一、五点注意
注意一：试题各小题所提供的四个备选项，有的是语法、结构上有错误，有的是与短文意思不相符。解题时要把有结构、语法错误的先排除，再考虑是否符合短文内容。
注意二：对短文中的生词或看不懂的句子，应大胆根据上下文意思进行猜测，尤其对涉及文中某个词或某个句子含义的选择试题，要结合文章所阐述的主要内容及上、下文内在逻辑关系，判断其最合理的含义。
注意三：对于涉及文章主旨、大意、作者意图及短文标题等选择试题，虽然短文中没有直接说明，可通过短文所提供的材料或联想短文材料以外的常识，如结合已学过的自然、社会科学知识加以综合理解、分析推测或按作者的思路进行推理，从而且推断出正确答案（如：想象如果你是作者，你会如何安排行文等）。
注意四：细节题一般都可以在文中找到相关的答案（错误选项要么与作者意图相反 要么概括不全面），主旨题、推理题（错误选项有的与事实不符 有的与作者意思相背等）。而且解题顺序可以从细节题到主旨 推理题，这样在对语篇有更多领悟的基础上再进行推理判断和概括总结，把握性就更大。
注意五：阅读的顺序一般是先读短文，再看题目，然后逐题作答。若文章较长，也可以先将测试题目通览一遍，然后带着问题阅读文章。这样对与答题有关的段落、句子反应敏感，而对其他与答题无关的部分可以不必花费太多时间，阅读速度就可加快些。
如何应对阅读理解中的细节题和推理题
一、做细节事实题的方法
在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：
(1) 凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。(2) 干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。
二、做推理判断题的方法
所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。英语试题中的推断题主要有以下几种：
1．事实推断
这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
2．指代推断
确定代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。
3．逻辑推断
这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。
4．对作者的意图和态度的推断
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
如何猜测阅读理解题中的生词词义
词汇是阅读理解的基础的基础。我们必须掌握教材中所学所有的单词和词组；了解构词法知识，如熟记一些常见的前缀、后缀，以及词语的合成和转化等；并且要进行大量的课外阅读扩大自己的词汇量。在英语阅读理解试题中猜测词义也是必不可少的题目，因此，我们必须学会如何猜测词义。任何一个词语，在一定的上下文中只能表示一个确定的词义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从以下几个方面来考虑：
一、根据定义或解释猜测词义
A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….
Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.
A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。
二、根据情景和逻辑进行判断
As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children.They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.
A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly
根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。
三、根据并列或同位关系猜测词义
There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.
What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?
A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。
四、根据背景和常识判断
The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing,I discovered it on the floorof the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised!What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird.Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist,who happened to be visiting my father at the time,hearing me crying over the deathof my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mocking bird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”
An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.
A. studies birds B. loves creatures C. majors in habits D. takes care of trees
Ornithologist 这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视A。
利用主题句解英语阅读理解题
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：
一、主题句在段首或篇首
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例如：
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思：“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其他的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
二、主题句在段末或篇末
用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。例如：
If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
这段文章前面列举了两件事实，最后一句是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。
三、无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们先找出每一段的大意：
第一段讲的是killer bees的产生。第二段讲的是 killer bees 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕 killer bees 的原因。
第四段讲的是 killer bees 已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕 killer bees 这一中心展开的。换句话说，killer bees 就是这篇文章的主题。
初中英语阅读训练的六种方法
1. 讲究阅读方法
(1)依据主题句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内
在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句（等困难信号）所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。
如：
My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wond
erful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.
On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two f
riends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.
We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of
us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt a
nd I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.
This passage mainly talks about ______________.
A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center
B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center
C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center
D. how to go rock-climbing and caving
[参考答案B] 上述这段短文的中心是说明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者
的朋友，还有组上的其他一些成员一起在活动中心度周末的一些活动以及感受。
(2) 掌握具体事实和重要细节：阅读文章时，要求学生养成辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。因为
具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证，是用来支持和说明中心思想的，而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。
如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” b
ecause I think music is an important part of our lives.
Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. An
d my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool.
“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”
But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. That’s why she l
ikes country music, I think.
①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.
A. it’s an exciting part of our lives
B. it’s an amazing part of our lives
C. it’s an important part of our lives
②What kind of music does the writer like?
A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.
③Who likes dancing?
A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.
④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.
A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing
⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?
A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.
这是几道重要事实和细节的辨认题，全是围绕短文的主题句“Different people have different ideas about m
usic”来展开说明的，起补充举例作用。答案分别为 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。
(3) 运用构词法、语境线索等帮助来推测关键词义：在阅读文章的过程中，常常会遇到一些生词，如果不
懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解，但大部分生词的词义是可以根据上下文，结合构词法、借助文章中的语境线索帮助在理解基础上猜测其词义，这有助于加快阅读速度，提高阅读理解能力。如：
Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. The
re is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called when the water takes the land away.
“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.
A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蚀 D. 霜冻
根据前面的语句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the l
and with it when it runs down the hills.解释可以推知erosion是一种自然地理现象，即“侵蚀”，答案为C。
2. 训练阅读速度
在阅读中，我们或多或少会碰到一些生词和不熟悉的短语，这些生词和短语会妨碍我们对文章中心的理解，但我们总是查阅词典也会影响阅读的速度。为了不查词典又能破解生词词义，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根据构词法判断词义。如：This material is unreadable.中 unreadable是生词。学生可以根据词根 read ，知道 un和 able分别为前缀和后缀，那么 unreadable的意义就不难猜测了；还可以培养学生根据生词与上下文的关系来猜测其意义。生词所在的句子、段落会提供很多的暗示和线索，依据这些暗示和线索就可以理解生词的词义了。如：同义词反义词线索；解释性线索；例证性线索；标点符号线索等。如：
A. The who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中的 looks after sheep 就解释了 herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
B. Like her younger sister who is Alice also likes to make friends.句首的 like（像）这个语境
线索说明：句中的gregarious与 likes to make friends意义相近。
通过这些方式可以帮助学生加快阅读速度，进一步提高阅读正确率。
3. 改进阅读方式
（1）预测：依据文章标题（副标题）、插图以及相关的背景知识和社会生活经验，对文章的大致内容预测
以及可能涉及到的词汇，然后阅读文章的第一段，并对自己的预测进行验证、纠正，同时抓住主题句、关键词，从而更好地从整体上去理解和把握文章的中心。
（2）略读：快速浏览全文，领会文章大意，辨析文体，掌握篇章结构，进而抓住文章的中心。
（3）查读：在浏览全文的基础上进行查读，以回答个别事实细节性的问题。有些细节性的问题不能直接在
短文中找到答案，必须进行必要的综合、归纳、转换才能获得，也就是要在直接可获得的事实和细节的基础上经过综合、归纳、转换间接地获得所需要的事实和细节。它通常涉及数据、时间、人称、代词的指代、动作的行为的关联、动作行为者与承受者、地点和空间、表态方式、因果、条件、内涵与外延等。如：
One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shop
ping center.
“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corn
er store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please.”
The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at
the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”
“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi
fare was more than the money that you saved !”
Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right.
“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”
①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.
A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better
② Mrs. Wilson _________ in the end.
A. spent more money B. paid less money
C. lost some money D. saved a little money
这两个问题都是细节性问题，但又不能直接从文章中得出答案，要经过分析和计算间接地获得事实细节。
①选C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的话“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②选A。 Mrs. Wilson 在超级市场买的东西是便宜的，但返回时由于东西多结果打的士回家将打的士的费用摊进去就高于节省的费用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end.
4. 扩大英语阅读量
要是没有合适的阅读材料，每一次做过的英语阅读理解就是你最好的材料，划出里头的生词，记在本子上，没事情的时候就可以翻一翻，不需要刻意去记忆，有个大致的印象，也会对日后阅读理解有很大帮助的。
练习
Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.
So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.
Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common(共同的) interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.
When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!
1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is _______.
A. rich B. famous
C. young D. lonely
2. Jean thought “David” was special because he _______.
A. made her quite happy on QQ B. was from San Francisco
C. sent her a picture of himself D. was tall and good-looking
3. When Jean and “David” met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised?
A. “David”. B. Both “David” and Jean.
C. Jean. D. Neither “David” nor Jean.
4. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Don’t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily.
B. People don’t use their real names on QQ so often.
C. Don’t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.
D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.
Henry was an office worker in a big city. He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.
He usually went to the seaside, but one year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper. “Enjoy country life. Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm. Good food. Fresh air. Horse riding. Walking. Fishing. Cheap and interesting.”
“This sounds a good idea,” he thought. “I’ll spend a month at West Hill Farm. I think I can enjoy horse riding, walking and fishing. They’ll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”
He wrote to the farmer. In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there. Then on the first of July, he left for West Hill Farm.
But four days later, he returned home.
“What was wrong with West Hill Farm?” his best friend, Ed, asked him. “Didn’t you enjoy country life?” “Country life was very good,” Henry said. “But there was another problem.”
“Oh. What?”
“Well,” he said, “the first day I was there a sheep died, and we had roast mutton for dinner.”
“What’s wrong with that?” Ed asked. “Fresh meat is the best.”
“I know, but on the second day a cow died, and we had roast beef for dinner.”
“Lucky you!”
“You don’t understand,” Henry said. “on the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”
“A different meat every day,” Ed said loudly, “and you are complaining!”
“Let me finish,” Henry said. “on the fourth day the farmer died, and I didn’t dare (敢)stay for dinner!”
1. How did Henry find out about the farm?
A. He saw it in a newspaper advertisement.
B. His best friend told him.
C. He wrote to the farmer.
D. Maybe he learned it from the radio.
2. Henry came back home several days later because ______________.
A. he didn’t like the country life at all
B. the farmer wasn’t friendly to him
C. his holiday was over
D. he thought he might have to eat the farmer
3. “…and you are complaining!”, the word “complain” means __________.
A. 夸奖 B. 说三道四 C. 抱怨 D. 故弄玄虚
4. Which of the following sentences is true?
A. Ed could eat a different kind of meat every day.
B. Henry thought he could enjoy a change.
C. Henry couldn’t think of anything else to do, so he went to the farm.
D. The farmer died because of the bad meat he ate.
5. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. What a beautiful farm! B. Have a good time.
C. A short holiday D. Henry and the farmer.
Paragraph 1
Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day, they are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds; (2) citrus (柑桔) fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; 94) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made from milk; (6) bread or cereal (谷类), rice is also in this kind of food; (7) butter, or something like butter.
Paragraph 2
People in different countries and different places of the world eat different kinds of things. Foods are cooked and eaten in many different kinds of ways. People in different countries eat at different times of the day. In some places people eat once or twice a day; in other countries people eat three or four times a day. Scientists say that none of the differences is really important. It doesn’t matter whether foods are eaten raw or cooked, canned (罐装的) or frozen (冷冻的). It doesn’t matter if a person eats dinner at 4 o’clock in the afternoon or at eleven o’clock at night. The important thing is what you eat every day.
Paragraph 3
There are two problems, then, in feeding the large number of people on the earth. The first is to find some way to feed the world’s population so that no one is hungry. The second is to make sure that people everywhere have the right kinds of food to make them grow to be strong and healthy.
6. According to(依据)the scientists，which of the following groups of food is the healthiest for your lunch？
A. Chicken, apples, cereal and cabbages.
B. Potatoes, carrots, rice and bread.
C. Oranges, bananas, fish and tomatoes.
D. Beef, pork, fish and milk,
7. It is important for people to eat ______.
A. three times a day
B. dinner at twelve o’clock
C. cooked food all the time
D. something from each of the seven kinds of food every day
8. People in different countries and different places of the world ________.
A. have the right kinds of food to eat
B. cook their food in the same way
C. have their meals at the same time
D. eat food in different ways
9. Which of the following is not true？
A. People in some places don’t have enough to eat.
B. There are too many people in the world.
C. One of the problems is that no one is hungry.
D. The scientists are trying to make people grow to be strong and healthy.
10. If there is Paragraph (段落) 4, what do you think is going to be talked about？
A. When people eat their lunch.
B. What to do with the two problems.
C. How to cook food in different ways.
D. Why people eat different kinds of food.
一、五点注意
注意一：试题各小题所提供的四个备选项，有的是语法、结构上有错误，有的是与短文意思不相符。解题时要把有结构、语法错误的先排除，再考虑是否符合短文内容。
注意二：对短文中的生词或看不懂的句子，应大胆根据上下文意思进行猜测，尤其对涉及文中某个词或某个句子含义的选择试题，要结合文章所阐述的主要内容及上、下文内在逻辑关系，判断其最合理的含义。
注意三：对于涉及文章主旨、大意、作者意图及短文标题等选择试题，虽然短文中没有直接说明，可通过短文所提供的材料或联想短文材料以外的常识，如结合已学过的自然、社会科学知识加以综合理解、分析推测或按作者的思路进行推理，从而且推断出正确答案（如：想象如果你是作者，你会如何安排行文等）。
注意四：细节题一般都可以在文中找到相关的答案（错误选项要么与作者意图相反 要么概括不全面），主旨题、推理题（错误选项有的与事实不符 有的与作者意思相背等）。而且解题顺序可以从细节题到主旨 推理题，这样在对语篇有更多领悟的基础上再进行推理判断和概括总结，把握性就更大。
注意五：阅读的顺序一般是先读短文，再看题目，然后逐题作答。若文章较长，也可以先将测试题目通览一遍，然后带着问题阅读文章。这样对与答题有关的段落、句子反应敏感，而对其他与答题无关的部分可以不必花费太多时间，阅读速度就可加快些。
如何应对阅读理解中的细节题和推理题
一、做细节事实题的方法
在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：
(1) 凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。(2) 干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。
二、做推理判断题的方法
所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。英语试题中的推断题主要有以下几种：
1．事实推断
这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
2．指代推断
确定代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。
3．逻辑推断
这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。
4．对作者的意图和态度的推断
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
如何猜测阅读理解题中的生词词义
词汇是阅读理解的基础的基础。我们必须掌握教材中所学所有的单词和词组；了解构词法知识，如熟记一些常见的前缀、后缀，以及词语的合成和转化等；并且要进行大量的课外阅读扩大自己的词汇量。在英语阅读理解试题中猜测词义也是必不可少的题目，因此，我们必须学会如何猜测词义。任何一个词语，在一定的上下文中只能表示一个确定的词义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从以下几个方面来考虑：
一、根据定义或解释猜测词义
A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”….
Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ______.
A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。
二、根据情景和逻辑进行判断
As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children.They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.
A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly
根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。
三、根据并列或同位关系猜测词义
There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.
What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?
A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。
四、根据背景和常识判断
The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing,I discovered it on the floorof the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised!What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird.Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist,who happened to be visiting my father at the time,hearing me crying over the deathof my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mocking bird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”
An ornithologist is probably a person who ______.
A. studies birds B. loves creatures C. majors in habits D. takes care of trees
Ornithologist 这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视A。
利用主题句解英语阅读理解题
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种：
一、主题句在段首或篇首
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例如：
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思：“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其他的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
二、主题句在段末或篇末
用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。例如：
If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
这段文章前面列举了两件事实，最后一句是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。
三、无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们先找出每一段的大意：
第一段讲的是killer bees的产生。第二段讲的是 killer bees 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕 killer bees 的原因。
第四段讲的是 killer bees 已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕 killer bees 这一中心展开的。换句话说，killer bees 就是这篇文章的主题。
初中英语阅读训练的六种方法
1. 讲究阅读方法
(1)依据主题句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内
在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句（等困难信号）所带来的干扰，但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。
如：
My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wond
erful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.
On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two f
riends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.
We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of
us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt a
nd I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.
This passage mainly talks about ______________.
A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center
B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center
C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center
D. how to go rock-climbing and caving
[参考答案B] 上述这段短文的中心是说明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者
的朋友，还有组上的其他一些成员一起在活动中心度周末的一些活动以及感受。
(2) 掌握具体事实和重要细节：阅读文章时，要求学生养成辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。因为
具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证，是用来支持和说明中心思想的，而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。
如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” b
ecause I think music is an important part of our lives.
Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. An
d my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool.
“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”
But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. That’s why she l
ikes country music, I think.
①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.
A. it’s an exciting part of our lives
B. it’s an amazing part of our lives
C. it’s an important part of our lives
②What kind of music does the writer like?
A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.
③Who likes dancing?
A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.
④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.
A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing
⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?
A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.
这是几道重要事实和细节的辨认题，全是围绕短文的主题句“Different people have different ideas about m
usic”来展开说明的，起补充举例作用。答案分别为 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。
(3) 运用构词法、语境线索等帮助来推测关键词义：在阅读文章的过程中，常常会遇到一些生词，如果不
懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解，但大部分生词的词义是可以根据上下文，结合构词法、借助文章中的语境线索帮助在理解基础上猜测其词义，这有助于加快阅读速度，提高阅读理解能力。如：
Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. The
re is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called when the water takes the land away.
“Erosion” in the passage means ____________.
A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蚀 D. 霜冻
根据前面的语句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the l
and with it when it runs down the hills.解释可以推知erosion是一种自然地理现象，即“侵蚀”，答案为C。
2. 训练阅读速度
在阅读中，我们或多或少会碰到一些生词和不熟悉的短语，这些生词和短语会妨碍我们对文章中心的理解，但我们总是查阅词典也会影响阅读的速度。为了不查词典又能破解生词词义，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根据构词法判断词义。如：This material is unreadable.中 unreadable是生词。学生可以根据词根 read ，知道 un和 able分别为前缀和后缀，那么 unreadable的意义就不难猜测了；还可以培养学生根据生词与上下文的关系来猜测其意义。生词所在的句子、段落会提供很多的暗示和线索，依据这些暗示和线索就可以理解生词的词义了。如：同义词反义词线索；解释性线索；例证性线索；标点符号线索等。如：
A. The who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中的 looks after sheep 就解释了 herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
B. Like her younger sister who is Alice also likes to make friends.句首的 like（像）这个语境
线索说明：句中的gregarious与 likes to make friends意义相近。
通过这些方式可以帮助学生加快阅读速度，进一步提高阅读正确率。
3. 改进阅读方式
（1）预测：依据文章标题（副标题）、插图以及相关的背景知识和社会生活经验，对文章的大致内容预测
以及可能涉及到的词汇，然后阅读文章的第一段，并对自己的预测进行验证、纠正，同时抓住主题句、关键词，从而更好地从整体上去理解和把握文章的中心。
（2）略读：快速浏览全文，领会文章大意，辨析文体，掌握篇章结构，进而抓住文章的中心。
（3）查读：在浏览全文的基础上进行查读，以回答个别事实细节性的问题。有些细节性的问题不能直接在
短文中找到答案，必须进行必要的综合、归纳、转换才能获得，也就是要在直接可获得的事实和细节的基础上经过综合、归纳、转换间接地获得所需要的事实和细节。它通常涉及数据、时间、人称、代词的指代、动作的行为的关联、动作行为者与承受者、地点和空间、表态方式、因果、条件、内涵与外延等。如：
One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shop
ping center.
“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corn
er store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please.”
The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at
the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”
“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi
fare was more than the money that you saved !”
Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right.
“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”
①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.
A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better
② Mrs. Wilson _________ in the end.
A. spent more money B. paid less money
C. lost some money D. saved a little money
这两个问题都是细节性问题，但又不能直接从文章中得出答案，要经过分析和计算间接地获得事实细节。
①选C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的话“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②选A。 Mrs. Wilson 在超级市场买的东西是便宜的，但返回时由于东西多结果打的士回家将打的士的费用摊进去就高于节省的费用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end.
4. 扩大英语阅读量
要是没有合适的阅读材料，每一次做过的英语阅读理解就是你最好的材料，划出里头的生词，记在本子上，没事情的时候就可以翻一翻，不需要刻意去记忆，有个大致的印象，也会对日后阅读理解有很大帮助的。
练习
Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.
So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.
Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common(共同的) interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.
When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!
1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is _______.
A. rich B. famous
C. young D. lonely
2. Jean thought “David” was special because he _______.
A. made her quite happy on QQ B. was from San Francisco
C. sent her a picture of himself D. was tall and good-looking
3. When Jean and “David” met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised?
A. “David”. B. Both “David” and Jean.
C. Jean. D. Neither “David” nor Jean.
4. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Don’t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily.
B. People don’t use their real names on QQ so often.
C. Don’t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.
D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.
Henry was an office worker in a big city. He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.
He usually went to the seaside, but one year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper. “Enjoy country life. Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm. Good food. Fresh air. Horse riding. Walking. Fishing. Cheap and interesting.”
“This sounds a good idea,” he thought. “I’ll spend a month at West Hill Farm. I think I can enjoy horse riding, walking and fishing. They’ll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”
He wrote to the farmer. In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there. Then on the first of July, he left for West Hill Farm.
But four days later, he returned home.
“What was wrong with West Hill Farm?” his best friend, Ed, asked him. “Didn’t you enjoy country life?” “Country life was very good,” Henry said. “But there was another problem.”
“Oh. What?”
“Well,” he said, “the first day I was there a sheep died, and we had roast mutton for dinner.”
“What’s wrong with that?” Ed asked. “Fresh meat is the best.”
“I know, but on the second day a cow died, and we had roast beef for dinner.”
“Lucky you!”
“You don’t understand,” Henry said. “on the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”
“A different meat every day,” Ed said loudly, “and you are complaining!”
“Let me finish,” Henry said. “on the fourth day the farmer died, and I didn’t dare (敢)stay for dinner!”
1. How did Henry find out about the farm?
A. He saw it in a newspaper advertisement.
B. His best friend told him.
C. He wrote to the farmer.
D. Maybe he learned it from the radio.
2. Henry came back home several days later because ______________.
A. he didn’t like the country life at all
B. the farmer wasn’t friendly to him
C. his holiday was over
D. he thought he might have to eat the farmer
3. “…and you are complaining!”, the word “complain” means __________.
A. 夸奖 B. 说三道四 C. 抱怨 D. 故弄玄虚
4. Which of the following sentences is true?
A. Ed could eat a different kind of meat every day.
B. Henry thought he could enjoy a change.
C. Henry couldn’t think of anything else to do, so he went to the farm.
D. The farmer died because of the bad meat he ate.
5. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. What a beautiful farm! B. Have a good time.
C. A short holiday D. Henry and the farmer.
Paragraph 1
Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day, they are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds; (2) citrus (柑桔) fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; 94) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made from milk; (6) bread or cereal (谷类), rice is also in this kind of food; (7) butter, or something like butter.
Paragraph 2
People in different countries and different places of the world eat different kinds of things. Foods are cooked and eaten in many different kinds of ways. People in different countries eat at different times of the day. In some places people eat once or twice a day; in other countries people eat three or four times a day. Scientists say that none of the differences is really important. It doesn’t matter whether foods are eaten raw or cooked, canned (罐装的) or frozen (冷冻的). It doesn’t matter if a person eats dinner at 4 o’clock in the afternoon or at eleven o’clock at night. The important thing is what you eat every day.
Paragraph 3
There are two problems, then, in feeding the large number of people on the earth. The first is to find some way to feed the world’s population so that no one is hungry. The second is to make sure that people everywhere have the right kinds of food to make them grow to be strong and healthy.
6. According to(依据)the scientists，which of the following groups of food is the healthiest for your lunch？
A. Chicken, apples, cereal and cabbages.
B. Potatoes, carrots, rice and bread.
C. Oranges, bananas, fish and tomatoes.
D. Beef, pork, fish and milk,
7. It is important for people to eat ______.
A. three times a day
B. dinner at twelve o’clock
C. cooked food all the time
D. something from each of the seven kinds of food every day
8. People in different countries and different places of the world ________.
A. have the right kinds of food to eat
B. cook their food in the same way
C. have their meals at the same time
D. eat food in different ways
9. Which of the following is not true？
A. People in some places don’t have enough to eat.
B. There are too many people in the world.
C. One of the problems is that no one is hungry.
D. The scientists are trying to make people grow to be strong and healthy.
10. If there is Paragraph (段落) 4, what do you think is going to be talked about？
A. When people eat their lunch.
B. What to do with the two problems.
C. How to cook food in different ways.
D. Why people eat different kinds of food.