动词的虚拟语气
一、语气：是说话者对发生的动作的看法或态度。 分为陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。 １．陈述语气：表示说话者认为所说的是事实
He prefers tea to coffee.
２．祈使语气：表示建议，要求，命令，请求等
Let’s go out for a walk.
３．虚拟语气：表示说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小或表说话者的祝愿，建议，要求等 If it rained tomorrow, I wouldn’t go shopping.
二、虚拟语气在各种结构中的应用：
１．表建议、命令、要求的动词及他们的名词所带的名词性从句，要使用虚拟语气；(should) do
建议类：advise, suggest, propose, move, recommend
命令类：order, command, direct, instruct
要求类：ask, beg, demand, require, request, urge, desire, insist 其他类：arrange, prefer, decide, be determined
He suggested (that) we (should) put off the meeting.
He demanded (that) we (should) start right away.
His suggestion that we (should) put off the meeting is right. 注意：suggest 暗示、表明，不虚拟；insist 坚持认为、坚持说，不虚拟 His pale face suggested that he was not healthy.
He insisted that he was right.
２．wish 后宾语从句的虚拟
从句动作与主句动作同时发生：did (were) was 也行
从句动作发生在主句动作之后：would / could / might do
从句动作发生在主句动作之前：had done
I wish I owned a car.
I wish I would own a car.
I wish I had owned a car.
另外：下面三个结构虚拟同上 It is wished that ---
My wish is that ---
My wish that --- is ---
总结：wish 的动词及它的名词所带的名词性从句虚拟
1. 从句虚拟的形式不受wish 本身时态的影响
2. 对过去虚拟可用could/would/might have done.
3. 与hope 从句区别 I hope I will win.（不虚）
4. If only = I wish(ed) = Would that = I would… (感叹)
would 表愿望，“但愿---”“要是---多好”
Would that I were young again!
If only I could speak several languages!
If only I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
Would that I had taken her advice!
３．would rather / would sooner / would just as soon 后的宾语从句的虚拟 现在、将来：did
过去： had done
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather you paid me now.
I would rather I hadn’t bought that book yesterday.
- Shall I open the window?
- I would rather you didn’t.
附：
I would die rather than (that) he should know the secret.
He’d rather do anything than (that) he should live with such a woman. I would rather lose a dozen of cherry trees than you should tell me a lie. I would rather not have told her the news.
I would rather have stayed at home yesterday.
４．主语从句中，下面两个结构可虚拟，可不虚拟，(should) do
It is + 名词 + that
It is + 形容词 + that
５．（定语从句）It is (high/about)time (that)+主+ did/ should do
It’s time that we got up./we should get up.
It’s high time that we had a meeting/we should have a meeting.
６．虚拟语气在if 条件状语从句中的应用
If you work hard, you will succeed. (真实语气)
If I were you, I should study English well.
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
If it were to rain/should rain/rained, the meeting would be put off.
学习if 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气应注意的⑥个问题：
① 混合（错综）时间的条件状语的虚拟语气
If you had taken the medicine then, you would be better now.
If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If I had taken my umbrella with me this morning, I shouldn’t be wet now. If you were not so careless, you wouldn’t have lost your watch.
If you were to master English, you would have worked hard.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
② 条件句的虚拟倒装（部分）现象
含有were, had, should的if 条件句，可省略if ，采取部分倒装语序
If I were you, I would go.
Were I you, I would go.
If it should rain, I wouldn’t go.
Should it rain, I wouldn’t go. If I had recognized you, I would have come over.
Had recognized you, I would have come over.
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
③ 隐含（含蓄）虚拟条件句
1） 介词短语
Without water, we would die.
With better equipment, we could have done it better.
I would do so in your place.
But for your help, I would have failed.
We wouldn’t have achieved so much without the correct leadership of the Party. Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters. In doing so like that, my teacher might be angry with me.
2） 名词短语
An honest man would have acted differently.
A true friend wouldn’t have done so .
They would have paid attention to a nice girl.
3） 不定式短语
It would be a mistake not to help him.
To work with him, you could know he is a nice person.
To hear him speak English, one would take him for an English man.
To talk with him, you would know he is a frank man .
4） 分词短语
Given more time, they could do the work better.
Not having completed his task, he would not have been back home.
Time permitting; we would accept your invitation.
The shower being over, we would continue marching.
5） 祈使句 + and
One more step forward and you would have touched it.
A few hours earlier and you would have seen the famous writer.
④ 虚拟条件句的三个固定句型
１） be not for = But for = Without “若不是”
If it were not for the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
=Were it not for the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
=But for/Without the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have died.
=Had it not been for your timely help, I would have died.
=But for/Without your timely help, I would have died.
２） 跳层式条件结构
would do … but/except(that) + 主语+现在时谓语（真实句）
would have done… but/except(that) + 主语+过去时谓语（真实句）
I would have gone with her but I was too busy then.
She would attend the meeting but she is ill today.
I would go abroad but I am poor.
But that a P.L.A man saved him the boy would have died.
３） 真实句 + or / or else / otherwise / though + 虚拟句
I was ill that day, otherwise /or / or else I would have taken part in the parade. She eats little, or she would gain weight.
He didn’t care much for money, though he could have been rich.
I didn’t know he was a liar, or else I wouldn’t have believed him.
I got caught in traffic, otherwise I would have been here sooner.
⑤ suppose/ supposing(that), provided/providing (that)…, unless 及even if (even though) 的虚拟与if 相同
Suppose he didn’t come, what should we do ?
Unless you had done it earlier, you would have failed.
⑥ 通常if 条件句中真实与虚拟并不混合。但含should 的虚拟条件句可与真实语气的句
子混合，主句往往可以采用祈使句
Ask her to leave a message if she should come.
Should he come, tell him to ring me up.
If she should have time, she will attend the meeting.
If he worked hard, he will succeed. (x)
If he works hard, he would succeed. (x)
７．虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的应用
① in order that 或 so that 引导的目的状语从句中谓语含有以下7个情态动词之一 may/might; can/could; will/would; should (多用于否定句) ，如果主句是现在时从句谓语动词也可用 may, can
He came early so that he could get the front seat.
I live so that others may live better.
He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.
She took the taxi so that she shouldn’t miss the train.
② in case, for fear that, lest 引导的目的状语从句可用should 虚拟（不虚拟不错而且陈述比虚拟用的多）
He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.
She put the blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch a cold. Here is some money lest you should need it.
Here is some money in case you need it.
８．虚拟语气在as if (as though) 引导的方式状语从句中的应用，从句谓语变化与wish
相同
They are talking as if they had been good friends. He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
I heard a noise as if someone was breathing. He talks as if he would go abroad. 另外：as if (as though) 引导的表语从句可虚拟也可不虚拟。
It looks /seems as if it is going to rain /it were /was going to rain.
It looks as though she is sick / she were (was) sick.
９． 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用
I won’t let you in whoever you may be.
No matter what you may say, I’m determined to do what I think is right. Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved.
三、虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可省略
１、省从句
I wouldn’t have done it (if I had been you).
You might stay here forever (if you wanted to).
You should have studied hard (if you wanted to be a good student).
２、省主句
If only I could help you !
If only I had read all the books there!
四、虚拟语气的其他表示法
１、表示愿望，祝愿或诅咒
God bless you !
Heaven forbid!
Long live China!
May you return soon！
If I knew it is only a trap.
２、提出请求或邀请
Would you leave a note for her?
Might I have you fountain-pen for a minute?
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
３、提出建议或劝告
You might as well put the meeting off for a couple of days.
It would be best if you didn’t lead him money.
You’d better go now.
4. 主+ had thought/hoped/planned/wanted/meant/intended/promised I had planned I would go to New York.
5.expect, believe, suspect, dream 等动词用于否定或疑问。其后的宾语从句一般用should +v 原形，表惊讶，失望，不满，怀疑，惶恐等should 不可省
He just couldn’t believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes.
I never expect she should receive me.
We never thought that the problem should be so complicated.
6. should/ought to have done; shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have done; needn’t have done; had better (not) have done; would rather (not) have done; would/should like to have done=would/should have liked to do; wouldn’t/shouldn’t like to have done =wouldn’t/shouldn’t have liked to do; would + have done; was/were + to have done
7表示竟然，表示说话人的惊异，懊悔，失望 等情感，should 不可省
I’m surprised/sorry/I regret /we were surprised / disappointed.
It’s amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, disappointing, not right etc.)that 从句用should
It is amazing that he should leant so much.
We were surprised he should be so stubborn.
I’m sorry that he should be in such poor health.
动词的虚拟语气
一、语气：是说话者对发生的动作的看法或态度。 分为陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。 １．陈述语气：表示说话者认为所说的是事实
He prefers tea to coffee.
２．祈使语气：表示建议，要求，命令，请求等
Let’s go out for a walk.
３．虚拟语气：表示说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小或表说话者的祝愿，建议，要求等 If it rained tomorrow, I wouldn’t go shopping.
二、虚拟语气在各种结构中的应用：
１．表建议、命令、要求的动词及他们的名词所带的名词性从句，要使用虚拟语气；(should) do
建议类：advise, suggest, propose, move, recommend
命令类：order, command, direct, instruct
要求类：ask, beg, demand, require, request, urge, desire, insist 其他类：arrange, prefer, decide, be determined
He suggested (that) we (should) put off the meeting.
He demanded (that) we (should) start right away.
His suggestion that we (should) put off the meeting is right. 注意：suggest 暗示、表明，不虚拟；insist 坚持认为、坚持说，不虚拟 His pale face suggested that he was not healthy.
He insisted that he was right.
２．wish 后宾语从句的虚拟
从句动作与主句动作同时发生：did (were) was 也行
从句动作发生在主句动作之后：would / could / might do
从句动作发生在主句动作之前：had done
I wish I owned a car.
I wish I would own a car.
I wish I had owned a car.
另外：下面三个结构虚拟同上 It is wished that ---
My wish is that ---
My wish that --- is ---
总结：wish 的动词及它的名词所带的名词性从句虚拟
1. 从句虚拟的形式不受wish 本身时态的影响
2. 对过去虚拟可用could/would/might have done.
3. 与hope 从句区别 I hope I will win.（不虚）
4. If only = I wish(ed) = Would that = I would… (感叹)
would 表愿望，“但愿---”“要是---多好”
Would that I were young again!
If only I could speak several languages!
If only I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
Would that I had taken her advice!
３．would rather / would sooner / would just as soon 后的宾语从句的虚拟 现在、将来：did
过去： had done
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather you paid me now.
I would rather I hadn’t bought that book yesterday.
- Shall I open the window?
- I would rather you didn’t.
附：
I would die rather than (that) he should know the secret.
He’d rather do anything than (that) he should live with such a woman. I would rather lose a dozen of cherry trees than you should tell me a lie. I would rather not have told her the news.
I would rather have stayed at home yesterday.
４．主语从句中，下面两个结构可虚拟，可不虚拟，(should) do
It is + 名词 + that
It is + 形容词 + that
５．（定语从句）It is (high/about)time (that)+主+ did/ should do
It’s time that we got up./we should get up.
It’s high time that we had a meeting/we should have a meeting.
６．虚拟语气在if 条件状语从句中的应用
If you work hard, you will succeed. (真实语气)
If I were you, I should study English well.
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
If it were to rain/should rain/rained, the meeting would be put off.
学习if 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气应注意的⑥个问题：
① 混合（错综）时间的条件状语的虚拟语气
If you had taken the medicine then, you would be better now.
If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If I had taken my umbrella with me this morning, I shouldn’t be wet now. If you were not so careless, you wouldn’t have lost your watch.
If you were to master English, you would have worked hard.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
② 条件句的虚拟倒装（部分）现象
含有were, had, should的if 条件句，可省略if ，采取部分倒装语序
If I were you, I would go.
Were I you, I would go.
If it should rain, I wouldn’t go.
Should it rain, I wouldn’t go. If I had recognized you, I would have come over.
Had recognized you, I would have come over.
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
③ 隐含（含蓄）虚拟条件句
1） 介词短语
Without water, we would die.
With better equipment, we could have done it better.
I would do so in your place.
But for your help, I would have failed.
We wouldn’t have achieved so much without the correct leadership of the Party. Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters. In doing so like that, my teacher might be angry with me.
2） 名词短语
An honest man would have acted differently.
A true friend wouldn’t have done so .
They would have paid attention to a nice girl.
3） 不定式短语
It would be a mistake not to help him.
To work with him, you could know he is a nice person.
To hear him speak English, one would take him for an English man.
To talk with him, you would know he is a frank man .
4） 分词短语
Given more time, they could do the work better.
Not having completed his task, he would not have been back home.
Time permitting; we would accept your invitation.
The shower being over, we would continue marching.
5） 祈使句 + and
One more step forward and you would have touched it.
A few hours earlier and you would have seen the famous writer.
④ 虚拟条件句的三个固定句型
１） be not for = But for = Without “若不是”
If it were not for the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
=Were it not for the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
=But for/Without the sun, nothing could exist in the world.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have died.
=Had it not been for your timely help, I would have died.
=But for/Without your timely help, I would have died.
２） 跳层式条件结构
would do … but/except(that) + 主语+现在时谓语（真实句）
would have done… but/except(that) + 主语+过去时谓语（真实句）
I would have gone with her but I was too busy then.
She would attend the meeting but she is ill today.
I would go abroad but I am poor.
But that a P.L.A man saved him the boy would have died.
３） 真实句 + or / or else / otherwise / though + 虚拟句
I was ill that day, otherwise /or / or else I would have taken part in the parade. She eats little, or she would gain weight.
He didn’t care much for money, though he could have been rich.
I didn’t know he was a liar, or else I wouldn’t have believed him.
I got caught in traffic, otherwise I would have been here sooner.
⑤ suppose/ supposing(that), provided/providing (that)…, unless 及even if (even though) 的虚拟与if 相同
Suppose he didn’t come, what should we do ?
Unless you had done it earlier, you would have failed.
⑥ 通常if 条件句中真实与虚拟并不混合。但含should 的虚拟条件句可与真实语气的句
子混合，主句往往可以采用祈使句
Ask her to leave a message if she should come.
Should he come, tell him to ring me up.
If she should have time, she will attend the meeting.
If he worked hard, he will succeed. (x)
If he works hard, he would succeed. (x)
７．虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的应用
① in order that 或 so that 引导的目的状语从句中谓语含有以下7个情态动词之一 may/might; can/could; will/would; should (多用于否定句) ，如果主句是现在时从句谓语动词也可用 may, can
He came early so that he could get the front seat.
I live so that others may live better.
He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.
She took the taxi so that she shouldn’t miss the train.
② in case, for fear that, lest 引导的目的状语从句可用should 虚拟（不虚拟不错而且陈述比虚拟用的多）
He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.
She put the blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch a cold. Here is some money lest you should need it.
Here is some money in case you need it.
８．虚拟语气在as if (as though) 引导的方式状语从句中的应用，从句谓语变化与wish
相同
They are talking as if they had been good friends. He spoke to me as if I were deaf.
I heard a noise as if someone was breathing. He talks as if he would go abroad. 另外：as if (as though) 引导的表语从句可虚拟也可不虚拟。
It looks /seems as if it is going to rain /it were /was going to rain.
It looks as though she is sick / she were (was) sick.
９． 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用
I won’t let you in whoever you may be.
No matter what you may say, I’m determined to do what I think is right. Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved.
三、虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可省略
１、省从句
I wouldn’t have done it (if I had been you).
You might stay here forever (if you wanted to).
You should have studied hard (if you wanted to be a good student).
２、省主句
If only I could help you !
If only I had read all the books there!
四、虚拟语气的其他表示法
１、表示愿望，祝愿或诅咒
God bless you !
Heaven forbid!
Long live China!
May you return soon！
If I knew it is only a trap.
２、提出请求或邀请
Would you leave a note for her?
Might I have you fountain-pen for a minute?
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
３、提出建议或劝告
You might as well put the meeting off for a couple of days.
It would be best if you didn’t lead him money.
You’d better go now.
4. 主+ had thought/hoped/planned/wanted/meant/intended/promised I had planned I would go to New York.
5.expect, believe, suspect, dream 等动词用于否定或疑问。其后的宾语从句一般用should +v 原形，表惊讶，失望，不满，怀疑，惶恐等should 不可省
He just couldn’t believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes.
I never expect she should receive me.
We never thought that the problem should be so complicated.
6. should/ought to have done; shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have done; needn’t have done; had better (not) have done; would rather (not) have done; would/should like to have done=would/should have liked to do; wouldn’t/shouldn’t like to have done =wouldn’t/shouldn’t have liked to do; would + have done; was/were + to have done
7表示竟然，表示说话人的惊异，懊悔，失望 等情感，should 不可省
I’m surprised/sorry/I regret /we were surprised / disappointed.
It’s amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, disappointing, not right etc.)that 从句用should
It is amazing that he should leant so much.
We were surprised he should be so stubborn.
I’m sorry that he should be in such poor health.