉语句子的英译
一、句子主干的确定
1. 主语的确定
A. 汉语句子主题与句子的主语一致
• 中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。
• China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century.
• 双方决定共同致力于建立面向21世纪的建设性战略伙伴关系。 • The two sides decided to commit themselves to the establishment of a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century.
• 互访达到了增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目的。 • These visits have reached the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together。
B. 汉语句子的主题与句子的主语不一致，灵活处理主语的选择 这位母亲很为有个漂亮聪明的女儿而骄傲。
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.
已经有数千人在持续一年的内战中丧生。
Thousands of people have died in the Civil War, which broke out a year ago.
The Civil War, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.
The death toll of the Civil War, which broke out a year ago, has
amounted to several thousand.
民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展
The minority concentrated regions have witnessed continued economic and social development.
The economy and society of the ethnic minority area have been developed continuously.
Continued economic and social development has been achieved/ attained in the minority concentrated areas.
C. 汉语无主句的处理
1). 汉语祈使句译成英语祈使句
请打开课本，翻到第245页
Please open your textbook and turn to page 245.
宁为鸡首，不为牛后
Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.
小心轻放
Handle with care.
2). 用英语的被动结构译
在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.
今年年底将落实机构改革方案，把政府工作人员的人数减少一半。
An institutional restructuring plan involving a 50% reduction in the number of government functionaries will be put in place at the end of the year.
没有爱心就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.
3). 采用“There be” 的结构翻译
没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty, without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
剩下的时间不多了
There is little time left.
要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change; without change, there can be no development.
4). 用it 作主语译出
要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作 In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.
要成功，就要付出劳动。
It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.
活到老，学到老
It is never too old to learn.
5). 增添适当的代词或名词作主语
只准州官放火，不许百姓点灯
One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.
弄得不好，就会前功尽弃
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
二. 谓语的确定
1. 汉语连谓句的处理
他预先了课文后开始写作文。
Having prepared the text, she began to write the composition. 招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目
The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen
from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects. 我们都有责任保护妇女儿童的合法权益
We all have the responsibility to safeguard the legal rights and
interests of women and children.
2. 汉语兼语句的处理
事态的发展迫使他重新考虑自己的决定
The march of events compelled him to reconsider his decision. 母亲听到孩子在摇篮里哭
The mother heard the baby crying in the cradle.
报纸上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活
Newspapers criticized the author for he failed to present a true picture of life in his works.
Unit Five
I. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理
1. 译成非谓语动词或独立结构
最近二三十年来，世界的科学技术发展日新月异，专业化的分工更心，协作的规模更大
In the last 20 or 30 years, world science and technology have made mew headway day by day, resulting in a more minute division of labor on the basis of specialization and in more extensive cooperation.
要积极发展乡镇企业和小城镇，加强农业综合开发，引导农业剩余劳动力合理转移和有序流动
Vigorous efforts should be made to develop rural township business and small towns, enhance comprehensive agricultural development, guiding surplus rural labors to rational shift and orderly migration.
2. 译成介词短语
这些都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。
Those mistakes should be corrected by educating them and not by simply dressing them down.
中国执行改革开放，争取在50年到70年间发展起来
By pursing a policy of reform and opening to the outside world,
China is striving to become developed within 50 to 70 years.
3. 译成动词不定式
改造军队的政治工作，使官兵一致，军民一致
Overhaul the political work in the army in order to achieve unity between officers and men and between the army and people.
正确运用宏观调控的方式和手段，把握好时机和力度，保持宏观经济环境的稳定。
We should employ correctly the means and methods of macro-control, grasp the opportune time and use appropriate dynamic to maintain the stability of the macroeconomic environment.
4. 译成状语从句
复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，它能迅速地求出准确的解答
In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
天已经相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜
As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night.
II、英语句子成分的转译
1. 主语的转译
A. 主语转译为谓语
In recent years increasing had been paid to the
economic benefit in the production of our factory.
must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.
B. 主语转译成宾语 计算机科学在近20 After some underground nuclear tests, 在进行某些地下核试验以后的几星期内，可以记录到大量微弱的余震。
C. 主语译成状语 ’s mind. 人们就会动心
在世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。/
D. 主语转译成定语
Without undergo extreme changes in temperature.
2. 谓语的转译 令人吃惊的是，
3. 宾语的转译
without answering his question.
转过头去，没有理睬他的问题。
4. 状语的转译
We know that oxygen is necessary
Colleges and universities have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.除了谈论学生作弊现象的上升，全国各地的大学已决定采取实际行动。
5. 定语的转移
The earth was formed from the kind of materials that
makes up the sun.
Unit Six
汉语长句的英译处理
一. 对译（Corresponding interpreting of sentences）
• 对译的过程大体可以用这样一句话概括起来：抓住主干，搭好架子，添加细节，注意活用动词句型。
• .今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民，更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境好良好的周边环境。
• Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment.
• 我感谢陆哈佛大学校长登庭博士的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。
• I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.
二. 断句翻译
• 汉语重意和，几层意思经常揉在一起在一个层次中表达，英语重形和，注重语言层面上的条理性，须在语言的排列上突出句子
的主次成分汉语中，所以汉译英时应先找出长句的主句为句子的中心，其他相关意思的扩展靠有内在联系的句子、短语等用连词、从句、不定式、分词、介词等将内部的关系显化。 • 我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。
• We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other’s strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies for achieving common progress
• 我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局，妥善解决分歧，不断超者增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目标前进。
• We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S. relations and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.
• 十月的北京，秋高气爽，秋色宜人。世界旅游组织第15届全体大会今天在这里隆重开幕。
• At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization is Officially opened here.（至此金秋时节，在这月明中秋的良宵…） • 20世纪中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围迅速兴起，（体现在）旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位显著提升，（结果是）旅游活动迅速成为各国人民交流文化，增进友
谊，扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类生活和社会进步产生越来越广泛的影响。
• Since the middle of the 20th century, modern tourism has been growing at a fast pace around the world. The number of tourists has ever been on the rise, the scale of the tourism industry has been on constant expansion, and the position of tourism in the economy has been obviously raised. Tourism serves gradually as an important bridge of cultural exchange, friendship and further exchanges and exerts more and more extensive influence on the human life and social progress among various countries.
• 我成为环保工作者的20年正式世界环保事业蓬勃发展之际，也是中国经济快速发展之时。
• I have worked in environmental protection for two decades. This period has witnessed vigorous advancement of the international environmental causes as well as remarkable development of the Chinese economy.
• 中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，也是一个充满时代升级的东方大国，//（她）拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源。（表现为）自然风光旖旎秀美，历史文化博大精深，56个民族风情浓郁，//（结果是）目前已被列入世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地达29处。
• China, as a big oriental country, not only boasts a long history of
civilization but also demonstrates a great deal of modern vitality. It is endowed with unique, rich and varied tourism resources such as the picturesque natural scenery, profound history and extensive culture, and the different folk customs of 56nationalties. Now, in Chins, there are already 29 places that have been listed as World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites.
• 中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺，科技和管理相对落后。
• China is the world’s largest developing country with huge market, fast development and a low cost of labor, but short in capital and relatively backward in technology and management.
• 而美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本重组，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。
• On the other hand, the US is the world’s largest developed country, big in economic size, abundant in capital, and advanced in science and technology.
• 中国政府是用于面对困难、高度负责任的政府，时刻把人民健康和生命安全放在第一位。
• Chinese Government is a highly responsible government, ready to face difficulties squarely and putting the health, safety and life of the people above everything else.
Unit Seven
英汉语言差异分析及英汉互译
英汉两种语言表达的重心不同，英文有“信息前置“的规律，将关键的或是新的信息放在句子前部，汉语则按逻辑顺与何时间顺序来安排意思，主要信息通常出现在句子中偏后的部分，先描述再结论，先分述再总结。
汉语中先因后果，英语先果后因。
1. 目前，中国入境旅游人数和旅游外汇收入跃居世界前列，出境旅游人数迅速增加，已经成为旅游大国。
Presently, China is already a big tourism country who ranks among the top destinations in the world in terms of both tourist arrivals and foreign currency receipts, and whose outbound tourists are also increasing rapidly.
2．我是本着坦诚负责、信任、合作的精神，前来参加这个会议的。 I came to attend this conference in the spirit of candid responsibility, trust and cooperation.
3. 我们对国际社会给予我国防治工作的理解、支持、合作的愿望和态度表示欢迎。
We welcome the understanding, support, desires and gestures for cooperation from the international community on China’s SARS preventions efforts.
4．我国人口已到12.5亿，如果再翻一番，到25亿，中国人的后代
将何处栖身。
China has 1.25billion people today and there would be no space for descendants to live in if the population doubles again.
5．The United Nations can succeed in helping to meet those challenges only if all of us feel a renewed sense of mission about our common endeavor.
我们大家必须对共同的事业重新树立使命感，只有这样，联合国才能成功地帮助我们应对这些挑战。
6． No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better.
让世界各地城镇乡村的男女老少都有能力改善自己的生活，没有任何号召比这更崇高，没有任何责任比这更重大。
7．In many ways, the United States’ target is the most ambitious given its tremendous economic growth since 1990.
美国自1990年来经济增长迅猛，考虑到这个因素，从许多方面看，美国的目标都是最野心勃勃的。
8. The IOC showed its determination at the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, by tripling the number of tests and punishing more athletes at these Games than in the previous 18 editions.
与前18届冬奥会相比，盐湖城冬奥会的药检项目增加了两倍，更多的运动员受到了惩罚，这表明了国际奥委会反兴奋剂的坚定决心。
英语名词的汉语动词化翻译
英语中多用名词，非谓语动词，介词结构，汉语多用动词结构，因此常将英语中名词性短语转化为汉语中的动词结构进行翻译。
1． When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciation and coping with the differences between American and British speech.
三个月后我终于来到美国，我意识到，即使一辈子看美国电视，也不一定能充分了解和应付英美两国语言的差异。
2． In June, the European Parliament voted for a range of tough new measures: warnings that cover 50% of the space on cigarette packs; removal of misleading information such as “low tar” “mild’ and “light”; and “reductions in tar and nicotine”. 六月份，欧洲议会通过了一系列强硬的新措施：香烟盒上的警语的大小要达到烟盒一般的面积，禁止使用令人误解的字样，如低焦油，柔和，清淡，焦油和尼古丁的含量低等。
3． 这些行动集中在一些时间证明是行之有效的措施上：提高烟价，全面禁止烟草广告和赞助。强列反对烟草广告，推广戒烟方法，建立无烟场所和控制走私等。This action centers on a few well-tested and effective measures: increased prices, a total ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship, strong counter-advertising,
better access to quitting methods, smoke-free areas and controls on smuggling.
4． 实施这两个计划，对于提高全民族的素质，对于经济和社会的全面、协调和可持续发展，具有重大意义。
The implementation of these two Programs will play an important role in improving the overall national quality and pursuing cohesive and sustainable development of economy and society”
5．现在，政府倾向于主张降低工资，缩小劳动力的规模，以便更大化地提高本国的竞争力以吸引全球投资。
Governments now tend to argue for lower wages, for smaller workforces, to maximize the competitiveness of their particular country as a home for global investment.
英语非谓语结构译成汉语句子
英语中的非谓语形式结构（动名词词组、分词次组合动词不定式词组）在译成汉语是要还原为句子形式
1.The absence of new progress in the Doha Round would further damage
confidence in our already fragile global economy.
在多哈回合中，如果没有一些新的进展，就可能会导致人们对已经非常脆弱的全球经济失去信心。
2. We should not forget that the impact of high tariffs is borne by domestic consumers as well as users in the form of more expensive goods and services.
我们都知道，高关税带来的后果需要国内消费者和使用者来承受，他们要花更多的钱购买商品和服务。
3. Pursuing the reforms initiated in 1999 will make our institution even
more transparent, modern and democratic.
我们要继续推进1999年实施的改革计划，这样我们的机构才会更透明，更现代，也更民主。
4. The events in Munich, those of 11September and the reemergence of international terrorism make security the number one priority for any sports organization.
由于发生了慕尼黑惨案和911事件，而且国际恐怖活动又有所抬头，安全就成为任何体育机构的重中之重。
5. The 82percent share of Christian in today’s much larger population means there are now about 230 million American Christians.
今天的人口基数大得多，82%就意味着美国基督徒的数量约为2.3亿。
6. More welcome still has been more than just political and diplomatic support, but China’s pledge of tangible and real support to the Afghan people with a contribution of $150 million in bilateral assistance.
比政治和外交支持更令人欢迎的是，中国还提供了具体实际的支
持，保证为阿富汗人民提供1.5亿美元的双边援助。
7. China’s sobering experience with SARS earlier this year stands as a lesson to all countries on the challenge of infectious diseases.
今年年初，中国遭遇了严重的非典疫情，这对所有国家在预防控
制传染病方面都是一个教训。
8. These estimates are not groundless, as shown by the 40-50% surge in
contracted FDI since the Sino-US agreement on WTO entry was signed.
这些估计并不是没有根据的，这可从中美签署有关中国加入世贸组织的协议以后，已签订的外来直接投资数额中体现出来，截至到目前为止，外来直接投资已获40-50%增长。
Unit Eight
汉语习语的英译
• 有钱能使鬼推磨。Money makes the mare go.
• 百闻不如一见。Seeing is believing.
• The morning sun never lasts a day.
• 好景不长。
• 班门弄斧Show off in the presence of an expert.
• He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick • 欲加之罪，何患无辞。
• 众人拾柴火焰高
• When everybody adds fuel, the flames rise high
• 只要工夫深，铁杵磨成针
• If you work at it hard enough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.
• 知彼知己，百战不殆
• Know the enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
• 天下没有不散的宴席
• The best of friends must part.
• 否极泰来 The dark hour comes before dawn.
• 尺有所短，寸有所长。
• Sometimes a foot may prove short while an inch may prove long- Everyone has his strong and weak points.
• 解铃还需系铃人
• You should let him who tied the bell on the tiger take it off himself – Whoever started the trouble should end it himself. • 路漫漫其修远兮
• My journey is long and winding, I will keep on exploring my way far and wide.
• 海不辞水，故能成其大。
• The ocean never turns away streams, so it becomes wide and deep. • 山不辞石，故能成其高。
• The mountain never turns away stones, so it becomes towering and strong.
• 1.套译 （corresponding interpretation）
• 有钱能使鬼推磨。Money makes the mare go.
• 欲加之罪，何患无辞。
• He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. • 一寸光阴一寸金。Time is money.
• 好景不长。The morning sun never lasts a day.
• 百闻不如一见。. Seeing is believing.
• 人多好办事。. Many hands make light work.
• 祸不单行。. Misfortune never comes alone
• 礼多人不怪。All doors open to courtesy.
• 拍马屁 lick sb’s boots 露马脚let the cat out of the bag • 戴高帽 lay it on thick 刹风景be a wet blanket
• 开绿灯 give the green light 唱反调sing a different tune • 试金石 touchstone 泼冷水pour cold water on • 挖空心思 rack one’s brains
• 绕圈子 Beat about the bush
• 摆架子Put on airs
• 2. 直译（literal interpretation, word-for-word interpretation） • 众人拾柴火焰高
• When everybody adds fuel, the flames rise high
• 只要工夫深，铁杵磨成针
• If you work at it hard enough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.
• 知彼知己，百战不殆
• Know the enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred
battles without defeat.
• 远亲不如近邻
• A relative far off is less helpful than a neighbor close by. • .远水救不了近火
• Distant water won’t put out a fire close at hand.
• 小不忍则乱大谋
• Lack of forbearance in small matters upsets great plans. • 善有善报，恶有恶报
• Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil.
• .走后门 Get in by the backdoor.
• 否极泰来The dark hour comes before dawn.
• .病急乱投医
• Turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill.
• 3.意译 （free interpretation ）
• 班门弄斧Show off in the presence of an expert.
• 天下没有不散的宴席
• The best of friends must part
• 不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门
• A clear conscience does not fear false accusations.
• 4.直译加注释 (literal interpretation plus notes)
• 靠山吃山，靠水吃水
• Those living on a mountain live off the mountain, those living near
the water live off the water--- You can make use of the local resources.
• 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全
• I’d rather be a broken piece of jade than a whole tile--- It’s better to die in glory than live in dishonour.
• 前人栽树，后人乘凉
• One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests--- profiting by the labour of one’s forefathers.
• 千里之堤，溃与蚁穴
• One ant-hole may cause the collapse of a thousand li dyke--- Slight negligence may lead to great disaster
《跨文化交际与口译基础》 翻译理论简介：
Unit One
I. 汉语词类的转换处理
II．英语词类的转换处理
Unit Two
I. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理
II. 英语中定语从句的翻译（I）
Unit Three
英语定语从句的翻译（II）
Unit Four
汉语句子的英译
Unit Five
II. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理
II. 英语句子成分的转译
Unit Six
汉语长句的英译处理
Unit Seven
英汉语言结构差异分析及英汉互译
Unit Eight
汉语习语的英译
Unit One
I. 汉语词类的转换处理
1. 汉语名词转换成英语动词(表示“形状、地位、态度、特点、印象、目的、定义的汉语名词常用动词翻译。) 社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力
自然保护区的规定和管理应按照国务院有关规定办理
Nature reserves shall be according to the relevant provisions of the State Councils.
2. 汉语动词转换成英语名词 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。
China’s successful of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量 the products.
3.汉语动词转换成英语形容词（表示情感、知觉等心理状态的动词）她母亲为她的健康担忧。 我们决不满足于现有的成就。 汉语动词转换成英语介词或介词词组 我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一，反对；第
二，不怕。
Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are 我们全体赞成他的提议。 2． 汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词 他试图用热情的款待把它的窘态遮盖过去。
hospitality. 空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of II． 英语词类的转换处理
1. 英语名词转译成动词（A由动词派生的名词；B 具有动作意
味的名词；C 以er结尾的表示身份或职业的名词；D作为习语主体的名词） 他倒是不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。
The application of electronic computers makes for a 电子计算机的应用可以大大提高劳动生产率。
2.英语名词转译成形容词（由形容词派生的名词，以及有些不加不定冠词的名词作表语时）
The people of some nations greet with others smilingly, but there are ethnic
eyes.
有些国家的人民以微笑方式打招呼，但在有些宗教团体中，规定的方式是眼中含泪与人打招呼。
Allow me, on behalf of the delegation that accompanies me and in my own name, to sincerely thank you for this and people.
对此，请允许我以陪同我访问的代表团和我个人的
名义，向你们表示诚挚的谢意，并向你们传达我们人民的兄弟般的友好情谊。
3.英语动词转译成名词（英语中由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转换的动词）
He was very shabbily by the U.S. press and 观点，他受到了迫害。
And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations 他还警告说，如果战争继续下去，双边关系的改善有可能受到损害。
4.英语形容词转译成动词。（英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语，译为动词。如able, afraid, angry, anxious. Ashamed, aware, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant, sorry, sure, thankful.）
The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to 慎。
A socially mature person does not necessarily like or respect all people, but he and and does not intentionally hurt anyone’s feelings.
在社交方面成熟的人不一定要喜欢或尊敬所有人，但是它能容忍、谅解他们，而且不会故意去伤害他人。
Unit Two
I. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理
1. 转化成从句
以上就是我们同意继续进行两岸对话的条件
The afore-said are conditions under which we will agree to continue talks between both sides of the Strait.
找不找人帮忙的事由你来决定。
It’s up to you to decide whether we should look for helping hands or not.
这就是故事中后来成为了著名天文学家的那个孩子。
This is the young man in the story who was to become a great astronomer years later.
2. 转化成动词不定式
为什么人服务的问题，是一个根本的问题，原则的问题。 To serve for whom is a cardinal problem, a matter of principle. 四川是首先实行社会保险改革的省份之一。
Sichuan is one of the first provinces to introduce a social insurance reform.
我看到你健康、快乐而富有，心里很高兴。
I’m very pleased to see you happy, healthy and wealthy.
3. 转化成分词或分词短语
统计数字还表明转而从事专业性工作的妇女人数有了相当大的增加。
Statistics also show a considerable rise in the number of women
turning to more professional lines of work.
在被调查的妇女中，71.39%的人对“男尊女卑”的现象持否定
或怀疑态度。
Among those women surveyed, 71.39% maintains a negative or
skeptical attitude towards the idea that “ men are superior
to women”.
企业要建立风险资金以补偿因管理不善而造成的亏损。
Risk funds will be set up to compensate for losses incurred
because of poor management.
4. 转化成介词短语
尽管有好多缺点，他是个勤奋的人。
With all his shortcomings, he is a hard-working man. 她听到丈夫被在野党刺杀的消息，痛不欲生。
She is overwhelmed with sorrow at the news that her husband
was assassinated by the opposition party.
游行的人们手舞鲜花和彩旗，走过天安门广场。
The paraders marched through Tian An Men Square with flowers
and banners in their hands.
5. 惯用法的灵活处理
她人长得好看，脑子又聪明。 She is as pretty as wise. 高等学校中具有高级职称的教师人数已占专职教师总数的32%。
The number of professors and associate professors accounts for
32% of the full-time faculty members in institutions of higher education.
这事说来容易做来难。 It’s easier said than done. II. 英语定语从句的翻译 (I)
一． 限制性定语从句
1. 译成前置定语
Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.
为了人民事业牺牲自己的人是历史上真正的英雄。
Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us.
我们对在工业博览会上所看到的每样东西都非常感兴趣。 He therefore resolved immediately to tell him the fact which we have above slightly hinted.
因此，他马上决定把我们在上面隐约提到的那件事告诉他。
2. 译成并列句
I have strong opinions which wouldn’t suit you.
我有坚决地主张，怕对你么不合适。
Vicky was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet.
维基是一个精力充沛的学生，她不辞辛劳地撰写那篇关于14世纪一位鲜为人知的诗人的学位论文。
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
是他街道那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
二． 非限制性定语从句
1. 译成并列句
He took the idea to Bill, who liked it and ordered a secret study, made to see if it could be done.
他把这个想法汇报给比尔，比尔对此很感兴趣，命令进行秘密研究，看看是否可行。
Anybody is better than Matt, who has neither honour, nor ability, nor capital.
谁都比迈特强，他既没名誉，又没能力，也没资金。
Actually, it isn’t. Because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种认识并不存在。
2. 译成独立句
I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue. 你的成功对我是个鼓舞，我希望你不断取得成功。
Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that computations were accurate.
不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算是准确地。
He had talked to Vice-President, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
他和副总统谈过话。副总统向他保证，凡是能做到的都将竭尽全力去做。
Unit Three
英语定语从句的翻译 (II)
三、分述法
1．将关系代词还原
He was first introduced to the students at the English corner on the campus by his friend Lin Pingzhi who was already a postgraduate at the university.
他是在校园的英语角由的朋友林平之首次介绍给学生的，林平之当时已是该校的研究生了。
One day Miss Elizabeth wrote a letter to Jane Austin, who was a famous English woman write.
有一天，伊丽莎白小姐写了一封信给简.奥斯丁，奥斯丁石以
为著名的英国女作家。
At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs Bradley and a shy
drab girl who seemed even younger than the others.
席间我发现我座位两边分别是布莱德雷太太和一位腼腆的乏
味的姑娘。这姑娘看上去比其他人都要年轻。
Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a
precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake.
我们这个职业在传统上恪守这样一个信条，这个信条胜过
为讲真话而讲真话的美德。
2. 简化或概括先行词
I received the impression of a brutal, clever, competent man who, in business matters, at all events, would be pitiless.
我对这个人的印象是又残酷又精明能干。这种人在生意上无论如何都是毫不殉情的。
Aunt Harriet lived in that leisurely age when servants were
employed to do homework.
哈丽特姑妈生活在一个有限的时代，那时家务事是可以
雇佣人来做的。
3. 主从糅合，重新组织
In countries where people remain in one town or city for most of their lives, the social customs are different.
有些国家的人民几乎终身未离开一个市镇，所以社会风俗颇为不同。
As I came in, Mr. Thompson, who owned the taxicab that used to stand at the corner of our street, waved to me from a table.
我进来时，那个开出租车的汤普生先生坐在一张桌子边向我招手。他的车子经常停在我们的街角上。
This poem, which almost everybody knows is written by Tennyson.
特纳森写的这首诗，几乎人人皆知。
四．带有状语功能的定语从句
1.译成表示“原因”的分句
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more
rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以
在黑夜也能看得清楚。
He would have to be careful not to offend the foreman,
who could give him the sack at any time.
2. 译成表示“结果”的分句
Late last century all the universities in the United States
adopted the credit system which benefited students a
great deal.
上个世纪末，美国所有大学都采用了学分制，学生从中受益匪浅。
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
这个方案富于创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢
3. 译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another car, which he had no use for .
他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并没有这个必要。
He lived his life apart from the workers on whose skill he depended.
他不跟工人们在一起生活，虽然他离不开他们的熟练技巧。
4. 译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention.
他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。
We recognize the need to establish and develop instituitions
which help to tame the excessive use of power.
我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于对权力滥用的
控制。
5 译成表示“条件、假设”的分句
Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be
derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
如果以为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个
唯心论者。
He would be a rash man who should venture to defy
world public opinion and act arbitrarily
如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行，他
一定是个鲁莽之徒。
五、As 引导的定语从句
1．As 引导的定语从句位于句首（将其置于句首或句末） As is very natural, man can’t live without air.
没有空气人就不能生存，这是很自然的。
As is known to all, a body at rest will not move unless it is
acted upon by a force.
众所周知，静止的物体没有外力的作用就不会移动。
2．As 引导的定语从句位于句中和句末（译成前置定语） The patient did not have a heart attack as the doctor had
feared.
患者并没有像医生所担心的那样复发心脏病
The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless. 科学的某些事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥乏味。 Unit Four
汉语句子的英译
一、句子主干的确定
1. 主语的确定
A. 汉语句子主题与句子的主语一致
• 中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。
• China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century.
• 双方决定共同致力于建立面向21世纪的建设性战略伙伴关系。 • The two sides decided to commit themselves to the establishment of a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century.
• 互访达到了增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目的。 • These visits have reached the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together。
B. 汉语句子的主题与句子的主语不一致，灵活处理主语的选择 这位母亲很为有个漂亮聪明的女儿而骄傲。
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.
已经有数千人在持续一年的内战中丧生。
Thousands of people have died in the Civil War, which broke out a year ago.
The Civil War, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.
The death toll of the Civil War, which broke out a year ago, has
amounted to several thousand.
民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展
The minority concentrated regions have witnessed continued economic and social development.
The economy and society of the ethnic minority area have been developed continuously.
Continued economic and social development has been achieved/ attained in the minority concentrated areas.
C. 汉语无主句的处理
1). 汉语祈使句译成英语祈使句
请打开课本，翻到第245页
Please open your textbook and turn to page 245.
宁为鸡首，不为牛后
Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.
小心轻放
Handle with care.
2). 用英语的被动结构译
在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.
今年年底将落实机构改革方案，把政府工作人员的人数减少一半。
An institutional restructuring plan involving a 50% reduction in the number of government functionaries will be put in place at the end of the year.
没有爱心就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.
3). 采用“There be” 的结构翻译
没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty, without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
剩下的时间不多了
There is little time left.
要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change; without change, there can be no development.
4). 用it 作主语译出
要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作 In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.
要成功，就要付出劳动。
It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.
活到老，学到老
It is never too old to learn.
5). 增添适当的代词或名词作主语
只准州官放火，不许百姓点灯
One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.
弄得不好，就会前功尽弃
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
二. 谓语的确定
1. 汉语连谓句的处理
他预先了课文后开始写作文。
Having prepared the text, she began to write the composition. 招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目
The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen
from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects. 我们都有责任保护妇女儿童的合法权益
We all have the responsibility to safeguard the legal rights and
interests of women and children.
2. 汉语兼语句的处理
事态的发展迫使他重新考虑自己的决定
The march of events compelled him to reconsider his decision. 母亲听到孩子在摇篮里哭
The mother heard the baby crying in the cradle.
报纸上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活
Newspapers criticized the author for he failed to present a true picture of life in his works.
Unit Five
I. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理
1. 译成非谓语动词或独立结构
最近二三十年来，世界的科学技术发展日新月异，专业化的分工更心，协作的规模更大
In the last 20 or 30 years, world science and technology have made mew headway day by day, resulting in a more minute division of labor on the basis of specialization and in more extensive cooperation.
要积极发展乡镇企业和小城镇，加强农业综合开发，引导农业剩余劳动力合理转移和有序流动
Vigorous efforts should be made to develop rural township business and small towns, enhance comprehensive agricultural development, guiding surplus rural labors to rational shift and orderly migration.
2. 译成介词短语
这些都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。
Those mistakes should be corrected by educating them and not by simply dressing them down.
中国执行改革开放，争取在50年到70年间发展起来
By pursing a policy of reform and opening to the outside world,
China is striving to become developed within 50 to 70 years.
3. 译成动词不定式
改造军队的政治工作，使官兵一致，军民一致
Overhaul the political work in the army in order to achieve unity between officers and men and between the army and people.
正确运用宏观调控的方式和手段，把握好时机和力度，保持宏观经济环境的稳定。
We should employ correctly the means and methods of macro-control, grasp the opportune time and use appropriate dynamic to maintain the stability of the macroeconomic environment.
4. 译成状语从句
复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，它能迅速地求出准确的解答
In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
天已经相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜
As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night.
II、英语句子成分的转译
1. 主语的转译
A. 主语转译为谓语
In recent years increasing had been paid to the
economic benefit in the production of our factory.
must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.
B. 主语转译成宾语 计算机科学在近20 After some underground nuclear tests, 在进行某些地下核试验以后的几星期内，可以记录到大量微弱的余震。
C. 主语译成状语 ’s mind. 人们就会动心
在世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。/
D. 主语转译成定语
Without undergo extreme changes in temperature.
2. 谓语的转译 令人吃惊的是，
3. 宾语的转译
without answering his question.
转过头去，没有理睬他的问题。
4. 状语的转译
We know that oxygen is necessary
Colleges and universities have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.除了谈论学生作弊现象的上升，全国各地的大学已决定采取实际行动。
5. 定语的转移
The earth was formed from the kind of materials that
makes up the sun.
Unit Six
汉语长句的英译处理
一. 对译（Corresponding interpreting of sentences）
• 对译的过程大体可以用这样一句话概括起来：抓住主干，搭好架子，添加细节，注意活用动词句型。
• .今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民，更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境好良好的周边环境。
• Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment.
• 我感谢陆哈佛大学校长登庭博士的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。
• I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.
二. 断句翻译
• 汉语重意和，几层意思经常揉在一起在一个层次中表达，英语重形和，注重语言层面上的条理性，须在语言的排列上突出句子
的主次成分汉语中，所以汉译英时应先找出长句的主句为句子的中心，其他相关意思的扩展靠有内在联系的句子、短语等用连词、从句、不定式、分词、介词等将内部的关系显化。 • 我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。
• We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other’s strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies for achieving common progress
• 我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局，妥善解决分歧，不断超者增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目标前进。
• We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S. relations and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.
• 十月的北京，秋高气爽，秋色宜人。世界旅游组织第15届全体大会今天在这里隆重开幕。
• At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization is Officially opened here.（至此金秋时节，在这月明中秋的良宵…） • 20世纪中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围迅速兴起，（体现在）旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位显著提升，（结果是）旅游活动迅速成为各国人民交流文化，增进友
谊，扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类生活和社会进步产生越来越广泛的影响。
• Since the middle of the 20th century, modern tourism has been growing at a fast pace around the world. The number of tourists has ever been on the rise, the scale of the tourism industry has been on constant expansion, and the position of tourism in the economy has been obviously raised. Tourism serves gradually as an important bridge of cultural exchange, friendship and further exchanges and exerts more and more extensive influence on the human life and social progress among various countries.
• 我成为环保工作者的20年正式世界环保事业蓬勃发展之际，也是中国经济快速发展之时。
• I have worked in environmental protection for two decades. This period has witnessed vigorous advancement of the international environmental causes as well as remarkable development of the Chinese economy.
• 中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国，也是一个充满时代升级的东方大国，//（她）拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源。（表现为）自然风光旖旎秀美，历史文化博大精深，56个民族风情浓郁，//（结果是）目前已被列入世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地达29处。
• China, as a big oriental country, not only boasts a long history of
civilization but also demonstrates a great deal of modern vitality. It is endowed with unique, rich and varied tourism resources such as the picturesque natural scenery, profound history and extensive culture, and the different folk customs of 56nationalties. Now, in Chins, there are already 29 places that have been listed as World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites.
• 中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺，科技和管理相对落后。
• China is the world’s largest developing country with huge market, fast development and a low cost of labor, but short in capital and relatively backward in technology and management.
• 而美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本重组，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。
• On the other hand, the US is the world’s largest developed country, big in economic size, abundant in capital, and advanced in science and technology.
• 中国政府是用于面对困难、高度负责任的政府，时刻把人民健康和生命安全放在第一位。
• Chinese Government is a highly responsible government, ready to face difficulties squarely and putting the health, safety and life of the people above everything else.
Unit Seven
英汉语言差异分析及英汉互译
英汉两种语言表达的重心不同，英文有“信息前置“的规律，将关键的或是新的信息放在句子前部，汉语则按逻辑顺与何时间顺序来安排意思，主要信息通常出现在句子中偏后的部分，先描述再结论，先分述再总结。
汉语中先因后果，英语先果后因。
1. 目前，中国入境旅游人数和旅游外汇收入跃居世界前列，出境旅游人数迅速增加，已经成为旅游大国。
Presently, China is already a big tourism country who ranks among the top destinations in the world in terms of both tourist arrivals and foreign currency receipts, and whose outbound tourists are also increasing rapidly.
2．我是本着坦诚负责、信任、合作的精神，前来参加这个会议的。 I came to attend this conference in the spirit of candid responsibility, trust and cooperation.
3. 我们对国际社会给予我国防治工作的理解、支持、合作的愿望和态度表示欢迎。
We welcome the understanding, support, desires and gestures for cooperation from the international community on China’s SARS preventions efforts.
4．我国人口已到12.5亿，如果再翻一番，到25亿，中国人的后代
将何处栖身。
China has 1.25billion people today and there would be no space for descendants to live in if the population doubles again.
5．The United Nations can succeed in helping to meet those challenges only if all of us feel a renewed sense of mission about our common endeavor.
我们大家必须对共同的事业重新树立使命感，只有这样，联合国才能成功地帮助我们应对这些挑战。
6． No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better.
让世界各地城镇乡村的男女老少都有能力改善自己的生活，没有任何号召比这更崇高，没有任何责任比这更重大。
7．In many ways, the United States’ target is the most ambitious given its tremendous economic growth since 1990.
美国自1990年来经济增长迅猛，考虑到这个因素，从许多方面看，美国的目标都是最野心勃勃的。
8. The IOC showed its determination at the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, by tripling the number of tests and punishing more athletes at these Games than in the previous 18 editions.
与前18届冬奥会相比，盐湖城冬奥会的药检项目增加了两倍，更多的运动员受到了惩罚，这表明了国际奥委会反兴奋剂的坚定决心。
英语名词的汉语动词化翻译
英语中多用名词，非谓语动词，介词结构，汉语多用动词结构，因此常将英语中名词性短语转化为汉语中的动词结构进行翻译。
1． When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciation and coping with the differences between American and British speech.
三个月后我终于来到美国，我意识到，即使一辈子看美国电视，也不一定能充分了解和应付英美两国语言的差异。
2． In June, the European Parliament voted for a range of tough new measures: warnings that cover 50% of the space on cigarette packs; removal of misleading information such as “low tar” “mild’ and “light”; and “reductions in tar and nicotine”. 六月份，欧洲议会通过了一系列强硬的新措施：香烟盒上的警语的大小要达到烟盒一般的面积，禁止使用令人误解的字样，如低焦油，柔和，清淡，焦油和尼古丁的含量低等。
3． 这些行动集中在一些时间证明是行之有效的措施上：提高烟价，全面禁止烟草广告和赞助。强列反对烟草广告，推广戒烟方法，建立无烟场所和控制走私等。This action centers on a few well-tested and effective measures: increased prices, a total ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship, strong counter-advertising,
better access to quitting methods, smoke-free areas and controls on smuggling.
4． 实施这两个计划，对于提高全民族的素质，对于经济和社会的全面、协调和可持续发展，具有重大意义。
The implementation of these two Programs will play an important role in improving the overall national quality and pursuing cohesive and sustainable development of economy and society”
5．现在，政府倾向于主张降低工资，缩小劳动力的规模，以便更大化地提高本国的竞争力以吸引全球投资。
Governments now tend to argue for lower wages, for smaller workforces, to maximize the competitiveness of their particular country as a home for global investment.
英语非谓语结构译成汉语句子
英语中的非谓语形式结构（动名词词组、分词次组合动词不定式词组）在译成汉语是要还原为句子形式
1.The absence of new progress in the Doha Round would further damage
confidence in our already fragile global economy.
在多哈回合中，如果没有一些新的进展，就可能会导致人们对已经非常脆弱的全球经济失去信心。
2. We should not forget that the impact of high tariffs is borne by domestic consumers as well as users in the form of more expensive goods and services.
我们都知道，高关税带来的后果需要国内消费者和使用者来承受，他们要花更多的钱购买商品和服务。
3. Pursuing the reforms initiated in 1999 will make our institution even
more transparent, modern and democratic.
我们要继续推进1999年实施的改革计划，这样我们的机构才会更透明，更现代，也更民主。
4. The events in Munich, those of 11September and the reemergence of international terrorism make security the number one priority for any sports organization.
由于发生了慕尼黑惨案和911事件，而且国际恐怖活动又有所抬头，安全就成为任何体育机构的重中之重。
5. The 82percent share of Christian in today’s much larger population means there are now about 230 million American Christians.
今天的人口基数大得多，82%就意味着美国基督徒的数量约为2.3亿。
6. More welcome still has been more than just political and diplomatic support, but China’s pledge of tangible and real support to the Afghan people with a contribution of $150 million in bilateral assistance.
比政治和外交支持更令人欢迎的是，中国还提供了具体实际的支
持，保证为阿富汗人民提供1.5亿美元的双边援助。
7. China’s sobering experience with SARS earlier this year stands as a lesson to all countries on the challenge of infectious diseases.
今年年初，中国遭遇了严重的非典疫情，这对所有国家在预防控
制传染病方面都是一个教训。
8. These estimates are not groundless, as shown by the 40-50% surge in
contracted FDI since the Sino-US agreement on WTO entry was signed.
这些估计并不是没有根据的，这可从中美签署有关中国加入世贸组织的协议以后，已签订的外来直接投资数额中体现出来，截至到目前为止，外来直接投资已获40-50%增长。
Unit Eight
汉语习语的英译
• 有钱能使鬼推磨。Money makes the mare go.
• 百闻不如一见。Seeing is believing.
• The morning sun never lasts a day.
• 好景不长。
• 班门弄斧Show off in the presence of an expert.
• He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick • 欲加之罪，何患无辞。
• 众人拾柴火焰高
• When everybody adds fuel, the flames rise high
• 只要工夫深，铁杵磨成针
• If you work at it hard enough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.
• 知彼知己，百战不殆
• Know the enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
• 天下没有不散的宴席
• The best of friends must part.
• 否极泰来 The dark hour comes before dawn.
• 尺有所短，寸有所长。
• Sometimes a foot may prove short while an inch may prove long- Everyone has his strong and weak points.
• 解铃还需系铃人
• You should let him who tied the bell on the tiger take it off himself – Whoever started the trouble should end it himself. • 路漫漫其修远兮
• My journey is long and winding, I will keep on exploring my way far and wide.
• 海不辞水，故能成其大。
• The ocean never turns away streams, so it becomes wide and deep. • 山不辞石，故能成其高。
• The mountain never turns away stones, so it becomes towering and strong.
• 1.套译 （corresponding interpretation）
• 有钱能使鬼推磨。Money makes the mare go.
• 欲加之罪，何患无辞。
• He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. • 一寸光阴一寸金。Time is money.
• 好景不长。The morning sun never lasts a day.
• 百闻不如一见。. Seeing is believing.
• 人多好办事。. Many hands make light work.
• 祸不单行。. Misfortune never comes alone
• 礼多人不怪。All doors open to courtesy.
• 拍马屁 lick sb’s boots 露马脚let the cat out of the bag • 戴高帽 lay it on thick 刹风景be a wet blanket
• 开绿灯 give the green light 唱反调sing a different tune • 试金石 touchstone 泼冷水pour cold water on • 挖空心思 rack one’s brains
• 绕圈子 Beat about the bush
• 摆架子Put on airs
• 2. 直译（literal interpretation, word-for-word interpretation） • 众人拾柴火焰高
• When everybody adds fuel, the flames rise high
• 只要工夫深，铁杵磨成针
• If you work at it hard enough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.
• 知彼知己，百战不殆
• Know the enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred
battles without defeat.
• 远亲不如近邻
• A relative far off is less helpful than a neighbor close by. • .远水救不了近火
• Distant water won’t put out a fire close at hand.
• 小不忍则乱大谋
• Lack of forbearance in small matters upsets great plans. • 善有善报，恶有恶报
• Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil.
• .走后门 Get in by the backdoor.
• 否极泰来The dark hour comes before dawn.
• .病急乱投医
• Turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill.
• 3.意译 （free interpretation ）
• 班门弄斧Show off in the presence of an expert.
• 天下没有不散的宴席
• The best of friends must part
• 不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门
• A clear conscience does not fear false accusations.
• 4.直译加注释 (literal interpretation plus notes)
• 靠山吃山，靠水吃水
• Those living on a mountain live off the mountain, those living near
the water live off the water--- You can make use of the local resources.
• 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全
• I’d rather be a broken piece of jade than a whole tile--- It’s better to die in glory than live in dishonour.
• 前人栽树，后人乘凉
• One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests--- profiting by the labour of one’s forefathers.
• 千里之堤，溃与蚁穴
• One ant-hole may cause the collapse of a thousand li dyke--- Slight negligence may lead to great disaster