语文学刊(高教・外文版)
2008年第8期
World
‘‘
EnglishinChina
●
●
Chinglish’’and‘‘ChinaEnglish’’
o
LIUZhen
(Schoolof
[Abstract]This
tudestowards
ForeignLanguages,BeijingForestryUniversity,Beijing,China100083)
paperattemptsto
introducethestatusof
WorldEnglishincontemporaryChinaand
tounderlinethe
necessityofmaintainingChineseculturalidentityinusingEnglishintheglobalvillage.Firstly,Chinese’controversialatti—
Englishwillbepresented.Next,twostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChinawillbeanalyzed
respec-
tively—namely一。Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.Finally,some
lishis
to
pedagogicalimplicationswillbeofferedandChinaEng-
beencouragedinChineseclassroom
asa
familymemberofWorldEnglish.
[Keywords]WorldEnglish;Chinglish;ChinaEnglish
【中图分类号】H313.5【文献标识码】A【文章编号]1672—8610(2008)08-0019-05
stantlybeingrevised
”f2】1l,
‘。
or
reinvented
evenas
the
I.Introduction
MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutEnglishnationallanguage
centuryin
a
or
game
progresses
as
an
・
inter-
Concerning
thecharacteristics
ofWorldEnglish
to
a
globallanguage
sincethelast
as
describedabove,Irelatedtheconceptnaturally
the
thelightofthewidespreadfor
international
use
ofEnglishEnglishbeingusedintheChinesecontext.ItistruethatChinapossessesthelargestEnglish—-learningpopu・・lationintheworld。and“itseemstherepielearning
to
are
language
communication.Rather
a
thanreviewingthespreadofEnglishin
in
global
context
con-
morepeo-
are
detail,thispaperwilltake
account
ofanother
speakEnglishin
Chinathanthere
cept“WorldEnglish”whichhasemergedrecentlyand
bringitinto
stages
a
Englishspeake玛inthe
wholeoftheUnitedStates”
Chinese
context
primarilyintermsoftwo
contemporary
(Taylor2002),cited
since
in
Jiang(2003)‘3";however,
most
ofnativizationofEnglishin
Chi-Chinese
languageis
widelyspoken
as
a
are
inthe
na:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.
Anearly
account
world,andEnglishismainlybeinglearnt
was
foreignlearn-
ofWorldEnglish
provided
as
an
languageinChina,arealltheChinesewhoingEnglishEnglish
is
reallykeenused
can
on
bySmith(1976)…5underthe
term
English
as,“a
In.
doingit?Besides,when
ternationalLanguage,beingdescribedotherthan
one’s
language
in
internationalcommunication,to
mothertongue—thatis,asecondlan—
to
whatextentwhichis
a
theChinesepeople“nativize”English
guage-whichisusedbypeopleofdifferentnations
communicate
totallydifferentlanguagefromtheirdeep—
with
inis
one
another”.InRajagopalan’sarti・ELTJournal,herevealedthat
rootedfirstlanguage?Andwhatstagesmightbegonethroughfrom
the
perspective
cle
published
the
a
ofthe
development
of
。WorldEnglish
whichwehaveofdialectsand
linguisticphenomenonthelikeof
seen
WorldEnglish?
Themainpurposeofthispaperis
insightsintothe
to
status
to
never
before・・・・・・itis
a
hotchpotch
offerdifferent
accentsat
differentstagesofnativization
there
are
no
ofWorldEnglishinChinaand
(or,contrariwise,fossilization)where
re-
highlightthenecessityofmaintainingChinesecuhur-
globalvillage.The
alrulesofthegame;ifanything,therules
arecoil・
alidentityinusingEnglishinthe
[作者简介】刘真,女.北京林业大学外语学院研究生荚语教研室讲师,研究方向:英语语言教学。
LANGUAGE
LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish’’and“ChinaEnglish’’
firstpartofthepaperwillpresent
two
atensionbetween
of
re・
differentChineseattitudestowardsthe
spread
workinglanguage,andiscontinuingtodosobecausethecityhasstartedtoprepareforthe2010WorldFair,forthefirsttimehostedby
a
Englishin
sistance
two
on
China,includingbothenthusiasmandthisissue,andthenwill
concentrate
on
developingcountry”。“.
the
stages
ofusingEnglishincontemporary
China
China—
illustrate
in
CitedfromPeople’sDailyOnline,Jiangalsoadd-edthattheMinistryofEducationhasaskedthoseChi-
nese
whichare,Chinglishand
some
English--to
universities
underitsdirectadministration
toto
usecon-
en—
Chinese
characteristics
andculture
reflected
popularforeign(mainlyEnglish)textbooks
to
and
WorldEnglish.Somepedagogicalimplicationswillbe
providedⅡ.A
at
ductlecturesinEnglishand,atthesametime,to
courage
theendofthepaper.
between
two
tensionChineseattitudesto-
compileteachingmateri・
a18inEnglish.“Ministryexpects5—10%oftheuni—versitycoursestobetaughtinEnglishwithinthenextthreeyears”[".
2.Resistance
to
Chineseprofessors
wardsthespreadofEnglishinChina
As
was
Chinaisusuallyregarded
asan
EFLcountry,1
to
thespreadofEnglish
surprisedwhenIsawsomearticlerefefred
as
a
Despitethe“Englishfever”acrossthecountry。
Chinesescholarsholdveryskepticalattitudesto—
wardstheinfluenceofwidespreaduseofEnglishin
some
Eng.
1ishSecond
Language(ESL)for
the
Chinese(e.
g.Niu
and
Wolff¨1).Isitthe“Englishcraze”of
China,andsomeofthem
agreement
even
showedtheirstrongdis—
not
millionsofChinesepeoplethatgivessuchimpression,
or
thatChinesepeopleshould
put
too
much
the
status
ofEnglishhasreallychangedin
to
see
China?
emphasis
cause
on
Englishinthiscountry,which
Chinese
partlybe—
ArealltheChinesescholarsexcited
ing
theincreas-country?Inbetweentwo
such“nationwide
an
campaign”would
so
popularityof
Englishthroughout
see
the
bring
immersioninWesternconcepts
that“a
cer—
thispartwewill
an
increasingtension
tainamount
to
a
oftraditionalChinesethoughtwillgiveway
amount
ChineseattitudestowardsEnglishthusiasmEnglish.
1.EnthusiasmforEnglishInthepresentday
forEnglish
and
inChina,i.e.en—
to
certain
ofWesternthought”…andthe
resistancethe
spread
of
sovereigntyofChinamightbethreatened;andpartlybecausethiswould“decreaseconfidenceintheChi.
nese
languageandblockthedevelopmentandpopulari—ofChineseculture’’
[3】.
ofChina,according
to
Jiang
zation
(2003)[31,over200millionchildren,about20%of
non
NiuandW01ff…10accusedthisunusualphenome.
in
a
thetotalintheworld,arelearningEnglishinschools,andabout13millionyoungpeopleatuniversity.Be・sides,notonlystudentslearnEnglishcourse,butmillions
training
as
Chinaandsatirizedthat“Thefinalresultmay
nor
be
countrythatisneitherpurelyChinese
a
purely
a
compulsory
Western,butrather
more
WesternizedChinawhichmight
referred
to
ofpeopleattendvariousEnglishdifferent
purposes.More
people
aptly,ofruefully,be
as“Ch—
classesforingland”.Thepeople。their
guage
culture,andtheirlan-
withEnglish
wanttoget
suchcertificateslikeTOEFL(TestofEng—
willeitherbeMandarinsprinkled
or
a
Language),GRE(GraduateRecord
Examination),GMAT(GraduateManagementAdmis—sionTest),orIELTS(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestSystem)togoabroadtogetabetterjob.And
lish
as
a
Foreign
wordsken
WesternizedChinesepeoplewhospeakbro—
Star10—24
possess
an
English,or“Chinglish”,(Shanghai
public
at
servants
—02“Guangzhou
should
or
Englishvocabularyof
least1,000words.”)
are
teachersinschoolsandeducatedemployeeslearnEng・lishforexpectingahigherprofessionaltitle.Further-more.“Chinesegovernments
at
Somesimilarwarningsgivenbyotherscholarsmentionedby
sor
alllevelshaverealized
Jiang(2003)㈨.For
negative
example,Profes—
theimportanceofthelanguagefortheirmodernizationdriveand‘3¨.Inthose
are
are
DuoftheChineseUniversityofHongKongrecently
effectsifEnglishwere
to
trying
to
persuadethepeopletolearnit’’
even
“warnedofthe
come
be-
Beijing,policemen,taxidrivers,and
matrons
to
thecommonlanguageoftheacademicworld[in
elderly
involvedin
community
services
China]”:some
tion
scholarsworrythattheinternationaliza.
is
expected
helpinEnglishwhenthetimescome
Gamesand“English
materialsCitizens,
ofEnglishmakingChinese
a
dialect;anditis
forthe2008Olympicsuch
as
stronglysuggested
bysomeresearchersthatthe“Eng-
English
fo,Policemen。Englishfor
are
lishclass”attheuniversityeldevelop
ture
an
awareness
and(post一)graduate
lev-
andTaxiDriver’sEnglishShanghai
has
been
availableinbookstores.
same
since
ofthemothertongueandcul-
doingthe
the2001
as
beforetakinguptheirresearchintheEnglishlan-
ShanghaiAPEC20
meeting,whichused
English
its
guage,cultureandliterature.
语文学刊(高教・外文版)
IlI.TwostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChina
Englishincontemporary
Chinahas
gonethrough
two
stages
tillnowaccording
to
thecommonviews
a—
mong
Chinesescholars3】[川6。.whichare“Chinglish”
and“ChinaEnglish”.However,。scholars’attitudesto—
wardsthefirststage“Chinglish”arestilldifferent.
1.Chinglish
Chinglish.asitsblendnameshows,isan“inter-
language”whichisusedby
Selinker(1972),cited
in
Jiang(1995)㈨‘,to“emphasize
thestructurallyandphonologically
intermediatestatus
of
a
learner’slan—
guagesystem
between
mothertongue
and
target
lan-
guage”.It
ischaracterizedas“Mandarin
sprinkled
withEnglishwordsandphrasesor
Englishwith
a
Man—
darin.introduced
svntax一【1】30
andthemostobviousfea.
ture
ofChinglishistypicallyreflectedintheautomatic
literaltranslationfromChinese.Forexample,
Goodgood
study,dayday
up!(From:haohao
xue
xi,tian
tian
xiang
shang)whichmeans“Study
hard,anddohave
a
progressivespiritevery
day”
Horse
horsetigertiger.(From:mamahu
hu)
whichmeans“verycarelessor
just
so—so”
Where,where(From:na
li
na
li)which
means,
“No,no,Ipm
notso
good;oryou’reflatteringme’”
AnotherfeatureofChinglish,according
to
Jiang,
can
be
seen
fromtheaspectofpronunciation.For
ex・ample.someChinesestudentsunconsciouslyadd
a
6一
nal/o/tothewordsendingwithconsonants.such
as
‘and’[rondo],‘desk’[desko],‘must’[mAsto],
etc;the
voiced16/andthevoiceless/0/areofien
pronouncedas/z/and/s/・insteadbecausethere
are
no
suchsoundsinChineseandsomelearnersdohave
problemsto
pronounce
them.
Concerningthe
nature
ofChinglish,thereare
two
opposite
views
existing
at
present.One
is
thatsuch
kindofbizarreword..for..wordtranslationofChinese
ex..
pressions
andidiomsmakes
nosense
to
foreigners,and
theresultofusingChinglishisa
lowlevelofintelligi—
bility,which
hampers
international
and
interculturalcommunication.Consequently,“Chinglishhas
been
seriouslyscorned
at
homeandabroad
as
ChinesePidg-
in
English,andremains
a
matterof
concern
and
eont-
ention’’[6】蛆.However.theothersidearguesthatCh.inglishis
an
unavoidable
andnecessarystage
on
the
way
oflearningEnglish
as
a
foreignlanguageinChina,
and“Chinais
a
developingnationandwellwithinits
rightsindevelopinga
formofEnglishthatbestsuitsthe2008年第8期
needsofits
generalpopulation
when
communicatingwith
one
another”therefore,“aslong
as
it
serves
as
an
effectivemeansofinternalandexternalcommunicationwithbothL1and12speakersofEnglish”[7135,it
can.
not
beregarded
as
unacceptable
or
badlanguage.
2.ChinaEnglish
ThestageofChinaEnglishisderivedfromanothertermChinese
English,whichisconsideredsimilar
to
Chinglish
to
some
scholars.ChinaEnglishisfirstput
forwardin1980byProfessorGeChuangui(1983),ci—
tedinWeiandFei(2003)[6143,whoregardsEnglish
in
Chinaas“theinevitableoutcomeoftranslatinginto
Englishitems
specific
to
Chinese
culture,as
with
“FourBooks”(fromSiShu),“FiveClassics”(from
WuJing)andan“Eight—legged
essay”(from
Bagu-
wen)”.Li(1993),cited
in
Jiang(2003)‘3",rede—
finesChinaEnglish
after
reviewing
several
persons’definitionsa8
follows:“China
Englishhas
normative
English
as
itscore
butwithChinesecharacteristicsin
lexicon,syntaxanddiscourse,andit
is
employed
to
express
China・・specificthingsthroughmeansoftranslit・-
eration,borrowingandsemanticregenerationbutwith—
out
interferencefromtheChineselanguage”.Manyscholarsprefer“ChinaEnglish”as
an
ap—
propriatename
to
refer
to
the“English
as
usedinChi—
as”.Particularlyinboth
Jiang(1995)”】andWei
and
Fei(2003)…,ChinaEnglishisregardedas
a
memberofthe
familyofWorldEnglishes—an
English
withChinesecharacteristicsandculture.Thefollowing
are
someuniqueaspectsofChinaEnglishwhich
are
of-
feredseparatelybytheabovetwoarticles.
Jiang(1995)[515t
analysesthecharacteristicsof
ChinaEnglish:
——a
near—nativeyet
Chinese
accent
——wordswhich
are
basiconly
to
Chinesebecause
ofitshistory.environmentandpolitics
—dead
or
old-fashioned
forms
or
pronunciations
fromChineseapproaches
to
languagelearning——a
linguisticmixtureof
Britain
and
American
Englishin
bothspokenand
written
forms.So
China
Englishisa“nativization”ofthenormativeEnglishusedbyChinesepeoplemainlyinChina,forinterna-tionalandintranationalpurposes.Itisserf-justifying
as
an
English.
WeiandFei(2003)㈤“comparethedifferences
betweenChinaEnglishandStandardEnglishinterms
oflexis,syntaxanddiscourse,althoughLi(1993),
citedin
Jiang(2003)¨’,claims
that“thereexists
no
LANGUAGE
LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”
such
thing
calledStandard
a
English”.In
thefirst
Finally,patternofdiscourse
ishighlighted
asa
place,“the
strates
lexisof
language
distinctivelydemon.
strikingfeatureofChinaEnglishintermsofbothdia.109uesandwrittenpassages.SometypicalChinaEng—lishcommunicativepatterns
patterns
are
thecultureofitsspeakers”[6144.SomeChinese
wordshavemadetheirwayintoEnglishbytranslitera.
tion
or
stronglyinfluencedby
are
literaltranslation.Forexample,Kung
Fu,
ofChinesethought,andsome
direct
trans.
ma7咖ng,typhoon,yinandyang。etc.havealready
becomeEnglishwordsthroughtransliteration;besides,suchculture-boundexpressionslikepapertiger,Gang
1ationsfromthemothertongue【6。.Forexample.itis
not
uncommonto
hearsuch
are
greetings
like“Haveyou
eaten
up?”or“Where
you
going?”whichmightbe
ofFour,o础countryject,echt・treasurerice
viousChineseness.
two
systems.vegetablebasketpro—and
threerepresentatit坦s
are
strange
fornativeEnglishspeakersandseemsinvading
to
theothers’privacy;inaddition,accordingofaddressingsomeonebyhis
see
or
thehabit
can
translatedliterallyfromcorrespondingChinesewithob.
hertitle,we
often
suchformsofaddress“TeacherZhang’’or“Dear
China
English;moreover,modestis
extremely
typical
in
re.
AnothernoteworthyfeatureofChinaEnglishisits
syntaxsince“aspectsnative
Teacher”in
sponse
to
of
a
non-native
Englishspeaker’s
compliment
China
linguisticandcuhurallifemaybetransferredto
are:
English
underthe
can
influence
ofConfucius,thoughts。
English”‘“.Somecharacteristics
that’swhyyou
no,my
oftenhearChinesepeoplesay“No,
(1)Apreferred
y+0
or
wordorder:S+adv./adjunct+
in:
Englishisverypoor’’whenyouappreciatetheir
adv./adjunct+S+y+O。as
yesterday
a
goodEnglish.
As
to
A.Mary“Marybought
bought
a
dictionary.(Not
the
patternofwritten
discourseinChina
Fei
dictionaryyesterday.”)
to
B.Lastweek1went
Nanjing.(Not“1
wentto
English,Kaplan(1996),citedinWet(2003)¨’,marksitas“anapproachby
graphmaybesaid
to
and
indirec.
Nanjinglastweek.”)
(2)ChinaEnglish.sentencesoften
.tion”,whichmeans。“thedevelopmentofthepara.
havea“top
beturningandturningin
or
a
wide.
heavy”structure,theso-called“lionstyle”(JiaDelin1990,citedinWetandFei(2003)[63,inwhichmDd.
ninggyre.Thecirclesandshowitfrom
a
gyre
turnaroundthesubject
variety
oftangentialviews,butthe
nor.
归您are
putin
frontof
theitemtends
to
modified.In
contrast.
subjectis
never
lookeddirectly”.Contrarily,the
wethe“toplight’’or
reallydesirablepatterninEnglishwritingisdominantly“linear”inits
“peacockstyle”.whichbedding,asfollows:
oftenresultsinlarge.scaleem.development(Kaplan
may
1
996),cited
in
WetandFei(2003)¨。,and
to
becalled“General.
A.ChinaEnglish:Forme
getup
before6
o,
ParticularPattern”.
Generallyspeaking,inChinaEnglish,there
clearlinguistictransferfromChinaEnglishfrom
Chinese.Ifweof
a
clockinthemorningisimpossible.
StandardEnglish:Itisimpossibleformetogetup
before6o'clockinthemorning.
B.China
comesnow.
isa
100kat
theaspect
an
variety
into
ofWorld
English:The
besttimefor
doingit
Englishes,itChinese
plays
and
important
role
introducingthe
world
culture
theChineseness
StandardEnglish:Nowisthebesttimefordoing
it.
throughinternationalcommunication.Despitethefactthatmanyscholars
are
reluctant
to
accept
ChinaEng.
a
(3)Useofthegame.(Not“1
B.Itis
“Itis
a
a
passivevoiceis
rare:
1ish
had
lostthe
asa
variety
ofEnglish,“ChinaEnglishhas
as
cline
A.Somepeople
was
toldmethat
you
ofintelligibilitymuchand
as
in
othervarietiesofEnglish
contact
toldthatyouhadlostthegame”.)
more
foreignersmakemore
withChinese
hardjobbutsomeonemustdoit.(Not
culture.intelligibilitywillpresumablyincrease”c6)“.IV.Pedagogicalimplications
Fromanalyzingthedevelopmentofthetwostages
hardjobbutithastobedone”.)
to
(4)Response
tie,”。
A.一“Isn’t
negativequestionsandtagques-
there
any
is
coffee
no
in
the
cup”?一
inthe
use
ofEnglishinChina,Chineseeducatorsand
a
“Yes”(means“Yes,there
B.一“You
didn’tgodidn,.t.
coffee”)
Englishteachersshouldhavephasesthe
generalideaaboutwhat
during
language
to
schoolyesterday。didlearnerswill
gothrough
you?”一“Yes.I
22
learninginChinesesociocuhural
context
andconsider
语文学刊(高教・外文版)
2008年第8期
whatEnglishshouldbetaughtincontemporaryChina.creasing
numberofpeople,we
can
expect
a
largenum—
Inmyview,ontheone
hand,thestageofChinglish
beroflocalvarieties”.While
wecannot
guarantee
should
not
be
encouragedduring
English
language
Englishwillcertainlybecomethesecondlanguageinteachingand
teachersshould
give
proper
guidance
to
China,ChinaEnglishseemsappropriateto
be
a
variety
thelearners.AlthoughChinahasrights
to
developits
ofWorldEnglishes
at
present.As
WeiandFei…46
own
language
tosuit
theneedsofthegeneralpopula—
said,“ChinaEnglish
is
a
resultofstruggling
to
keep
tion,thepurposeoflearningEnglishis
to
increasein・
one’s
own
culturalidentitywithintheframeworkofin-
telligibilitywhencommunicatewithpeoplefromother
terculturalcommunication‘・‘andweshould
keepin
areas
oftheworldinthisglobalvillage,and
nottoset
mindthat
thegoalforlearningEnglish
is
not
only
to
barrierswi山thoseoddword.for.wordtranslations.Onlearnthecultureof
itsnative
speakersbutalso,impor・
theotherhand,weshouldrealize“learninga
foreign
tantly,to
communicateour
own
euhurewithinthe
languagedoes
not
change
one’8
identity”.and“since
worldcommunity”.
itis
wellagreedthatlanguageistied
to
thecultureof
itsuser,we
have
to
readjust
our
Englishteachingma-
【References】
terialsinorder
to
helplearners
to
use
Englishfluently
[1]Brutt—Griffler,J.WormEnglish:AStudy巧itsDevelop-
in
a
Chineseculturalcontext,andenableforeigners
tornettt[M].Clevedon:Multilingual
MattersLtd.。2002.
understand
our
cuhurebetter竹
[6】.ChinaEnglish.
a
[2]Rajagopalan,K.The
concept
of
WorldEnglish・anditsim.
part
ofChineseculture,should
not
beexcludedfrom
plicationsfor
ELT[J].ELT.tournal,2004,58(2):111
Englishlanguageteaching.一117.
[3]Jiang,Y.J.English舶aChinese1anguage[J].English
V.Conclusion
Today,2003.74(19/2):3—8.
Tosummarize,thepaperhastried
to
considerthe
[4]Niu,Q.&Wolff。M.China
andChinese,orChingland
anduse
ofWorldEnglishintheChineseToday,
2003,74(19/2):9一contextchieflyin
Chinglish[J].English
11.
thelightofthetwostagesthatWorldEnglishisreflee-[5]Jiang,Y.J.Chinglish
andChina
English【J].English
ted
in
contemporaryChina,namely,Chinglish
and
Today,1995,41(11/1):51—53.
ChinaEnglish.Twoconflictingviewstowardsthestatus
[6]Wei,Y.&Fei,J.UsingEnglish
in
China【J].English
ofWorldEnglish
in
Chinawere
providedin
thefirst
Today,2003,76(19/4):42—47.
part,andthenChinglishandChinaEnglishwereintro・[7]Niu,Q.&Wolff,M.TheChinglish
syndrome:do
recent
ducedseparately
withtheircharacteristicsillustrated.
developmentsendangerthelanguagepolicyof
China[J].
Finally,someimplicationsforEnglishlanguageteach・English
Today。2003,76(19/4):30—35.
ingwereofferedinthelightofthevalueofChina[8]Graddol,D.TheEng-Future矿English[M].London:British
Council。1997.
lish.Graddol
Is】56
believesthat“asEnglishshissfromforeign—language
to
second--language
status
for
anin・-
中国的世界英语
‘‘
中式英语"与“中国英语"
刘
真
(北京林业大学外语学院,北京100083)
【摘
要】
本文旨在介绍“世界英语”在当前中国的地位以及在地球村这个大环境下使用英语时保持中国
文化特色的必要性。首先。文章提出中国人在使用英语方面所持有的争议态度。其次,文章就现代中国人使用英语所经历的两个阶段,即。中式英语”和“中国英语”进行分剐分析。最后。文章提出一些教学启示,并指出“中国英语”应作为。世界英语”的组成部分对中国的英语教学中给予支持与发扬。
【关键词】世界英语;中式英语;中国英语
【英文校对】HAN
Ning
23
语文学刊(高教・外文版)
2008年第8期
World
‘‘
EnglishinChina
●
●
Chinglish’’and‘‘ChinaEnglish’’
o
LIUZhen
(Schoolof
[Abstract]This
tudestowards
ForeignLanguages,BeijingForestryUniversity,Beijing,China100083)
paperattemptsto
introducethestatusof
WorldEnglishincontemporaryChinaand
tounderlinethe
necessityofmaintainingChineseculturalidentityinusingEnglishintheglobalvillage.Firstly,Chinese’controversialatti—
Englishwillbepresented.Next,twostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChinawillbeanalyzed
respec-
tively—namely一。Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.Finally,some
lishis
to
pedagogicalimplicationswillbeofferedandChinaEng-
beencouragedinChineseclassroom
asa
familymemberofWorldEnglish.
[Keywords]WorldEnglish;Chinglish;ChinaEnglish
【中图分类号】H313.5【文献标识码】A【文章编号]1672—8610(2008)08-0019-05
stantlybeingrevised
”f2】1l,
‘。
or
reinvented
evenas
the
I.Introduction
MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutEnglishnationallanguage
centuryin
a
or
game
progresses
as
an
・
inter-
Concerning
thecharacteristics
ofWorldEnglish
to
a
globallanguage
sincethelast
as
describedabove,Irelatedtheconceptnaturally
the
thelightofthewidespreadfor
international
use
ofEnglishEnglishbeingusedintheChinesecontext.ItistruethatChinapossessesthelargestEnglish—-learningpopu・・lationintheworld。and“itseemstherepielearning
to
are
language
communication.Rather
a
thanreviewingthespreadofEnglishin
in
global
context
con-
morepeo-
are
detail,thispaperwilltake
account
ofanother
speakEnglishin
Chinathanthere
cept“WorldEnglish”whichhasemergedrecentlyand
bringitinto
stages
a
Englishspeake玛inthe
wholeoftheUnitedStates”
Chinese
context
primarilyintermsoftwo
contemporary
(Taylor2002),cited
since
in
Jiang(2003)‘3";however,
most
ofnativizationofEnglishin
Chi-Chinese
languageis
widelyspoken
as
a
are
inthe
na:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.
Anearly
account
world,andEnglishismainlybeinglearnt
was
foreignlearn-
ofWorldEnglish
provided
as
an
languageinChina,arealltheChinesewhoingEnglishEnglish
is
reallykeenused
can
on
bySmith(1976)…5underthe
term
English
as,“a
In.
doingit?Besides,when
ternationalLanguage,beingdescribedotherthan
one’s
language
in
internationalcommunication,to
mothertongue—thatis,asecondlan—
to
whatextentwhichis
a
theChinesepeople“nativize”English
guage-whichisusedbypeopleofdifferentnations
communicate
totallydifferentlanguagefromtheirdeep—
with
inis
one
another”.InRajagopalan’sarti・ELTJournal,herevealedthat
rootedfirstlanguage?Andwhatstagesmightbegonethroughfrom
the
perspective
cle
published
the
a
ofthe
development
of
。WorldEnglish
whichwehaveofdialectsand
linguisticphenomenonthelikeof
seen
WorldEnglish?
Themainpurposeofthispaperis
insightsintothe
to
status
to
never
before・・・・・・itis
a
hotchpotch
offerdifferent
accentsat
differentstagesofnativization
there
are
no
ofWorldEnglishinChinaand
(or,contrariwise,fossilization)where
re-
highlightthenecessityofmaintainingChinesecuhur-
globalvillage.The
alrulesofthegame;ifanything,therules
arecoil・
alidentityinusingEnglishinthe
[作者简介】刘真,女.北京林业大学外语学院研究生荚语教研室讲师,研究方向:英语语言教学。
LANGUAGE
LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish’’and“ChinaEnglish’’
firstpartofthepaperwillpresent
two
atensionbetween
of
re・
differentChineseattitudestowardsthe
spread
workinglanguage,andiscontinuingtodosobecausethecityhasstartedtoprepareforthe2010WorldFair,forthefirsttimehostedby
a
Englishin
sistance
two
on
China,includingbothenthusiasmandthisissue,andthenwill
concentrate
on
developingcountry”。“.
the
stages
ofusingEnglishincontemporary
China
China—
illustrate
in
CitedfromPeople’sDailyOnline,Jiangalsoadd-edthattheMinistryofEducationhasaskedthoseChi-
nese
whichare,Chinglishand
some
English--to
universities
underitsdirectadministration
toto
usecon-
en—
Chinese
characteristics
andculture
reflected
popularforeign(mainlyEnglish)textbooks
to
and
WorldEnglish.Somepedagogicalimplicationswillbe
providedⅡ.A
at
ductlecturesinEnglishand,atthesametime,to
courage
theendofthepaper.
between
two
tensionChineseattitudesto-
compileteachingmateri・
a18inEnglish.“Ministryexpects5—10%oftheuni—versitycoursestobetaughtinEnglishwithinthenextthreeyears”[".
2.Resistance
to
Chineseprofessors
wardsthespreadofEnglishinChina
As
was
Chinaisusuallyregarded
asan
EFLcountry,1
to
thespreadofEnglish
surprisedwhenIsawsomearticlerefefred
as
a
Despitethe“Englishfever”acrossthecountry。
Chinesescholarsholdveryskepticalattitudesto—
wardstheinfluenceofwidespreaduseofEnglishin
some
Eng.
1ishSecond
Language(ESL)for
the
Chinese(e.
g.Niu
and
Wolff¨1).Isitthe“Englishcraze”of
China,andsomeofthem
agreement
even
showedtheirstrongdis—
not
millionsofChinesepeoplethatgivessuchimpression,
or
thatChinesepeopleshould
put
too
much
the
status
ofEnglishhasreallychangedin
to
see
China?
emphasis
cause
on
Englishinthiscountry,which
Chinese
partlybe—
ArealltheChinesescholarsexcited
ing
theincreas-country?Inbetweentwo
such“nationwide
an
campaign”would
so
popularityof
Englishthroughout
see
the
bring
immersioninWesternconcepts
that“a
cer—
thispartwewill
an
increasingtension
tainamount
to
a
oftraditionalChinesethoughtwillgiveway
amount
ChineseattitudestowardsEnglishthusiasmEnglish.
1.EnthusiasmforEnglishInthepresentday
forEnglish
and
inChina,i.e.en—
to
certain
ofWesternthought”…andthe
resistancethe
spread
of
sovereigntyofChinamightbethreatened;andpartlybecausethiswould“decreaseconfidenceintheChi.
nese
languageandblockthedevelopmentandpopulari—ofChineseculture’’
[3】.
ofChina,according
to
Jiang
zation
(2003)[31,over200millionchildren,about20%of
non
NiuandW01ff…10accusedthisunusualphenome.
in
a
thetotalintheworld,arelearningEnglishinschools,andabout13millionyoungpeopleatuniversity.Be・sides,notonlystudentslearnEnglishcourse,butmillions
training
as
Chinaandsatirizedthat“Thefinalresultmay
nor
be
countrythatisneitherpurelyChinese
a
purely
a
compulsory
Western,butrather
more
WesternizedChinawhichmight
referred
to
ofpeopleattendvariousEnglishdifferent
purposes.More
people
aptly,ofruefully,be
as“Ch—
classesforingland”.Thepeople。their
guage
culture,andtheirlan-
withEnglish
wanttoget
suchcertificateslikeTOEFL(TestofEng—
willeitherbeMandarinsprinkled
or
a
Language),GRE(GraduateRecord
Examination),GMAT(GraduateManagementAdmis—sionTest),orIELTS(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestSystem)togoabroadtogetabetterjob.And
lish
as
a
Foreign
wordsken
WesternizedChinesepeoplewhospeakbro—
Star10—24
possess
an
English,or“Chinglish”,(Shanghai
public
at
servants
—02“Guangzhou
should
or
Englishvocabularyof
least1,000words.”)
are
teachersinschoolsandeducatedemployeeslearnEng・lishforexpectingahigherprofessionaltitle.Further-more.“Chinesegovernments
at
Somesimilarwarningsgivenbyotherscholarsmentionedby
sor
alllevelshaverealized
Jiang(2003)㈨.For
negative
example,Profes—
theimportanceofthelanguagefortheirmodernizationdriveand‘3¨.Inthose
are
are
DuoftheChineseUniversityofHongKongrecently
effectsifEnglishwere
to
trying
to
persuadethepeopletolearnit’’
even
“warnedofthe
come
be-
Beijing,policemen,taxidrivers,and
matrons
to
thecommonlanguageoftheacademicworld[in
elderly
involvedin
community
services
China]”:some
tion
scholarsworrythattheinternationaliza.
is
expected
helpinEnglishwhenthetimescome
Gamesand“English
materialsCitizens,
ofEnglishmakingChinese
a
dialect;anditis
forthe2008Olympicsuch
as
stronglysuggested
bysomeresearchersthatthe“Eng-
English
fo,Policemen。Englishfor
are
lishclass”attheuniversityeldevelop
ture
an
awareness
and(post一)graduate
lev-
andTaxiDriver’sEnglishShanghai
has
been
availableinbookstores.
same
since
ofthemothertongueandcul-
doingthe
the2001
as
beforetakinguptheirresearchintheEnglishlan-
ShanghaiAPEC20
meeting,whichused
English
its
guage,cultureandliterature.
语文学刊(高教・外文版)
IlI.TwostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChina
Englishincontemporary
Chinahas
gonethrough
two
stages
tillnowaccording
to
thecommonviews
a—
mong
Chinesescholars3】[川6。.whichare“Chinglish”
and“ChinaEnglish”.However,。scholars’attitudesto—
wardsthefirststage“Chinglish”arestilldifferent.
1.Chinglish
Chinglish.asitsblendnameshows,isan“inter-
language”whichisusedby
Selinker(1972),cited
in
Jiang(1995)㈨‘,to“emphasize
thestructurallyandphonologically
intermediatestatus
of
a
learner’slan—
guagesystem
between
mothertongue
and
target
lan-
guage”.It
ischaracterizedas“Mandarin
sprinkled
withEnglishwordsandphrasesor
Englishwith
a
Man—
darin.introduced
svntax一【1】30
andthemostobviousfea.
ture
ofChinglishistypicallyreflectedintheautomatic
literaltranslationfromChinese.Forexample,
Goodgood
study,dayday
up!(From:haohao
xue
xi,tian
tian
xiang
shang)whichmeans“Study
hard,anddohave
a
progressivespiritevery
day”
Horse
horsetigertiger.(From:mamahu
hu)
whichmeans“verycarelessor
just
so—so”
Where,where(From:na
li
na
li)which
means,
“No,no,Ipm
notso
good;oryou’reflatteringme’”
AnotherfeatureofChinglish,according
to
Jiang,
can
be
seen
fromtheaspectofpronunciation.For
ex・ample.someChinesestudentsunconsciouslyadd
a
6一
nal/o/tothewordsendingwithconsonants.such
as
‘and’[rondo],‘desk’[desko],‘must’[mAsto],
etc;the
voiced16/andthevoiceless/0/areofien
pronouncedas/z/and/s/・insteadbecausethere
are
no
suchsoundsinChineseandsomelearnersdohave
problemsto
pronounce
them.
Concerningthe
nature
ofChinglish,thereare
two
opposite
views
existing
at
present.One
is
thatsuch
kindofbizarreword..for..wordtranslationofChinese
ex..
pressions
andidiomsmakes
nosense
to
foreigners,and
theresultofusingChinglishisa
lowlevelofintelligi—
bility,which
hampers
international
and
interculturalcommunication.Consequently,“Chinglishhas
been
seriouslyscorned
at
homeandabroad
as
ChinesePidg-
in
English,andremains
a
matterof
concern
and
eont-
ention’’[6】蛆.However.theothersidearguesthatCh.inglishis
an
unavoidable
andnecessarystage
on
the
way
oflearningEnglish
as
a
foreignlanguageinChina,
and“Chinais
a
developingnationandwellwithinits
rightsindevelopinga
formofEnglishthatbestsuitsthe2008年第8期
needsofits
generalpopulation
when
communicatingwith
one
another”therefore,“aslong
as
it
serves
as
an
effectivemeansofinternalandexternalcommunicationwithbothL1and12speakersofEnglish”[7135,it
can.
not
beregarded
as
unacceptable
or
badlanguage.
2.ChinaEnglish
ThestageofChinaEnglishisderivedfromanothertermChinese
English,whichisconsideredsimilar
to
Chinglish
to
some
scholars.ChinaEnglishisfirstput
forwardin1980byProfessorGeChuangui(1983),ci—
tedinWeiandFei(2003)[6143,whoregardsEnglish
in
Chinaas“theinevitableoutcomeoftranslatinginto
Englishitems
specific
to
Chinese
culture,as
with
“FourBooks”(fromSiShu),“FiveClassics”(from
WuJing)andan“Eight—legged
essay”(from
Bagu-
wen)”.Li(1993),cited
in
Jiang(2003)‘3",rede—
finesChinaEnglish
after
reviewing
several
persons’definitionsa8
follows:“China
Englishhas
normative
English
as
itscore
butwithChinesecharacteristicsin
lexicon,syntaxanddiscourse,andit
is
employed
to
express
China・・specificthingsthroughmeansoftranslit・-
eration,borrowingandsemanticregenerationbutwith—
out
interferencefromtheChineselanguage”.Manyscholarsprefer“ChinaEnglish”as
an
ap—
propriatename
to
refer
to
the“English
as
usedinChi—
as”.Particularlyinboth
Jiang(1995)”】andWei
and
Fei(2003)…,ChinaEnglishisregardedas
a
memberofthe
familyofWorldEnglishes—an
English
withChinesecharacteristicsandculture.Thefollowing
are
someuniqueaspectsofChinaEnglishwhich
are
of-
feredseparatelybytheabovetwoarticles.
Jiang(1995)[515t
analysesthecharacteristicsof
ChinaEnglish:
——a
near—nativeyet
Chinese
accent
——wordswhich
are
basiconly
to
Chinesebecause
ofitshistory.environmentandpolitics
—dead
or
old-fashioned
forms
or
pronunciations
fromChineseapproaches
to
languagelearning——a
linguisticmixtureof
Britain
and
American
Englishin
bothspokenand
written
forms.So
China
Englishisa“nativization”ofthenormativeEnglishusedbyChinesepeoplemainlyinChina,forinterna-tionalandintranationalpurposes.Itisserf-justifying
as
an
English.
WeiandFei(2003)㈤“comparethedifferences
betweenChinaEnglishandStandardEnglishinterms
oflexis,syntaxanddiscourse,althoughLi(1993),
citedin
Jiang(2003)¨’,claims
that“thereexists
no
LANGUAGE
LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”
such
thing
calledStandard
a
English”.In
thefirst
Finally,patternofdiscourse
ishighlighted
asa
place,“the
strates
lexisof
language
distinctivelydemon.
strikingfeatureofChinaEnglishintermsofbothdia.109uesandwrittenpassages.SometypicalChinaEng—lishcommunicativepatterns
patterns
are
thecultureofitsspeakers”[6144.SomeChinese
wordshavemadetheirwayintoEnglishbytranslitera.
tion
or
stronglyinfluencedby
are
literaltranslation.Forexample,Kung
Fu,
ofChinesethought,andsome
direct
trans.
ma7咖ng,typhoon,yinandyang。etc.havealready
becomeEnglishwordsthroughtransliteration;besides,suchculture-boundexpressionslikepapertiger,Gang
1ationsfromthemothertongue【6。.Forexample.itis
not
uncommonto
hearsuch
are
greetings
like“Haveyou
eaten
up?”or“Where
you
going?”whichmightbe
ofFour,o础countryject,echt・treasurerice
viousChineseness.
two
systems.vegetablebasketpro—and
threerepresentatit坦s
are
strange
fornativeEnglishspeakersandseemsinvading
to
theothers’privacy;inaddition,accordingofaddressingsomeonebyhis
see
or
thehabit
can
translatedliterallyfromcorrespondingChinesewithob.
hertitle,we
often
suchformsofaddress“TeacherZhang’’or“Dear
China
English;moreover,modestis
extremely
typical
in
re.
AnothernoteworthyfeatureofChinaEnglishisits
syntaxsince“aspectsnative
Teacher”in
sponse
to
of
a
non-native
Englishspeaker’s
compliment
China
linguisticandcuhurallifemaybetransferredto
are:
English
underthe
can
influence
ofConfucius,thoughts。
English”‘“.Somecharacteristics
that’swhyyou
no,my
oftenhearChinesepeoplesay“No,
(1)Apreferred
y+0
or
wordorder:S+adv./adjunct+
in:
Englishisverypoor’’whenyouappreciatetheir
adv./adjunct+S+y+O。as
yesterday
a
goodEnglish.
As
to
A.Mary“Marybought
bought
a
dictionary.(Not
the
patternofwritten
discourseinChina
Fei
dictionaryyesterday.”)
to
B.Lastweek1went
Nanjing.(Not“1
wentto
English,Kaplan(1996),citedinWet(2003)¨’,marksitas“anapproachby
graphmaybesaid
to
and
indirec.
Nanjinglastweek.”)
(2)ChinaEnglish.sentencesoften
.tion”,whichmeans。“thedevelopmentofthepara.
havea“top
beturningandturningin
or
a
wide.
heavy”structure,theso-called“lionstyle”(JiaDelin1990,citedinWetandFei(2003)[63,inwhichmDd.
ninggyre.Thecirclesandshowitfrom
a
gyre
turnaroundthesubject
variety
oftangentialviews,butthe
nor.
归您are
putin
frontof
theitemtends
to
modified.In
contrast.
subjectis
never
lookeddirectly”.Contrarily,the
wethe“toplight’’or
reallydesirablepatterninEnglishwritingisdominantly“linear”inits
“peacockstyle”.whichbedding,asfollows:
oftenresultsinlarge.scaleem.development(Kaplan
may
1
996),cited
in
WetandFei(2003)¨。,and
to
becalled“General.
A.ChinaEnglish:Forme
getup
before6
o,
ParticularPattern”.
Generallyspeaking,inChinaEnglish,there
clearlinguistictransferfromChinaEnglishfrom
Chinese.Ifweof
a
clockinthemorningisimpossible.
StandardEnglish:Itisimpossibleformetogetup
before6o'clockinthemorning.
B.China
comesnow.
isa
100kat
theaspect
an
variety
into
ofWorld
English:The
besttimefor
doingit
Englishes,itChinese
plays
and
important
role
introducingthe
world
culture
theChineseness
StandardEnglish:Nowisthebesttimefordoing
it.
throughinternationalcommunication.Despitethefactthatmanyscholars
are
reluctant
to
accept
ChinaEng.
a
(3)Useofthegame.(Not“1
B.Itis
“Itis
a
a
passivevoiceis
rare:
1ish
had
lostthe
asa
variety
ofEnglish,“ChinaEnglishhas
as
cline
A.Somepeople
was
toldmethat
you
ofintelligibilitymuchand
as
in
othervarietiesofEnglish
contact
toldthatyouhadlostthegame”.)
more
foreignersmakemore
withChinese
hardjobbutsomeonemustdoit.(Not
culture.intelligibilitywillpresumablyincrease”c6)“.IV.Pedagogicalimplications
Fromanalyzingthedevelopmentofthetwostages
hardjobbutithastobedone”.)
to
(4)Response
tie,”。
A.一“Isn’t
negativequestionsandtagques-
there
any
is
coffee
no
in
the
cup”?一
inthe
use
ofEnglishinChina,Chineseeducatorsand
a
“Yes”(means“Yes,there
B.一“You
didn’tgodidn,.t.
coffee”)
Englishteachersshouldhavephasesthe
generalideaaboutwhat
during
language
to
schoolyesterday。didlearnerswill
gothrough
you?”一“Yes.I
22
learninginChinesesociocuhural
context
andconsider
语文学刊(高教・外文版)
2008年第8期
whatEnglishshouldbetaughtincontemporaryChina.creasing
numberofpeople,we
can
expect
a
largenum—
Inmyview,ontheone
hand,thestageofChinglish
beroflocalvarieties”.While
wecannot
guarantee
should
not
be
encouragedduring
English
language
Englishwillcertainlybecomethesecondlanguageinteachingand
teachersshould
give
proper
guidance
to
China,ChinaEnglishseemsappropriateto
be
a
variety
thelearners.AlthoughChinahasrights
to
developits
ofWorldEnglishes
at
present.As
WeiandFei…46
own
language
tosuit
theneedsofthegeneralpopula—
said,“ChinaEnglish
is
a
resultofstruggling
to
keep
tion,thepurposeoflearningEnglishis
to
increasein・
one’s
own
culturalidentitywithintheframeworkofin-
telligibilitywhencommunicatewithpeoplefromother
terculturalcommunication‘・‘andweshould
keepin
areas
oftheworldinthisglobalvillage,and
nottoset
mindthat
thegoalforlearningEnglish
is
not
only
to
barrierswi山thoseoddword.for.wordtranslations.Onlearnthecultureof
itsnative
speakersbutalso,impor・
theotherhand,weshouldrealize“learninga
foreign
tantly,to
communicateour
own
euhurewithinthe
languagedoes
not
change
one’8
identity”.and“since
worldcommunity”.
itis
wellagreedthatlanguageistied
to
thecultureof
itsuser,we
have
to
readjust
our
Englishteachingma-
【References】
terialsinorder
to
helplearners
to
use
Englishfluently
[1]Brutt—Griffler,J.WormEnglish:AStudy巧itsDevelop-
in
a
Chineseculturalcontext,andenableforeigners
tornettt[M].Clevedon:Multilingual
MattersLtd.。2002.
understand
our
cuhurebetter竹
[6】.ChinaEnglish.
a
[2]Rajagopalan,K.The
concept
of
WorldEnglish・anditsim.
part
ofChineseculture,should
not
beexcludedfrom
plicationsfor
ELT[J].ELT.tournal,2004,58(2):111
Englishlanguageteaching.一117.
[3]Jiang,Y.J.English舶aChinese1anguage[J].English
V.Conclusion
Today,2003.74(19/2):3—8.
Tosummarize,thepaperhastried
to
considerthe
[4]Niu,Q.&Wolff。M.China
andChinese,orChingland
anduse
ofWorldEnglishintheChineseToday,
2003,74(19/2):9一contextchieflyin
Chinglish[J].English
11.
thelightofthetwostagesthatWorldEnglishisreflee-[5]Jiang,Y.J.Chinglish
andChina
English【J].English
ted
in
contemporaryChina,namely,Chinglish
and
Today,1995,41(11/1):51—53.
ChinaEnglish.Twoconflictingviewstowardsthestatus
[6]Wei,Y.&Fei,J.UsingEnglish
in
China【J].English
ofWorldEnglish
in
Chinawere
providedin
thefirst
Today,2003,76(19/4):42—47.
part,andthenChinglishandChinaEnglishwereintro・[7]Niu,Q.&Wolff,M.TheChinglish
syndrome:do
recent
ducedseparately
withtheircharacteristicsillustrated.
developmentsendangerthelanguagepolicyof
China[J].
Finally,someimplicationsforEnglishlanguageteach・English
Today。2003,76(19/4):30—35.
ingwereofferedinthelightofthevalueofChina[8]Graddol,D.TheEng-Future矿English[M].London:British
Council。1997.
lish.Graddol
Is】56
believesthat“asEnglishshissfromforeign—language
to
second--language
status
for
anin・-
中国的世界英语
‘‘
中式英语"与“中国英语"
刘
真
(北京林业大学外语学院,北京100083)
【摘
要】
本文旨在介绍“世界英语”在当前中国的地位以及在地球村这个大环境下使用英语时保持中国
文化特色的必要性。首先。文章提出中国人在使用英语方面所持有的争议态度。其次,文章就现代中国人使用英语所经历的两个阶段,即。中式英语”和“中国英语”进行分剐分析。最后。文章提出一些教学启示,并指出“中国英语”应作为。世界英语”的组成部分对中国的英语教学中给予支持与发扬。
【关键词】世界英语;中式英语;中国英语
【英文校对】HAN
Ning
23