“疑问词+不定式”的若干个易错点
昌江中学 陈玮
动词不定式是英语中的一项重要语法。它的用法很广,可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语。另外,不定式还可用于“疑问词+不定式”结构中。 疑问代词what, which, who和疑问副词 when, where, how及连接副词whether与不定式连用可以形成一个短语,这个短语相当于一个名词,可在句中作主语、宾语或表语等。这个结构通常用在forget, tell, find out, discuss, teach, know, learn, wonder, remember等动词之后作宾语,或是作主语和表语。例如: .(动宾)李先生教我们如何解决难题。 (动宾)请告诉我何时出发? hasn’t been discussed.(主语)下一步做什么还没讨论呢。
The biggest problem is (表语)最大的问题是如何处理这些废纸。 Last summer I took a course on.(介宾)
去年夏天,我选了一门讲如何做衣服的课程。
此外,“疑问词+不定式”结构还可以相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。改写后的句子需要在疑问词后加上相对应的主语,并要注意主谓语单复数的一致性。如: Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher.
=Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
杰克不知道到哪去找那么好的老师。
The question is where to put it.=The question is where we should put it
.问题是应该放在哪里才好。
然而,这个结构看似简单,但也容易出错,有几点是需要我们注意的:
易错一:按照英语语法的习惯,疑问副词why后不直接跟动词不定式。如:
误:I don't know why to choose that dictionary.
正:I don’t know why you must choose that dictionary.
但它可以接不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形),构成Why do sth.?/Why not do sth? 结构。肯定形式表示某动作是不必要的或没有意义的,而否定形式则用于向某人提建议和表达看法,相当于祈使句。
Today is Sunday. Why not go out to relax yourself?今天是周日,干嘛不出去轻松一下呢? Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value.
为什么花更多的钱到其他商店去买?我们这里物美价廉。
另外,需要注意:这个结构的否定式通常只用于谈论现在和将来,而不用于谈论过去。如: 误:Why not clean the room yesterday?
正:Why didn’t you clean the room yesterday?
易错二:有些动词可以直接跟不定式作宾语,但有些动词是不能直接跟不定式作宾语的,这时它们可以接“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语。这类动词主要有:know, suggest, consider, discover, discuss, explain, understand, wonder等。如:
He knows how to play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。
We never discovered how to open the box. 我们一直未发现如何打开这个盒子。 Can you explain how to make a cake? 你可以给我解释一下怎么做蛋糕吗?
有些动词,如tell, ask, show, advise, teach, inform等,还可以先加上一个间接宾语,之后再加上“疑问词+不定式”结构作直接宾语。如:
Please tell us where to show our tickets.请告诉我们在哪里验票。
Have you told him where to get the application form? 你告诉他到哪里去拿申请表了吗? 易错三:“疑问词+不定式”结构,通常不用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后(如现在进行式),如:
I’m thinking what to do next. 我在想接下来要做什么。
I’m thinking how to use this computer. 我在想如何使用这台电脑。
有时,此结构还可以用在有助动词的think之后,如:
She couldn’t think what to give the children for Christmas.她想不出圣诞节送孩子们什么礼物。 易错四: 在“which+不定式”结构中,which有时可以是疑问词,那就和我们所说的“疑问词+不定式”结构一样。如:
I can’t decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪一个好。
Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个?
但有时which可能是关系代词,那么这个结构就相当于一个定语从句了,此时主要用于介词之后作宾语。如:
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须又冷静下来的时间。
=She must have time Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一点时间来卸装。
总的来说,“疑问词+不定式”结构简单易懂,在做题过程中,只要我们熟悉这一结构的用法,认真审题,就会达到百分之百的正确率。
一、"疑问词+不定式"的构成:由疑问代词who, whom,
what, which; 疑问副词when, how, where等+不定式构成。
Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.选择吃什么,已经不像以前那么简单了。 How to describe people is today's topic. 如何描述人物是今天的话题。
二 、"疑问词+不定式"的功能:在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
1.作主语
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn. 我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。
2.作宾语
①作动词的宾语
We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays.我们要学习写剧本,总得有个开头。 ②作介词的宾语
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 我们最好能学会正确选择吃什么、怎么吃。
一、“疑问词+不定式”结构中的疑问词,包括疑问代词who,what, which和疑问副词how,when,where等。这些疑问词和不定式一起构成了不定式短语,这种结构可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。例如:
①How to do it is aquestion.该怎样做倒是一个问题。(作主语)
②I really don't know what to write about.我实在不知道该写些什么。(作动词宾语) ③We must first solve the problem of whom to serve.我们必须首先解决为谁服务的问题。(作介词宾语) ④The question is where to put it.问题是该把它放在哪儿才好。(作表语)
⑤I asked him how to learn English.我问他如何学习英语。(作宾语补足语)
二、“疑问词+不定式”结构相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。改写时只需在疑问词后加一适当主语,并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语。上述例句可以分别改写成: ①How we should do it is a question.
②I really don't know what I should write about.
③We mustfirst solve the problem ofwhom we should serve.
④The question is where we should put it.
⑤I asked him how we should learn English.
三、“疑问词+不定式”结构经常放在tell,show,teach,learn,know,wonder,discuss,remember,forget,find out等动词(词组)之后作宾语。例如:
The teacher told the students how to do the experiment.老师教学生如何做实验。
The young woman doesn't know what to do.那位年轻女子不知道怎么办。(what不能改换成how) He tells me how to answer all the questions in English.他告诉我怎样用英语回答所有的问题。
(句中的how不能省去)
另外,这种结构可以构成独立问句。例如: What to do?怎么办?
How to get rid of the trouble?如何摆脱困境?
巩固练习:
I.用“疑问词+不定式”改写下列句子。
①How we should do it was discussed last night.____ was discussed last night.
②I didn't know where I should go.I didn't know ____ .
③The difficulty was how we should cross the river.The difficulty was ____ .
II.根据汉语补全下列英语译文。
①何时动身还不知道。____ is unknown.
②我忘了该怎么办。I forgot ____ .
③我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。
I can tell you ____ .
Keys:I.① How to do it ②where to go ③ how to cross the river
II.①When to start②what to do③ Where to buy(get)this book
3.作表语
My question is where to find the answer. 我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。
三、"疑问词+不定式"的使用方法。
⒈ "疑问词+不定式"构成的短语在句中当"名词"用,可以写成相应的从句。
I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table. (= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.) 对餐桌礼仪,我心中没底儿。
⒉ 这种结构中,疑问代词须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who, which除外)
【误】 I don't know what to talk.
【正】 I don't know what to talk about.
但可以说:We haven't decided who (which) to go. 我们还没定谁(哪个)去。
⒊ 这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词;若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。 I don't know how to talk. 我不知如何谈。
I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. 不知您能否告诉我如何去做这件事。(不能说: ... how to do.)
“疑问词+不定式”的若干个易错点
昌江中学 陈玮
动词不定式是英语中的一项重要语法。它的用法很广,可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语。另外,不定式还可用于“疑问词+不定式”结构中。 疑问代词what, which, who和疑问副词 when, where, how及连接副词whether与不定式连用可以形成一个短语,这个短语相当于一个名词,可在句中作主语、宾语或表语等。这个结构通常用在forget, tell, find out, discuss, teach, know, learn, wonder, remember等动词之后作宾语,或是作主语和表语。例如: .(动宾)李先生教我们如何解决难题。 (动宾)请告诉我何时出发? hasn’t been discussed.(主语)下一步做什么还没讨论呢。
The biggest problem is (表语)最大的问题是如何处理这些废纸。 Last summer I took a course on.(介宾)
去年夏天,我选了一门讲如何做衣服的课程。
此外,“疑问词+不定式”结构还可以相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。改写后的句子需要在疑问词后加上相对应的主语,并要注意主谓语单复数的一致性。如: Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher.
=Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
杰克不知道到哪去找那么好的老师。
The question is where to put it.=The question is where we should put it
.问题是应该放在哪里才好。
然而,这个结构看似简单,但也容易出错,有几点是需要我们注意的:
易错一:按照英语语法的习惯,疑问副词why后不直接跟动词不定式。如:
误:I don't know why to choose that dictionary.
正:I don’t know why you must choose that dictionary.
但它可以接不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形),构成Why do sth.?/Why not do sth? 结构。肯定形式表示某动作是不必要的或没有意义的,而否定形式则用于向某人提建议和表达看法,相当于祈使句。
Today is Sunday. Why not go out to relax yourself?今天是周日,干嘛不出去轻松一下呢? Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value.
为什么花更多的钱到其他商店去买?我们这里物美价廉。
另外,需要注意:这个结构的否定式通常只用于谈论现在和将来,而不用于谈论过去。如: 误:Why not clean the room yesterday?
正:Why didn’t you clean the room yesterday?
易错二:有些动词可以直接跟不定式作宾语,但有些动词是不能直接跟不定式作宾语的,这时它们可以接“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语。这类动词主要有:know, suggest, consider, discover, discuss, explain, understand, wonder等。如:
He knows how to play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。
We never discovered how to open the box. 我们一直未发现如何打开这个盒子。 Can you explain how to make a cake? 你可以给我解释一下怎么做蛋糕吗?
有些动词,如tell, ask, show, advise, teach, inform等,还可以先加上一个间接宾语,之后再加上“疑问词+不定式”结构作直接宾语。如:
Please tell us where to show our tickets.请告诉我们在哪里验票。
Have you told him where to get the application form? 你告诉他到哪里去拿申请表了吗? 易错三:“疑问词+不定式”结构,通常不用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后(如现在进行式),如:
I’m thinking what to do next. 我在想接下来要做什么。
I’m thinking how to use this computer. 我在想如何使用这台电脑。
有时,此结构还可以用在有助动词的think之后,如:
She couldn’t think what to give the children for Christmas.她想不出圣诞节送孩子们什么礼物。 易错四: 在“which+不定式”结构中,which有时可以是疑问词,那就和我们所说的“疑问词+不定式”结构一样。如:
I can’t decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪一个好。
Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个?
但有时which可能是关系代词,那么这个结构就相当于一个定语从句了,此时主要用于介词之后作宾语。如:
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须又冷静下来的时间。
=She must have time Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一点时间来卸装。
总的来说,“疑问词+不定式”结构简单易懂,在做题过程中,只要我们熟悉这一结构的用法,认真审题,就会达到百分之百的正确率。
一、"疑问词+不定式"的构成:由疑问代词who, whom,
what, which; 疑问副词when, how, where等+不定式构成。
Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.选择吃什么,已经不像以前那么简单了。 How to describe people is today's topic. 如何描述人物是今天的话题。
二 、"疑问词+不定式"的功能:在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
1.作主语
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn. 我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。
2.作宾语
①作动词的宾语
We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays.我们要学习写剧本,总得有个开头。 ②作介词的宾语
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 我们最好能学会正确选择吃什么、怎么吃。
一、“疑问词+不定式”结构中的疑问词,包括疑问代词who,what, which和疑问副词how,when,where等。这些疑问词和不定式一起构成了不定式短语,这种结构可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。例如:
①How to do it is aquestion.该怎样做倒是一个问题。(作主语)
②I really don't know what to write about.我实在不知道该写些什么。(作动词宾语) ③We must first solve the problem of whom to serve.我们必须首先解决为谁服务的问题。(作介词宾语) ④The question is where to put it.问题是该把它放在哪儿才好。(作表语)
⑤I asked him how to learn English.我问他如何学习英语。(作宾语补足语)
二、“疑问词+不定式”结构相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。改写时只需在疑问词后加一适当主语,并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语。上述例句可以分别改写成: ①How we should do it is a question.
②I really don't know what I should write about.
③We mustfirst solve the problem ofwhom we should serve.
④The question is where we should put it.
⑤I asked him how we should learn English.
三、“疑问词+不定式”结构经常放在tell,show,teach,learn,know,wonder,discuss,remember,forget,find out等动词(词组)之后作宾语。例如:
The teacher told the students how to do the experiment.老师教学生如何做实验。
The young woman doesn't know what to do.那位年轻女子不知道怎么办。(what不能改换成how) He tells me how to answer all the questions in English.他告诉我怎样用英语回答所有的问题。
(句中的how不能省去)
另外,这种结构可以构成独立问句。例如: What to do?怎么办?
How to get rid of the trouble?如何摆脱困境?
巩固练习:
I.用“疑问词+不定式”改写下列句子。
①How we should do it was discussed last night.____ was discussed last night.
②I didn't know where I should go.I didn't know ____ .
③The difficulty was how we should cross the river.The difficulty was ____ .
II.根据汉语补全下列英语译文。
①何时动身还不知道。____ is unknown.
②我忘了该怎么办。I forgot ____ .
③我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。
I can tell you ____ .
Keys:I.① How to do it ②where to go ③ how to cross the river
II.①When to start②what to do③ Where to buy(get)this book
3.作表语
My question is where to find the answer. 我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。
三、"疑问词+不定式"的使用方法。
⒈ "疑问词+不定式"构成的短语在句中当"名词"用,可以写成相应的从句。
I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table. (= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.) 对餐桌礼仪,我心中没底儿。
⒉ 这种结构中,疑问代词须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who, which除外)
【误】 I don't know what to talk.
【正】 I don't know what to talk about.
但可以说:We haven't decided who (which) to go. 我们还没定谁(哪个)去。
⒊ 这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词;若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。 I don't know how to talk. 我不知如何谈。
I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. 不知您能否告诉我如何去做这件事。(不能说: ... how to do.)