20. 连词
连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, （and）then等等。
20.1 并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1） and 与or
判断改错：（错）They sat down and talk about something.
（错）They started to dance and sang.
（错）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
（对）They sat down and talked about something.
（对）They started to dance and sing.
（对）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如： Make up your mind, and you\'ll get the chance. 拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。
= If you make up your mind, you\'ll get the chance.
One more effort, and you\'ll succeed. 再努力一下，你会成功的。 = If you make one more effort, you\'ll succeed.
2） both…and 两者都。例如：
She plays （both） the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
3） not only…but （also）, as well as不但…而且。例如：
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。
4） neithe…nor 意思为\
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
20.2 比较and和or
1） 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2） 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don\'t like chicken ___ fish.
---I don\'t like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water.
（错）We can\'t live without air or water.
（对）We will die without air or water.
（对）We can\'t live without air and water.
20.3 表示选择的并列结构
1） or意思为\
I must work hard, or I\'ll fail in the exam. 我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。
2） either…or 意思为\
Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。
20.4 表示转折或对比
1） but表示转折，while表示对比。例如：
Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I\'d like to, ___ I\'m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2） not…but… 意思为\
20.5 表原因关系
1） for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
判断改错：（错） For he is ill, he is absent today.
（对） He is absent today, for he is ill.
2） so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如：
He hurt his leg, so he couldn\'t play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，不能上场。 I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
20.6 比较so和 such
such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还
可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a（n） + n.
so + adj. + a（n） + n. such + n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （pl.） such +n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （不可数） such +n.（不可数）
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/ little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。
20.7 连词和从句练习
1. I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed the book. a. on condition that b. now that c. except that d. considering that
2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent ______ he wanted to get into trouble
a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. whether
3. Strange ______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
a. although b. even if c. that d. as
4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone. a. the place b. of where c. about the place d. where
5. The professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear him. a. such that b. so c. so that d. such
6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of ______ in Spain. a. what he had seen b. that he had seen c. which he had seen d. he had seen what
7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by means of ______ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted.
a. whom b. which c. what d. that
8. I don’t know why she’s looking at me ______ she knew me. I’ve never seen her before in my life.
a. as b. although c. even if d. as if
9. No sooner had he finished his speech ______ stormy applause broke out. a. when b. then c. than d. as
10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. ______ you correct them conscientiously, it will be all right.
a. In the case b. As long as c. Although d. Despite
11. Geometry, ______ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
a. that b. about that c. which d. about which
12. The highest temperature ______ in any furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade.
a. we can get b. that we can get it c. which we can get it d. what we can get
13. We sent the horses to a considerable distance, ______ they should disturb the
children.
a. less b. lest c. last d. least
14. Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner ______.
a. as in air b. as through air c. as air does d. like air
15. _____ he was putting on his uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn.
a. Since b. Unless c. As d. Before
16. The police finally caught up with the man ______ was the escaped prisoner. a. who they thought b. whom they thought
c. they thought him d. that they thought him
17. ______ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the radio station. a. Whoever b. Those c. Whichever people d. Any people
18. ______ do you believe is not about to support our plan?
a. Whom b. Who c. Whomever d. Which
19. He didn’t know French, ______ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.
a. that b. as c. this d. which
20. She is a fine singer, ______ her mother used to be
a. like b. that c. as d. which
21. ______, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.
a. Lover of towns I am b. As lover of towns
c. Lover of towns as am I d. Though am I the lover of towns
22. The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in ______ he had not had much schooling.
a. which b. that c. what d. the way
23. She always takes careful notes in class ______ she may review them from time to time.
a. so that b. in order to c. because of d. rather than
24. The reason he was late is ______ his clock didn’t give the alarm.
a. because b. due to c. since d. that
25. ______ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends. a. What b. That c. Which d. Though
26. I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught.
a. such b. as c. what d. for
27. ______ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
a. That b. Whatever c. Whichever d. However
28. She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice ______.
a. that I give it to her b. which I give to her
c. what I give to her d. I give it to her
29. I was supposed to be a mathematics major, but I actually took ______ courses in physics, if not more.
a. so many b. as many c. a good many d. such many
30. Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. so is a liquid d. as does a liquid
31. He explained everything over again ______ anyone should misunderstand her. a. since b. when c. lest d. as if
32. ______ convincing an argument is, it needs support of evidence.
a. Whatever b. However c. Although d. Even if
33. Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
a. and b. however c. but d. wherever
34. ______ we gave him anything to eat, he would save it up for his little brother. a. When b. That c. Whenever d. What
35. The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.
a. because she will be disappointed b. because she will have a disappointment c. that she will be disappointed d. for which she will be disappointed
36.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______ to teach you the art of learning.
a. than b. rather than c. nor d. as
37. If the design was wrong, the project is bound to fail, ______ good all the other ideas might be.
a. whatever b. however c. whatsoever d. even
38. He gave ______ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products were described.
a. who b. those c. whom d. whoever
39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
a. in that b. in order that c. in which d. that
40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility.
a. whom b. whomever c. whoever d. that
41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he would not step down form his position as chairman.
a. in which b. where c. because d. that
42. ______ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home.
a. Just as b. Because c. As long as d. When as
43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, ______ are shown opposite.
a. two examples of it b. two examples of which
c. whose two example d. which two examples
44. ______ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors.
a. Although b. When c. Until d. Ever since
45. ______ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them.
a. Whatever b. Whichever c. However d. What
46. He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.
a. as b. that c. for d. when
47. ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
a. Until b. If c. Unless d. Provided
48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on ______.
a. what it is trimmed b. how it trimmed c. that is trimmed d. how it is trimmed
49. Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils.
a. which b. that c. for which d. in that
50. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______. a. when he first introduced b. that he first introduced it
c. he first introduced d. which he first introduced it
51. Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just sound. a. what is the difference b. the difference is what
c. what the difference is c. that what the difference
52. Contrary to ______ I had expected, he lost for a second time.
a. that b. what c. which d. who
53. Professor Smith was so punctual ______, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang.
a. that the day he died b. until the day he died
c. that until the day he died d. until the day when he died
54. ______ he came to England to study, he didn’t know how to cook.
a. When b. since c. Until d. Unless
55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, ______ he is very hard to deal with.
a. but b. so c. so that d. yet
56. ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mother’s pouch.
a. Until b. Not until c. After d. Only until
57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______ there was storage space for writing materials.
a. under that b. under which c. which d. that
58. I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will forget to pay it back.
a. if b. whether c. that d. of
59. ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.
a. If b. Unless c. Until d. Since
60. ______ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy.
a. When b. After c. Although d. Before
61. Not long after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of telescope ______
mirrors instead of lenses.
a. which used b. in which he used c. that he used d. in that he used
62. _____ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man.
a. Much I admire b. Much as I admire c. As much I admire d. As I admire much
63. I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again.
a. as be because c. lest d. unless
64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs.
a. when there b. than there c. than d. that
65. A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a door. a. that b. whose c. those d. what
66. I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me. a. all what b. all that c. which d. all whatever
67. ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school.
a. That b. What c. In spite of what d. Though what
68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______ man has invented.
a. which b. that c. as d. since
69. ______ he performed the task with success.
a. It was expected b. Which was expected
c. As was expected d. That was expected
70. The size of the audience, ______ I had expected, was well over ten thousand. a. which b. that c. as d. whom
71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, ______ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge.
a. as b. so c. such d. once
72. ______ you try, you’ll never lose your English accent.
a. No matter what b. How hard c. No matter how hard d. Whatever hard
73. ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load.
a. Despite b. Provided c. Unless d. Even if
74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, ______. a. and that shocked the world b. and which shocked the world
c. this fact shocked the world d. which shocked the world
75. The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate computers as well.
a. while b. when c. as d. on which
76. This machine is new. ______, it is in excellent condition.
a. Furthermore b. However c. Otherwise d. but
77. This room had but a single window, ______ were kept closed when it was not in use.
a. which its shutters b. its shutters of which
c. the shutters of which d. which shutters
78. The old man is no coward; ______ he is a man of high spirits.
a. rather than b. on the contrary c. on the other hand d. at the same time
79. Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are falling. a. which where and how much b. where and how
c. where and how d. where and how much
80. Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4,000 years.
a. and its b. whose history c. its history d. and which
81. They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad.
a. according as b. as for c. in as much as d. as regards
82. The story of his upbringing is shocking ______.
a. to all that read it b. to all who reads it c. to all which read it d. to all who read it
83. You should get the license in two weeks; ______, you’ll have to pay a fine. a. yet b. still c. or d. consequently
84. I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his destination.
a. then b. when c. the moment d. than
85. He had a large collection of books, ______ are written in foreign languages. a. many b. many ones of which c. many of which d. many in which
86. The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university.
a. their b. that c. whose d. of whom
87. Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will erupt again. a. when b. which c. is that d. and when
88. ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness.
a. It is the man b. What the man c. That the man d. The man has
89. ______ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends. a. During the time that b. At the moment that
c. In spite of the fact that d. On the ground that
90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit ______ there is an accident.
a. in case b. in the event of c. in condition d. but that
91. The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.
a. that b. such that c. what d. so that
92. That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man.
a. who he operated b. that he operated
c. who operated d. that operated him
93. _____ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer. a. Complicated though it is b. Though is it complicated
c. As it is complicated d. Complicated as it is
94. He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
a. unless b. so b. lest d. for fear
95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world ______.
a. that he works b. which he works c. he works in c. he works
96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated
problem ______ can be solved.
a. that b. as c. but d. which
97. ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. a. Nearly b. That nearly c. It is nearly d. When nearly
98. In the testing period, the students spent ______ much time in the classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject.
a. as, as b. as, that c. so, that d. such, that
99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same ______.
a. like theirs b. as they c. as theirs d. as them
100. The audience, ______ enjoyed the performance.
a. most of them were students b. most of whom were students
c. whom they were students d. they were mostly students
101. ______ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger diameters.
a. While b. If c. Unless d. As
102. Mr. Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment, ______ he were late?
a. but what if b. how about c. so what d. and what about
103. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.
a. by which time b. by the time c. by that time d. by some time
104. I have little doubt about his competence; ______ he is well-qualified for the job. a. although b. because c. moreover d. yet
105. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons.
a. energy that b. that it is energy c. it is energy d. that energy
106. ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces. a. Danger can be b. They can be dangerous
c. What can be dangerous d. While danger
107. ______ these questions may sound academic, answers to them could have profound economic and political significance.
a. Since b. If c. While d. Lest
108. A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth.
a. less the farther it gets b. the farther it gets
c. less than it gets farther d. less than it, the farther it gets
109. ______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to. a. That b. Because c. Whatever d. However
110. ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals.
a. That b. It c. Which d. As
111. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
a. there b. wherever c. somewhere d. anywhere
112. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.
a. upon which to base b. which to base upon
c. which to be based on d. to which to be based
113. Twelve is to six ______ two is to one.
a. what b. which c. that d. when
114. ______, she knows French well.
a. A child as she is b. Child as she is c. As she is a child d. The child as she is 115. ______, they could find nobody in the house.
a. As they would search b. Would as they search
c. Search as they would d. They would search as
20. 连词
连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, （and）then等等。
20.1 并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1） and 与or
判断改错：（错）They sat down and talk about something.
（错）They started to dance and sang.
（错）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
（对）They sat down and talked about something.
（对）They started to dance and sing.
（对）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如： Make up your mind, and you\'ll get the chance. 拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。
= If you make up your mind, you\'ll get the chance.
One more effort, and you\'ll succeed. 再努力一下，你会成功的。 = If you make one more effort, you\'ll succeed.
2） both…and 两者都。例如：
She plays （both） the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
3） not only…but （also）, as well as不但…而且。例如：
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
注意：not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。
4） neithe…nor 意思为\
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
20.2 比较and和or
1） 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2） 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don\'t like chicken ___ fish.
---I don\'t like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water.
（错）We can\'t live without air or water.
（对）We will die without air or water.
（对）We can\'t live without air and water.
20.3 表示选择的并列结构
1） or意思为\
I must work hard, or I\'ll fail in the exam. 我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。
2） either…or 意思为\
Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。
20.4 表示转折或对比
1） but表示转折，while表示对比。例如：
Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I\'d like to, ___ I\'m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2） not…but… 意思为\
20.5 表原因关系
1） for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
判断改错：（错） For he is ill, he is absent today.
（对） He is absent today, for he is ill.
2） so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如：
He hurt his leg, so he couldn\'t play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，不能上场。 I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
20.6 比较so和 such
such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还
可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a（n） + n.
so + adj. + a（n） + n. such + n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （pl.） such +n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （不可数） such +n.（不可数）
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/ little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。
20.7 连词和从句练习
1. I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed the book. a. on condition that b. now that c. except that d. considering that
2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent ______ he wanted to get into trouble
a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. whether
3. Strange ______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
a. although b. even if c. that d. as
4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone. a. the place b. of where c. about the place d. where
5. The professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear him. a. such that b. so c. so that d. such
6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of ______ in Spain. a. what he had seen b. that he had seen c. which he had seen d. he had seen what
7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by means of ______ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted.
a. whom b. which c. what d. that
8. I don’t know why she’s looking at me ______ she knew me. I’ve never seen her before in my life.
a. as b. although c. even if d. as if
9. No sooner had he finished his speech ______ stormy applause broke out. a. when b. then c. than d. as
10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. ______ you correct them conscientiously, it will be all right.
a. In the case b. As long as c. Although d. Despite
11. Geometry, ______ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
a. that b. about that c. which d. about which
12. The highest temperature ______ in any furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade.
a. we can get b. that we can get it c. which we can get it d. what we can get
13. We sent the horses to a considerable distance, ______ they should disturb the
children.
a. less b. lest c. last d. least
14. Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner ______.
a. as in air b. as through air c. as air does d. like air
15. _____ he was putting on his uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn.
a. Since b. Unless c. As d. Before
16. The police finally caught up with the man ______ was the escaped prisoner. a. who they thought b. whom they thought
c. they thought him d. that they thought him
17. ______ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the radio station. a. Whoever b. Those c. Whichever people d. Any people
18. ______ do you believe is not about to support our plan?
a. Whom b. Who c. Whomever d. Which
19. He didn’t know French, ______ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.
a. that b. as c. this d. which
20. She is a fine singer, ______ her mother used to be
a. like b. that c. as d. which
21. ______, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.
a. Lover of towns I am b. As lover of towns
c. Lover of towns as am I d. Though am I the lover of towns
22. The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in ______ he had not had much schooling.
a. which b. that c. what d. the way
23. She always takes careful notes in class ______ she may review them from time to time.
a. so that b. in order to c. because of d. rather than
24. The reason he was late is ______ his clock didn’t give the alarm.
a. because b. due to c. since d. that
25. ______ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends. a. What b. That c. Which d. Though
26. I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught.
a. such b. as c. what d. for
27. ______ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
a. That b. Whatever c. Whichever d. However
28. She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice ______.
a. that I give it to her b. which I give to her
c. what I give to her d. I give it to her
29. I was supposed to be a mathematics major, but I actually took ______ courses in physics, if not more.
a. so many b. as many c. a good many d. such many
30. Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. so is a liquid d. as does a liquid
31. He explained everything over again ______ anyone should misunderstand her. a. since b. when c. lest d. as if
32. ______ convincing an argument is, it needs support of evidence.
a. Whatever b. However c. Although d. Even if
33. Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
a. and b. however c. but d. wherever
34. ______ we gave him anything to eat, he would save it up for his little brother. a. When b. That c. Whenever d. What
35. The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.
a. because she will be disappointed b. because she will have a disappointment c. that she will be disappointed d. for which she will be disappointed
36.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______ to teach you the art of learning.
a. than b. rather than c. nor d. as
37. If the design was wrong, the project is bound to fail, ______ good all the other ideas might be.
a. whatever b. however c. whatsoever d. even
38. He gave ______ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products were described.
a. who b. those c. whom d. whoever
39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
a. in that b. in order that c. in which d. that
40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility.
a. whom b. whomever c. whoever d. that
41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he would not step down form his position as chairman.
a. in which b. where c. because d. that
42. ______ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home.
a. Just as b. Because c. As long as d. When as
43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, ______ are shown opposite.
a. two examples of it b. two examples of which
c. whose two example d. which two examples
44. ______ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors.
a. Although b. When c. Until d. Ever since
45. ______ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them.
a. Whatever b. Whichever c. However d. What
46. He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.
a. as b. that c. for d. when
47. ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
a. Until b. If c. Unless d. Provided
48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on ______.
a. what it is trimmed b. how it trimmed c. that is trimmed d. how it is trimmed
49. Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils.
a. which b. that c. for which d. in that
50. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______. a. when he first introduced b. that he first introduced it
c. he first introduced d. which he first introduced it
51. Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just sound. a. what is the difference b. the difference is what
c. what the difference is c. that what the difference
52. Contrary to ______ I had expected, he lost for a second time.
a. that b. what c. which d. who
53. Professor Smith was so punctual ______, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang.
a. that the day he died b. until the day he died
c. that until the day he died d. until the day when he died
54. ______ he came to England to study, he didn’t know how to cook.
a. When b. since c. Until d. Unless
55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, ______ he is very hard to deal with.
a. but b. so c. so that d. yet
56. ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mother’s pouch.
a. Until b. Not until c. After d. Only until
57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______ there was storage space for writing materials.
a. under that b. under which c. which d. that
58. I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will forget to pay it back.
a. if b. whether c. that d. of
59. ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.
a. If b. Unless c. Until d. Since
60. ______ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy.
a. When b. After c. Although d. Before
61. Not long after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of telescope ______
mirrors instead of lenses.
a. which used b. in which he used c. that he used d. in that he used
62. _____ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man.
a. Much I admire b. Much as I admire c. As much I admire d. As I admire much
63. I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again.
a. as be because c. lest d. unless
64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs.
a. when there b. than there c. than d. that
65. A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a door. a. that b. whose c. those d. what
66. I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me. a. all what b. all that c. which d. all whatever
67. ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school.
a. That b. What c. In spite of what d. Though what
68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______ man has invented.
a. which b. that c. as d. since
69. ______ he performed the task with success.
a. It was expected b. Which was expected
c. As was expected d. That was expected
70. The size of the audience, ______ I had expected, was well over ten thousand. a. which b. that c. as d. whom
71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, ______ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge.
a. as b. so c. such d. once
72. ______ you try, you’ll never lose your English accent.
a. No matter what b. How hard c. No matter how hard d. Whatever hard
73. ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load.
a. Despite b. Provided c. Unless d. Even if
74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, ______. a. and that shocked the world b. and which shocked the world
c. this fact shocked the world d. which shocked the world
75. The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate computers as well.
a. while b. when c. as d. on which
76. This machine is new. ______, it is in excellent condition.
a. Furthermore b. However c. Otherwise d. but
77. This room had but a single window, ______ were kept closed when it was not in use.
a. which its shutters b. its shutters of which
c. the shutters of which d. which shutters
78. The old man is no coward; ______ he is a man of high spirits.
a. rather than b. on the contrary c. on the other hand d. at the same time
79. Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are falling. a. which where and how much b. where and how
c. where and how d. where and how much
80. Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4,000 years.
a. and its b. whose history c. its history d. and which
81. They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad.
a. according as b. as for c. in as much as d. as regards
82. The story of his upbringing is shocking ______.
a. to all that read it b. to all who reads it c. to all which read it d. to all who read it
83. You should get the license in two weeks; ______, you’ll have to pay a fine. a. yet b. still c. or d. consequently
84. I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his destination.
a. then b. when c. the moment d. than
85. He had a large collection of books, ______ are written in foreign languages. a. many b. many ones of which c. many of which d. many in which
86. The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university.
a. their b. that c. whose d. of whom
87. Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will erupt again. a. when b. which c. is that d. and when
88. ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness.
a. It is the man b. What the man c. That the man d. The man has
89. ______ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends. a. During the time that b. At the moment that
c. In spite of the fact that d. On the ground that
90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit ______ there is an accident.
a. in case b. in the event of c. in condition d. but that
91. The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.
a. that b. such that c. what d. so that
92. That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man.
a. who he operated b. that he operated
c. who operated d. that operated him
93. _____ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer. a. Complicated though it is b. Though is it complicated
c. As it is complicated d. Complicated as it is
94. He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
a. unless b. so b. lest d. for fear
95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world ______.
a. that he works b. which he works c. he works in c. he works
96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated
problem ______ can be solved.
a. that b. as c. but d. which
97. ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. a. Nearly b. That nearly c. It is nearly d. When nearly
98. In the testing period, the students spent ______ much time in the classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject.
a. as, as b. as, that c. so, that d. such, that
99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same ______.
a. like theirs b. as they c. as theirs d. as them
100. The audience, ______ enjoyed the performance.
a. most of them were students b. most of whom were students
c. whom they were students d. they were mostly students
101. ______ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger diameters.
a. While b. If c. Unless d. As
102. Mr. Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment, ______ he were late?
a. but what if b. how about c. so what d. and what about
103. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.
a. by which time b. by the time c. by that time d. by some time
104. I have little doubt about his competence; ______ he is well-qualified for the job. a. although b. because c. moreover d. yet
105. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons.
a. energy that b. that it is energy c. it is energy d. that energy
106. ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces. a. Danger can be b. They can be dangerous
c. What can be dangerous d. While danger
107. ______ these questions may sound academic, answers to them could have profound economic and political significance.
a. Since b. If c. While d. Lest
108. A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth.
a. less the farther it gets b. the farther it gets
c. less than it gets farther d. less than it, the farther it gets
109. ______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to. a. That b. Because c. Whatever d. However
110. ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals.
a. That b. It c. Which d. As
111. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
a. there b. wherever c. somewhere d. anywhere
112. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.
a. upon which to base b. which to base upon
c. which to be based on d. to which to be based
113. Twelve is to six ______ two is to one.
a. what b. which c. that d. when
114. ______, she knows French well.
a. A child as she is b. Child as she is c. As she is a child d. The child as she is 115. ______, they could find nobody in the house.
a. As they would search b. Would as they search
c. Search as they would d. They would search as