Survey unit 4
Government and politics
Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制and parliamentary democracy代议制民主
800 years developing- power – monarch, lords领主，君主，贵族，上帝 people
Constitution
1 constitutional monarchy
2 parliamentary sovereignty君主- unlimited to make or umake any law 3 representitive democracy代议制民主- people voting rights
4 the rule of law
All flexible enough to evolve演变.
Monarchy
Longest reigning 统治in world. Now purely ceremonial仪式的 functions PAGE 44
Parliament
One of oldest in world
3 parts- 1 crown
2 house of lords
3 house of commons
Job is to create, abolish, ammend修改，修订 laws, vote on taxation课税+expenditure花费, examine government policies and debate issues Max duration持续，持续的时间，期间 of a government 5 years
House of commons下议院 (real power) read PAGE ４５
ｂｉｌｌｓ ｏｒ ａｃｔｓ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｇｏ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ＨＯＣ ３ ｔｉｍｅｓ， ｉｆ ｐａｓｓ ｔｈｉｓ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｉｓ ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ＨＯＬ－ ｔｈｅｎ ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ ａ ｌａｗ．
ｈｏｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｌｏｒｄｓ下议院
ｎｏｔ ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｈｅｎｃｅ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ－ ｍｏｒｅ ｆｏｒ ｄｅｂａｔｅ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｓ ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ ｃｏｕｒｔ ｏｆ ａｐｐｅａｌ＇
Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ／ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｌｏｃａｌ（ｃｏｕｎｔｙ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ）
ＨＭ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ， ｂａｓｅｄ ａｔ Ｗｈｉｔｅｈａｌｌ ｌｏｎｄｏｎ．
ＰＭ ｉｓ ｌｅａｄｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｐａｒｔｙ ｔｈａｔ ｈｏｌｄｓ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｓｅａｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＨＯＣ， ｈｅ／ｓｈｅ ｆｏｒｍｓ ａ ｃａｂｉｎｅｔ ｏｆ ｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｓ （２０ ｍｏｓｔ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ） ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｓｔａｆｆｅｄ ｂｙ ｃｉｖｉｌ ｓｅｒｖａｎｔｓ （ｐｏｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ）
ｌｏｃａｌ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ
５３ ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓ， ３６９ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓ．ｈａｖｅ ｌｏｃａｌｌｙ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｓ ＢＵＴ controlled by laws and policies of national government
1990s – policy of devolution
Political parties and elections
Presently 3 main parties- labour, conservative and liberal democrats BUT ａｌｓｏ ｍａｎｙ ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ ｏｎｅｓ．
ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ
Ｕｋ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ６５９ ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｃｉｅｓ， ｅａｃｈ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ ｏｎｅ ＭＰ （ ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ ｐａｒｔｙ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｖｏｔｅ ｆｏｒ）
ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ ｏｖｅｒ １８ ｈａｓ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｔｅ ｖｏｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ｃｏｍｐｕｌｓｏｒｙ
ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ－ ａｎｙｏｎｅ ｏｖｅｒ １８－ ｄｏ ｎｏｔ ＨＡＶＥ ｔｏ ｊｏｉｎ ａ ｐａｒｔｙ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ
ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｖｏｔｅｓ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｔｏ ＨＯＣ ｔｏ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ ｃｏｎｓｔｉｕｅｎｃｙ
5 judicary
Very old tradition of laws.
Scotland wales n ireland and england= not the same BUT many laws in
comon
The rule of law
Read page 53
Sources of law
3 main sources
1 common law- developed through history by court decisions
2 statute law- formal written laws pased by governments (superior to above)
3 EU law- mainly economic and socail matters(sometimes superior to above)
The court system
Divided into criminal and civil read page 54
Criminal courts
Minor offences= local magistrates court ( magistrate is ordinary citizen advised by legal clerk)
Serious offences= crown courts, judge and random jury
Court of appeals hears appeals from crown court
House of lords hears appeals from court of appeals
Civil courts
Money,contracts, property, family matters
Minor= county court
Major= high court
House of lords
Highest court of appeal for criminal and civil courts
Appeals are about the meaning/interpretation of the law rather than evidence in a case
Judicial proceedings
Read page 57
Criminal- 1 police charge 2 crown prosecution review and decide whether to proceed
Trial open and public BUT media not allowed to prejudice
Prosecution VS defence
Accussed has a right to employ a solicitor/barrister- if no money they are given legal aid by government
Read page 57
Civil courts- simpler
Law and order
Crime and punishment
Big problem in thenUK especially juvenile and drink/drug offences Biggest prison population in west europe
Death penalty abolished in 1965
Police
52 police authorities in UK, 126 000 police persons
Bobbies, fuzz, boys in blue, coppers, pigs,
No guns
Survey unit 4
Government and politics
Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制and parliamentary democracy代议制民主
800 years developing- power – monarch, lords领主，君主，贵族，上帝 people
Constitution
1 constitutional monarchy
2 parliamentary sovereignty君主- unlimited to make or umake any law 3 representitive democracy代议制民主- people voting rights
4 the rule of law
All flexible enough to evolve演变.
Monarchy
Longest reigning 统治in world. Now purely ceremonial仪式的 functions PAGE 44
Parliament
One of oldest in world
3 parts- 1 crown
2 house of lords
3 house of commons
Job is to create, abolish, ammend修改，修订 laws, vote on taxation课税+expenditure花费, examine government policies and debate issues Max duration持续，持续的时间，期间 of a government 5 years
House of commons下议院 (real power) read PAGE ４５
ｂｉｌｌｓ ｏｒ ａｃｔｓ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｇｏ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ＨＯＣ ３ ｔｉｍｅｓ， ｉｆ ｐａｓｓ ｔｈｉｓ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｉｓ ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ＨＯＬ－ ｔｈｅｎ ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ ａ ｌａｗ．
ｈｏｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｌｏｒｄｓ下议院
ｎｏｔ ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｈｅｎｃｅ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ－ ｍｏｒｅ ｆｏｒ ｄｅｂａｔｅ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｓ ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ ｃｏｕｒｔ ｏｆ ａｐｐｅａｌ＇
Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ
ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ／ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｌｏｃａｌ（ｃｏｕｎｔｙ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ）
ＨＭ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ， ｂａｓｅｄ ａｔ Ｗｈｉｔｅｈａｌｌ ｌｏｎｄｏｎ．
ＰＭ ｉｓ ｌｅａｄｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ ｐａｒｔｙ ｔｈａｔ ｈｏｌｄｓ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｓｅａｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＨＯＣ， ｈｅ／ｓｈｅ ｆｏｒｍｓ ａ ｃａｂｉｎｅｔ ｏｆ ｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｓ （２０ ｍｏｓｔ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ） ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｓｔａｆｆｅｄ ｂｙ ｃｉｖｉｌ ｓｅｒｖａｎｔｓ （ｐｏｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ）
ｌｏｃａｌ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｄｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ
５３ ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓ， ３６９ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓ．ｈａｖｅ ｌｏｃａｌｌｙ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｃｏｕｎｃｉｌｓ ＢＵＴ controlled by laws and policies of national government
1990s – policy of devolution
Political parties and elections
Presently 3 main parties- labour, conservative and liberal democrats BUT ａｌｓｏ ｍａｎｙ ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ ｏｎｅｓ．
ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ
Ｕｋ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ６５９ ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｃｉｅｓ， ｅａｃｈ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ ｏｎｅ ＭＰ （ ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ ｐａｒｔｙ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｖｏｔｅ ｆｏｒ）
ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ ｏｖｅｒ １８ ｈａｓ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｔｅ ｖｏｔｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ｃｏｍｐｕｌｓｏｒｙ
ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ－ ａｎｙｏｎｅ ｏｖｅｒ １８－ ｄｏ ｎｏｔ ＨＡＶＥ ｔｏ ｊｏｉｎ ａ ｐａｒｔｙ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ
ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｖｏｔｅｓ ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｔｏ ＨＯＣ ｔｏ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ ｃｏｎｓｔｉｕｅｎｃｙ
5 judicary
Very old tradition of laws.
Scotland wales n ireland and england= not the same BUT many laws in
comon
The rule of law
Read page 53
Sources of law
3 main sources
1 common law- developed through history by court decisions
2 statute law- formal written laws pased by governments (superior to above)
3 EU law- mainly economic and socail matters(sometimes superior to above)
The court system
Divided into criminal and civil read page 54
Criminal courts
Minor offences= local magistrates court ( magistrate is ordinary citizen advised by legal clerk)
Serious offences= crown courts, judge and random jury
Court of appeals hears appeals from crown court
House of lords hears appeals from court of appeals
Civil courts
Money,contracts, property, family matters
Minor= county court
Major= high court
House of lords
Highest court of appeal for criminal and civil courts
Appeals are about the meaning/interpretation of the law rather than evidence in a case
Judicial proceedings
Read page 57
Criminal- 1 police charge 2 crown prosecution review and decide whether to proceed
Trial open and public BUT media not allowed to prejudice
Prosecution VS defence
Accussed has a right to employ a solicitor/barrister- if no money they are given legal aid by government
Read page 57
Civil courts- simpler
Law and order
Crime and punishment
Big problem in thenUK especially juvenile and drink/drug offences Biggest prison population in west europe
Death penalty abolished in 1965
Police
52 police authorities in UK, 126 000 police persons
Bobbies, fuzz, boys in blue, coppers, pigs,
No guns