中国的世界英语--中式英语与中国英语

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

2008年第8期

World

‘‘

EnglishinChina

Chinglish’’and‘‘ChinaEnglish’’

LIUZhen

(Schoolof

[Abstract]This

tudestowards

ForeignLanguages,BeijingForestryUniversity,Beijing,China100083)

paperattemptsto

introducethestatusof

WorldEnglishincontemporaryChinaand

tounderlinethe

necessityofmaintainingChineseculturalidentityinusingEnglishintheglobalvillage.Firstly,Chinese’controversialatti—

Englishwillbepresented.Next,twostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChinawillbeanalyzed

respec-

tively—namely一。Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.Finally,some

lishis

to

pedagogicalimplicationswillbeofferedandChinaEng-

beencouragedinChineseclassroom

asa

familymemberofWorldEnglish.

[Keywords]WorldEnglish;Chinglish;ChinaEnglish

【中图分类号】H313.5【文献标识码】A【文章编号]1672—8610(2008)08-0019-05

stantlybeingrevised

”f2】1l,

‘。

or

reinvented

evenas

the

I.Introduction

MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutEnglishnationallanguage

centuryin

or

game

progresses

as

an

inter-

Concerning

thecharacteristics

ofWorldEnglish

to

globallanguage

sincethelast

as

describedabove,Irelatedtheconceptnaturally

the

thelightofthewidespreadfor

international

use

ofEnglishEnglishbeingusedintheChinesecontext.ItistruethatChinapossessesthelargestEnglish—-learningpopu・・lationintheworld。and“itseemstherepielearning

to

are

language

communication.Rather

thanreviewingthespreadofEnglishin

in

global

context

con-

morepeo-

are

detail,thispaperwilltake

account

ofanother

speakEnglishin

Chinathanthere

cept“WorldEnglish”whichhasemergedrecentlyand

bringitinto

stages

Englishspeake玛inthe

wholeoftheUnitedStates”

Chinese

context

primarilyintermsoftwo

contemporary

(Taylor2002),cited

since

in

Jiang(2003)‘3";however,

most

ofnativizationofEnglishin

Chi-Chinese

languageis

widelyspoken

as

are

inthe

na:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.

Anearly

account

world,andEnglishismainlybeinglearnt

was

foreignlearn-

ofWorldEnglish

provided

as

an

languageinChina,arealltheChinesewhoingEnglishEnglish

is

reallykeenused

can

on

bySmith(1976)…5underthe

term

English

as,“a

In.

doingit?Besides,when

ternationalLanguage,beingdescribedotherthan

one’s

language

in

internationalcommunication,to

mothertongue—thatis,asecondlan—

to

whatextentwhichis

theChinesepeople“nativize”English

guage-whichisusedbypeopleofdifferentnations

communicate

totallydifferentlanguagefromtheirdeep—

with

inis

one

another”.InRajagopalan’sarti・ELTJournal,herevealedthat

rootedfirstlanguage?Andwhatstagesmightbegonethroughfrom

the

perspective

cle

published

the

ofthe

development

of

。WorldEnglish

whichwehaveofdialectsand

linguisticphenomenonthelikeof

seen

WorldEnglish?

Themainpurposeofthispaperis

insightsintothe

to

status

to

never

before・・・・・・itis

hotchpotch

offerdifferent

accentsat

differentstagesofnativization

there

are

no

ofWorldEnglishinChinaand

(or,contrariwise,fossilization)where

re-

highlightthenecessityofmaintainingChinesecuhur-

globalvillage.The

alrulesofthegame;ifanything,therules

arecoil・

alidentityinusingEnglishinthe

[作者简介】刘真,女.北京林业大学外语学院研究生荚语教研室讲师,研究方向:英语语言教学。

LANGUAGE

LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish’’and“ChinaEnglish’’

firstpartofthepaperwillpresent

two

atensionbetween

of

re・

differentChineseattitudestowardsthe

spread

workinglanguage,andiscontinuingtodosobecausethecityhasstartedtoprepareforthe2010WorldFair,forthefirsttimehostedby

Englishin

sistance

two

on

China,includingbothenthusiasmandthisissue,andthenwill

concentrate

on

developingcountry”。“.

the

stages

ofusingEnglishincontemporary

China

China—

illustrate

in

CitedfromPeople’sDailyOnline,Jiangalsoadd-edthattheMinistryofEducationhasaskedthoseChi-

nese

whichare,Chinglishand

some

English--to

universities

underitsdirectadministration

toto

usecon-

en—

Chinese

characteristics

andculture

reflected

popularforeign(mainlyEnglish)textbooks

to

and

WorldEnglish.Somepedagogicalimplicationswillbe

providedⅡ.A

at

ductlecturesinEnglishand,atthesametime,to

courage

theendofthepaper.

between

two

tensionChineseattitudesto-

compileteachingmateri・

a18inEnglish.“Ministryexpects5—10%oftheuni—versitycoursestobetaughtinEnglishwithinthenextthreeyears”[".

2.Resistance

to

Chineseprofessors

wardsthespreadofEnglishinChina

As

was

Chinaisusuallyregarded

asan

EFLcountry,1

to

thespreadofEnglish

surprisedwhenIsawsomearticlerefefred

as

Despitethe“Englishfever”acrossthecountry。

Chinesescholarsholdveryskepticalattitudesto—

wardstheinfluenceofwidespreaduseofEnglishin

some

Eng.

1ishSecond

Language(ESL)for

the

Chinese(e.

g.Niu

and

Wolff¨1).Isitthe“Englishcraze”of

China,andsomeofthem

agreement

even

showedtheirstrongdis—

not

millionsofChinesepeoplethatgivessuchimpression,

or

thatChinesepeopleshould

put

too

much

the

status

ofEnglishhasreallychangedin

to

see

China?

emphasis

cause

on

Englishinthiscountry,which

Chinese

partlybe—

ArealltheChinesescholarsexcited

ing

theincreas-country?Inbetweentwo

such“nationwide

an

campaign”would

so

popularityof

Englishthroughout

see

the

bring

immersioninWesternconcepts

that“a

cer—

thispartwewill

an

increasingtension

tainamount

to

oftraditionalChinesethoughtwillgiveway

amount

ChineseattitudestowardsEnglishthusiasmEnglish.

1.EnthusiasmforEnglishInthepresentday

forEnglish

and

inChina,i.e.en—

to

certain

ofWesternthought”…andthe

resistancethe

spread

of

sovereigntyofChinamightbethreatened;andpartlybecausethiswould“decreaseconfidenceintheChi.

nese

languageandblockthedevelopmentandpopulari—ofChineseculture’’

[3】.

ofChina,according

to

Jiang

zation

(2003)[31,over200millionchildren,about20%of

non

NiuandW01ff…10accusedthisunusualphenome.

in

thetotalintheworld,arelearningEnglishinschools,andabout13millionyoungpeopleatuniversity.Be・sides,notonlystudentslearnEnglishcourse,butmillions

training

as

Chinaandsatirizedthat“Thefinalresultmay

nor

be

countrythatisneitherpurelyChinese

purely

compulsory

Western,butrather

more

WesternizedChinawhichmight

referred

to

ofpeopleattendvariousEnglishdifferent

purposes.More

people

aptly,ofruefully,be

as“Ch—

classesforingland”.Thepeople。their

guage

culture,andtheirlan-

withEnglish

wanttoget

suchcertificateslikeTOEFL(TestofEng—

willeitherbeMandarinsprinkled

or

Language),GRE(GraduateRecord

Examination),GMAT(GraduateManagementAdmis—sionTest),orIELTS(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestSystem)togoabroadtogetabetterjob.And

lish

as

Foreign

wordsken

WesternizedChinesepeoplewhospeakbro—

Star10—24

possess

an

English,or“Chinglish”,(Shanghai

public

at

servants

—02“Guangzhou

should

or

Englishvocabularyof

least1,000words.”)

are

teachersinschoolsandeducatedemployeeslearnEng・lishforexpectingahigherprofessionaltitle.Further-more.“Chinesegovernments

at

Somesimilarwarningsgivenbyotherscholarsmentionedby

sor

alllevelshaverealized

Jiang(2003)㈨.For

negative

example,Profes—

theimportanceofthelanguagefortheirmodernizationdriveand‘3¨.Inthose

are

are

DuoftheChineseUniversityofHongKongrecently

effectsifEnglishwere

to

trying

to

persuadethepeopletolearnit’’

even

“warnedofthe

come

be-

Beijing,policemen,taxidrivers,and

matrons

to

thecommonlanguageoftheacademicworld[in

elderly

involvedin

community

services

China]”:some

tion

scholarsworrythattheinternationaliza.

is

expected

helpinEnglishwhenthetimescome

Gamesand“English

materialsCitizens,

ofEnglishmakingChinese

dialect;anditis

forthe2008Olympicsuch

as

stronglysuggested

bysomeresearchersthatthe“Eng-

English

fo,Policemen。Englishfor

are

lishclass”attheuniversityeldevelop

ture

an

awareness

and(post一)graduate

lev-

andTaxiDriver’sEnglishShanghai

has

been

availableinbookstores.

same

since

ofthemothertongueandcul-

doingthe

the2001

as

beforetakinguptheirresearchintheEnglishlan-

ShanghaiAPEC20

meeting,whichused

English

its

guage,cultureandliterature.

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

IlI.TwostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChina

Englishincontemporary

Chinahas

gonethrough

two

stages

tillnowaccording

to

thecommonviews

a—

mong

Chinesescholars3】[川6。.whichare“Chinglish”

and“ChinaEnglish”.However,。scholars’attitudesto—

wardsthefirststage“Chinglish”arestilldifferent.

1.Chinglish

Chinglish.asitsblendnameshows,isan“inter-

language”whichisusedby

Selinker(1972),cited

in

Jiang(1995)㈨‘,to“emphasize

thestructurallyandphonologically

intermediatestatus

of

learner’slan—

guagesystem

between

mothertongue

and

target

lan-

guage”.It

ischaracterizedas“Mandarin

sprinkled

withEnglishwordsandphrasesor

Englishwith

Man—

darin.introduced

svntax一【1】30

andthemostobviousfea.

ture

ofChinglishistypicallyreflectedintheautomatic

literaltranslationfromChinese.Forexample,

Goodgood

study,dayday

up!(From:haohao

xue

xi,tian

tian

xiang

shang)whichmeans“Study

hard,anddohave

progressivespiritevery

day”

Horse

horsetigertiger.(From:mamahu

hu)

whichmeans“verycarelessor

just

so—so”

Where,where(From:na

li

na

li)which

means,

“No,no,Ipm

notso

good;oryou’reflatteringme’”

AnotherfeatureofChinglish,according

to

Jiang,

can

be

seen

fromtheaspectofpronunciation.For

ex・ample.someChinesestudentsunconsciouslyadd

6一

nal/o/tothewordsendingwithconsonants.such

as

‘and’[rondo],‘desk’[desko],‘must’[mAsto],

etc;the

voiced16/andthevoiceless/0/areofien

pronouncedas/z/and/s/・insteadbecausethere

are

no

suchsoundsinChineseandsomelearnersdohave

problemsto

pronounce

them.

Concerningthe

nature

ofChinglish,thereare

two

opposite

views

existing

at

present.One

is

thatsuch

kindofbizarreword..for..wordtranslationofChinese

ex..

pressions

andidiomsmakes

nosense

to

foreigners,and

theresultofusingChinglishisa

lowlevelofintelligi—

bility,which

hampers

international

and

interculturalcommunication.Consequently,“Chinglishhas

been

seriouslyscorned

at

homeandabroad

as

ChinesePidg-

in

English,andremains

matterof

concern

and

eont-

ention’’[6】蛆.However.theothersidearguesthatCh.inglishis

an

unavoidable

andnecessarystage

on

the

way

oflearningEnglish

as

foreignlanguageinChina,

and“Chinais

developingnationandwellwithinits

rightsindevelopinga

formofEnglishthatbestsuitsthe2008年第8期

needsofits

generalpopulation

when

communicatingwith

one

another”therefore,“aslong

as

it

serves

as

an

effectivemeansofinternalandexternalcommunicationwithbothL1and12speakersofEnglish”[7135,it

can.

not

beregarded

as

unacceptable

or

badlanguage.

2.ChinaEnglish

ThestageofChinaEnglishisderivedfromanothertermChinese

English,whichisconsideredsimilar

to

Chinglish

to

some

scholars.ChinaEnglishisfirstput

forwardin1980byProfessorGeChuangui(1983),ci—

tedinWeiandFei(2003)[6143,whoregardsEnglish

in

Chinaas“theinevitableoutcomeoftranslatinginto

Englishitems

specific

to

Chinese

culture,as

with

“FourBooks”(fromSiShu),“FiveClassics”(from

WuJing)andan“Eight—legged

essay”(from

Bagu-

wen)”.Li(1993),cited

in

Jiang(2003)‘3",rede—

finesChinaEnglish

after

reviewing

several

persons’definitionsa8

follows:“China

Englishhas

normative

English

as

itscore

butwithChinesecharacteristicsin

lexicon,syntaxanddiscourse,andit

is

employed

to

express

China・・specificthingsthroughmeansoftranslit・-

eration,borrowingandsemanticregenerationbutwith—

out

interferencefromtheChineselanguage”.Manyscholarsprefer“ChinaEnglish”as

an

ap—

propriatename

to

refer

to

the“English

as

usedinChi—

as”.Particularlyinboth

Jiang(1995)”】andWei

and

Fei(2003)…,ChinaEnglishisregardedas

memberofthe

familyofWorldEnglishes—an

English

withChinesecharacteristicsandculture.Thefollowing

are

someuniqueaspectsofChinaEnglishwhich

are

of-

feredseparatelybytheabovetwoarticles.

Jiang(1995)[515t

analysesthecharacteristicsof

ChinaEnglish:

——a

near—nativeyet

Chinese

accent

——wordswhich

are

basiconly

to

Chinesebecause

ofitshistory.environmentandpolitics

—dead

or

old-fashioned

forms

or

pronunciations

fromChineseapproaches

to

languagelearning——a

linguisticmixtureof

Britain

and

American

Englishin

bothspokenand

written

forms.So

China

Englishisa“nativization”ofthenormativeEnglishusedbyChinesepeoplemainlyinChina,forinterna-tionalandintranationalpurposes.Itisserf-justifying

as

an

English.

WeiandFei(2003)㈤“comparethedifferences

betweenChinaEnglishandStandardEnglishinterms

oflexis,syntaxanddiscourse,althoughLi(1993),

citedin

Jiang(2003)¨’,claims

that“thereexists

no

LANGUAGE

LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”

such

thing

calledStandard

English”.In

thefirst

Finally,patternofdiscourse

ishighlighted

asa

place,“the

strates

lexisof

language

distinctivelydemon.

strikingfeatureofChinaEnglishintermsofbothdia.109uesandwrittenpassages.SometypicalChinaEng—lishcommunicativepatterns

patterns

are

thecultureofitsspeakers”[6144.SomeChinese

wordshavemadetheirwayintoEnglishbytranslitera.

tion

or

stronglyinfluencedby

are

literaltranslation.Forexample,Kung

Fu,

ofChinesethought,andsome

direct

trans.

ma7咖ng,typhoon,yinandyang。etc.havealready

becomeEnglishwordsthroughtransliteration;besides,suchculture-boundexpressionslikepapertiger,Gang

1ationsfromthemothertongue【6。.Forexample.itis

not

uncommonto

hearsuch

are

greetings

like“Haveyou

eaten

up?”or“Where

you

going?”whichmightbe

ofFour,o础countryject,echt・treasurerice

viousChineseness.

two

systems.vegetablebasketpro—and

threerepresentatit坦s

are

strange

fornativeEnglishspeakersandseemsinvading

to

theothers’privacy;inaddition,accordingofaddressingsomeonebyhis

see

or

thehabit

can

translatedliterallyfromcorrespondingChinesewithob.

hertitle,we

often

suchformsofaddress“TeacherZhang’’or“Dear

China

English;moreover,modestis

extremely

typical

in

re.

AnothernoteworthyfeatureofChinaEnglishisits

syntaxsince“aspectsnative

Teacher”in

sponse

to

of

non-native

Englishspeaker’s

compliment

China

linguisticandcuhurallifemaybetransferredto

are:

English

underthe

can

influence

ofConfucius,thoughts。

English”‘“.Somecharacteristics

that’swhyyou

no,my

oftenhearChinesepeoplesay“No,

(1)Apreferred

y+0

or

wordorder:S+adv./adjunct+

in:

Englishisverypoor’’whenyouappreciatetheir

adv./adjunct+S+y+O。as

yesterday

goodEnglish.

As

to

A.Mary“Marybought

bought

dictionary.(Not

the

patternofwritten

discourseinChina

Fei

dictionaryyesterday.”)

to

B.Lastweek1went

Nanjing.(Not“1

wentto

English,Kaplan(1996),citedinWet(2003)¨’,marksitas“anapproachby

graphmaybesaid

to

and

indirec.

Nanjinglastweek.”)

(2)ChinaEnglish.sentencesoften

.tion”,whichmeans。“thedevelopmentofthepara.

havea“top

beturningandturningin

or

wide.

heavy”structure,theso-called“lionstyle”(JiaDelin1990,citedinWetandFei(2003)[63,inwhichmDd.

ninggyre.Thecirclesandshowitfrom

gyre

turnaroundthesubject

variety

oftangentialviews,butthe

nor.

归您are

putin

frontof

theitemtends

to

modified.In

contrast.

subjectis

never

lookeddirectly”.Contrarily,the

wethe“toplight’’or

reallydesirablepatterninEnglishwritingisdominantly“linear”inits

“peacockstyle”.whichbedding,asfollows:

oftenresultsinlarge.scaleem.development(Kaplan

may

996),cited

in

WetandFei(2003)¨。,and

to

becalled“General.

A.ChinaEnglish:Forme

getup

before6

o,

ParticularPattern”.

Generallyspeaking,inChinaEnglish,there

clearlinguistictransferfromChinaEnglishfrom

Chinese.Ifweof

clockinthemorningisimpossible.

StandardEnglish:Itisimpossibleformetogetup

before6o'clockinthemorning.

B.China

comesnow.

isa

100kat

theaspect

an

variety

into

ofWorld

English:The

besttimefor

doingit

Englishes,itChinese

plays

and

important

role

introducingthe

world

culture

theChineseness

StandardEnglish:Nowisthebesttimefordoing

it.

throughinternationalcommunication.Despitethefactthatmanyscholars

are

reluctant

to

accept

ChinaEng.

(3)Useofthegame.(Not“1

B.Itis

“Itis

passivevoiceis

rare:

1ish

had

lostthe

asa

variety

ofEnglish,“ChinaEnglishhas

as

cline

A.Somepeople

was

toldmethat

you

ofintelligibilitymuchand

as

in

othervarietiesofEnglish

contact

toldthatyouhadlostthegame”.)

more

foreignersmakemore

withChinese

hardjobbutsomeonemustdoit.(Not

culture.intelligibilitywillpresumablyincrease”c6)“.IV.Pedagogicalimplications

Fromanalyzingthedevelopmentofthetwostages

hardjobbutithastobedone”.)

to

(4)Response

tie,”。

A.一“Isn’t

negativequestionsandtagques-

there

any

is

coffee

no

in

the

cup”?一

inthe

use

ofEnglishinChina,Chineseeducatorsand

“Yes”(means“Yes,there

B.一“You

didn’tgodidn,.t.

coffee”)

Englishteachersshouldhavephasesthe

generalideaaboutwhat

during

language

to

schoolyesterday。didlearnerswill

gothrough

you?”一“Yes.I

22

learninginChinesesociocuhural

context

andconsider

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

2008年第8期

whatEnglishshouldbetaughtincontemporaryChina.creasing

numberofpeople,we

can

expect

largenum—

Inmyview,ontheone

hand,thestageofChinglish

beroflocalvarieties”.While

wecannot

guarantee

should

not

be

encouragedduring

English

language

Englishwillcertainlybecomethesecondlanguageinteachingand

teachersshould

give

proper

guidance

to

China,ChinaEnglishseemsappropriateto

be

variety

thelearners.AlthoughChinahasrights

to

developits

ofWorldEnglishes

at

present.As

WeiandFei…46

own

language

tosuit

theneedsofthegeneralpopula—

said,“ChinaEnglish

is

resultofstruggling

to

keep

tion,thepurposeoflearningEnglishis

to

increasein・

one’s

own

culturalidentitywithintheframeworkofin-

telligibilitywhencommunicatewithpeoplefromother

terculturalcommunication‘・‘andweshould

keepin

areas

oftheworldinthisglobalvillage,and

nottoset

mindthat

thegoalforlearningEnglish

is

not

only

to

barrierswi山thoseoddword.for.wordtranslations.Onlearnthecultureof

itsnative

speakersbutalso,impor・

theotherhand,weshouldrealize“learninga

foreign

tantly,to

communicateour

own

euhurewithinthe

languagedoes

not

change

one’8

identity”.and“since

worldcommunity”.

itis

wellagreedthatlanguageistied

to

thecultureof

itsuser,we

have

to

readjust

our

Englishteachingma-

【References】

terialsinorder

to

helplearners

to

use

Englishfluently

[1]Brutt—Griffler,J.WormEnglish:AStudy巧itsDevelop-

in

Chineseculturalcontext,andenableforeigners

tornettt[M].Clevedon:Multilingual

MattersLtd.。2002.

understand

our

cuhurebetter竹

[6】.ChinaEnglish.

[2]Rajagopalan,K.The

concept

of

WorldEnglish・anditsim.

part

ofChineseculture,should

not

beexcludedfrom

plicationsfor

ELT[J].ELT.tournal,2004,58(2):111

Englishlanguageteaching.一117.

[3]Jiang,Y.J.English舶aChinese1anguage[J].English

V.Conclusion

Today,2003.74(19/2):3—8.

Tosummarize,thepaperhastried

to

considerthe

[4]Niu,Q.&Wolff。M.China

andChinese,orChingland

anduse

ofWorldEnglishintheChineseToday,

2003,74(19/2):9一contextchieflyin

Chinglish[J].English

11.

thelightofthetwostagesthatWorldEnglishisreflee-[5]Jiang,Y.J.Chinglish

andChina

English【J].English

ted

in

contemporaryChina,namely,Chinglish

and

Today,1995,41(11/1):51—53.

ChinaEnglish.Twoconflictingviewstowardsthestatus

[6]Wei,Y.&Fei,J.UsingEnglish

in

China【J].English

ofWorldEnglish

in

Chinawere

providedin

thefirst

Today,2003,76(19/4):42—47.

part,andthenChinglishandChinaEnglishwereintro・[7]Niu,Q.&Wolff,M.TheChinglish

syndrome:do

recent

ducedseparately

withtheircharacteristicsillustrated.

developmentsendangerthelanguagepolicyof

China[J].

Finally,someimplicationsforEnglishlanguageteach・English

Today。2003,76(19/4):30—35.

ingwereofferedinthelightofthevalueofChina[8]Graddol,D.TheEng-Future矿English[M].London:British

Council。1997.

lish.Graddol

Is】56

believesthat“asEnglishshissfromforeign—language

to

second--language

status

for

anin・-

中国的世界英语

‘‘

中式英语"与“中国英语"

(北京林业大学外语学院,北京100083)

【摘

要】

本文旨在介绍“世界英语”在当前中国的地位以及在地球村这个大环境下使用英语时保持中国

文化特色的必要性。首先。文章提出中国人在使用英语方面所持有的争议态度。其次,文章就现代中国人使用英语所经历的两个阶段,即。中式英语”和“中国英语”进行分剐分析。最后。文章提出一些教学启示,并指出“中国英语”应作为。世界英语”的组成部分对中国的英语教学中给予支持与发扬。

【关键词】世界英语;中式英语;中国英语

【英文校对】HAN

Ning

23

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

2008年第8期

World

‘‘

EnglishinChina

Chinglish’’and‘‘ChinaEnglish’’

LIUZhen

(Schoolof

[Abstract]This

tudestowards

ForeignLanguages,BeijingForestryUniversity,Beijing,China100083)

paperattemptsto

introducethestatusof

WorldEnglishincontemporaryChinaand

tounderlinethe

necessityofmaintainingChineseculturalidentityinusingEnglishintheglobalvillage.Firstly,Chinese’controversialatti—

Englishwillbepresented.Next,twostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChinawillbeanalyzed

respec-

tively—namely一。Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.Finally,some

lishis

to

pedagogicalimplicationswillbeofferedandChinaEng-

beencouragedinChineseclassroom

asa

familymemberofWorldEnglish.

[Keywords]WorldEnglish;Chinglish;ChinaEnglish

【中图分类号】H313.5【文献标识码】A【文章编号]1672—8610(2008)08-0019-05

stantlybeingrevised

”f2】1l,

‘。

or

reinvented

evenas

the

I.Introduction

MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutEnglishnationallanguage

centuryin

or

game

progresses

as

an

inter-

Concerning

thecharacteristics

ofWorldEnglish

to

globallanguage

sincethelast

as

describedabove,Irelatedtheconceptnaturally

the

thelightofthewidespreadfor

international

use

ofEnglishEnglishbeingusedintheChinesecontext.ItistruethatChinapossessesthelargestEnglish—-learningpopu・・lationintheworld。and“itseemstherepielearning

to

are

language

communication.Rather

thanreviewingthespreadofEnglishin

in

global

context

con-

morepeo-

are

detail,thispaperwilltake

account

ofanother

speakEnglishin

Chinathanthere

cept“WorldEnglish”whichhasemergedrecentlyand

bringitinto

stages

Englishspeake玛inthe

wholeoftheUnitedStates”

Chinese

context

primarilyintermsoftwo

contemporary

(Taylor2002),cited

since

in

Jiang(2003)‘3";however,

most

ofnativizationofEnglishin

Chi-Chinese

languageis

widelyspoken

as

are

inthe

na:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”.

Anearly

account

world,andEnglishismainlybeinglearnt

was

foreignlearn-

ofWorldEnglish

provided

as

an

languageinChina,arealltheChinesewhoingEnglishEnglish

is

reallykeenused

can

on

bySmith(1976)…5underthe

term

English

as,“a

In.

doingit?Besides,when

ternationalLanguage,beingdescribedotherthan

one’s

language

in

internationalcommunication,to

mothertongue—thatis,asecondlan—

to

whatextentwhichis

theChinesepeople“nativize”English

guage-whichisusedbypeopleofdifferentnations

communicate

totallydifferentlanguagefromtheirdeep—

with

inis

one

another”.InRajagopalan’sarti・ELTJournal,herevealedthat

rootedfirstlanguage?Andwhatstagesmightbegonethroughfrom

the

perspective

cle

published

the

ofthe

development

of

。WorldEnglish

whichwehaveofdialectsand

linguisticphenomenonthelikeof

seen

WorldEnglish?

Themainpurposeofthispaperis

insightsintothe

to

status

to

never

before・・・・・・itis

hotchpotch

offerdifferent

accentsat

differentstagesofnativization

there

are

no

ofWorldEnglishinChinaand

(or,contrariwise,fossilization)where

re-

highlightthenecessityofmaintainingChinesecuhur-

globalvillage.The

alrulesofthegame;ifanything,therules

arecoil・

alidentityinusingEnglishinthe

[作者简介】刘真,女.北京林业大学外语学院研究生荚语教研室讲师,研究方向:英语语言教学。

LANGUAGE

LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish’’and“ChinaEnglish’’

firstpartofthepaperwillpresent

two

atensionbetween

of

re・

differentChineseattitudestowardsthe

spread

workinglanguage,andiscontinuingtodosobecausethecityhasstartedtoprepareforthe2010WorldFair,forthefirsttimehostedby

Englishin

sistance

two

on

China,includingbothenthusiasmandthisissue,andthenwill

concentrate

on

developingcountry”。“.

the

stages

ofusingEnglishincontemporary

China

China—

illustrate

in

CitedfromPeople’sDailyOnline,Jiangalsoadd-edthattheMinistryofEducationhasaskedthoseChi-

nese

whichare,Chinglishand

some

English--to

universities

underitsdirectadministration

toto

usecon-

en—

Chinese

characteristics

andculture

reflected

popularforeign(mainlyEnglish)textbooks

to

and

WorldEnglish.Somepedagogicalimplicationswillbe

providedⅡ.A

at

ductlecturesinEnglishand,atthesametime,to

courage

theendofthepaper.

between

two

tensionChineseattitudesto-

compileteachingmateri・

a18inEnglish.“Ministryexpects5—10%oftheuni—versitycoursestobetaughtinEnglishwithinthenextthreeyears”[".

2.Resistance

to

Chineseprofessors

wardsthespreadofEnglishinChina

As

was

Chinaisusuallyregarded

asan

EFLcountry,1

to

thespreadofEnglish

surprisedwhenIsawsomearticlerefefred

as

Despitethe“Englishfever”acrossthecountry。

Chinesescholarsholdveryskepticalattitudesto—

wardstheinfluenceofwidespreaduseofEnglishin

some

Eng.

1ishSecond

Language(ESL)for

the

Chinese(e.

g.Niu

and

Wolff¨1).Isitthe“Englishcraze”of

China,andsomeofthem

agreement

even

showedtheirstrongdis—

not

millionsofChinesepeoplethatgivessuchimpression,

or

thatChinesepeopleshould

put

too

much

the

status

ofEnglishhasreallychangedin

to

see

China?

emphasis

cause

on

Englishinthiscountry,which

Chinese

partlybe—

ArealltheChinesescholarsexcited

ing

theincreas-country?Inbetweentwo

such“nationwide

an

campaign”would

so

popularityof

Englishthroughout

see

the

bring

immersioninWesternconcepts

that“a

cer—

thispartwewill

an

increasingtension

tainamount

to

oftraditionalChinesethoughtwillgiveway

amount

ChineseattitudestowardsEnglishthusiasmEnglish.

1.EnthusiasmforEnglishInthepresentday

forEnglish

and

inChina,i.e.en—

to

certain

ofWesternthought”…andthe

resistancethe

spread

of

sovereigntyofChinamightbethreatened;andpartlybecausethiswould“decreaseconfidenceintheChi.

nese

languageandblockthedevelopmentandpopulari—ofChineseculture’’

[3】.

ofChina,according

to

Jiang

zation

(2003)[31,over200millionchildren,about20%of

non

NiuandW01ff…10accusedthisunusualphenome.

in

thetotalintheworld,arelearningEnglishinschools,andabout13millionyoungpeopleatuniversity.Be・sides,notonlystudentslearnEnglishcourse,butmillions

training

as

Chinaandsatirizedthat“Thefinalresultmay

nor

be

countrythatisneitherpurelyChinese

purely

compulsory

Western,butrather

more

WesternizedChinawhichmight

referred

to

ofpeopleattendvariousEnglishdifferent

purposes.More

people

aptly,ofruefully,be

as“Ch—

classesforingland”.Thepeople。their

guage

culture,andtheirlan-

withEnglish

wanttoget

suchcertificateslikeTOEFL(TestofEng—

willeitherbeMandarinsprinkled

or

Language),GRE(GraduateRecord

Examination),GMAT(GraduateManagementAdmis—sionTest),orIELTS(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestSystem)togoabroadtogetabetterjob.And

lish

as

Foreign

wordsken

WesternizedChinesepeoplewhospeakbro—

Star10—24

possess

an

English,or“Chinglish”,(Shanghai

public

at

servants

—02“Guangzhou

should

or

Englishvocabularyof

least1,000words.”)

are

teachersinschoolsandeducatedemployeeslearnEng・lishforexpectingahigherprofessionaltitle.Further-more.“Chinesegovernments

at

Somesimilarwarningsgivenbyotherscholarsmentionedby

sor

alllevelshaverealized

Jiang(2003)㈨.For

negative

example,Profes—

theimportanceofthelanguagefortheirmodernizationdriveand‘3¨.Inthose

are

are

DuoftheChineseUniversityofHongKongrecently

effectsifEnglishwere

to

trying

to

persuadethepeopletolearnit’’

even

“warnedofthe

come

be-

Beijing,policemen,taxidrivers,and

matrons

to

thecommonlanguageoftheacademicworld[in

elderly

involvedin

community

services

China]”:some

tion

scholarsworrythattheinternationaliza.

is

expected

helpinEnglishwhenthetimescome

Gamesand“English

materialsCitizens,

ofEnglishmakingChinese

dialect;anditis

forthe2008Olympicsuch

as

stronglysuggested

bysomeresearchersthatthe“Eng-

English

fo,Policemen。Englishfor

are

lishclass”attheuniversityeldevelop

ture

an

awareness

and(post一)graduate

lev-

andTaxiDriver’sEnglishShanghai

has

been

availableinbookstores.

same

since

ofthemothertongueandcul-

doingthe

the2001

as

beforetakinguptheirresearchintheEnglishlan-

ShanghaiAPEC20

meeting,whichused

English

its

guage,cultureandliterature.

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

IlI.TwostagesofusingEnglishincontemporaryChina

Englishincontemporary

Chinahas

gonethrough

two

stages

tillnowaccording

to

thecommonviews

a—

mong

Chinesescholars3】[川6。.whichare“Chinglish”

and“ChinaEnglish”.However,。scholars’attitudesto—

wardsthefirststage“Chinglish”arestilldifferent.

1.Chinglish

Chinglish.asitsblendnameshows,isan“inter-

language”whichisusedby

Selinker(1972),cited

in

Jiang(1995)㈨‘,to“emphasize

thestructurallyandphonologically

intermediatestatus

of

learner’slan—

guagesystem

between

mothertongue

and

target

lan-

guage”.It

ischaracterizedas“Mandarin

sprinkled

withEnglishwordsandphrasesor

Englishwith

Man—

darin.introduced

svntax一【1】30

andthemostobviousfea.

ture

ofChinglishistypicallyreflectedintheautomatic

literaltranslationfromChinese.Forexample,

Goodgood

study,dayday

up!(From:haohao

xue

xi,tian

tian

xiang

shang)whichmeans“Study

hard,anddohave

progressivespiritevery

day”

Horse

horsetigertiger.(From:mamahu

hu)

whichmeans“verycarelessor

just

so—so”

Where,where(From:na

li

na

li)which

means,

“No,no,Ipm

notso

good;oryou’reflatteringme’”

AnotherfeatureofChinglish,according

to

Jiang,

can

be

seen

fromtheaspectofpronunciation.For

ex・ample.someChinesestudentsunconsciouslyadd

6一

nal/o/tothewordsendingwithconsonants.such

as

‘and’[rondo],‘desk’[desko],‘must’[mAsto],

etc;the

voiced16/andthevoiceless/0/areofien

pronouncedas/z/and/s/・insteadbecausethere

are

no

suchsoundsinChineseandsomelearnersdohave

problemsto

pronounce

them.

Concerningthe

nature

ofChinglish,thereare

two

opposite

views

existing

at

present.One

is

thatsuch

kindofbizarreword..for..wordtranslationofChinese

ex..

pressions

andidiomsmakes

nosense

to

foreigners,and

theresultofusingChinglishisa

lowlevelofintelligi—

bility,which

hampers

international

and

interculturalcommunication.Consequently,“Chinglishhas

been

seriouslyscorned

at

homeandabroad

as

ChinesePidg-

in

English,andremains

matterof

concern

and

eont-

ention’’[6】蛆.However.theothersidearguesthatCh.inglishis

an

unavoidable

andnecessarystage

on

the

way

oflearningEnglish

as

foreignlanguageinChina,

and“Chinais

developingnationandwellwithinits

rightsindevelopinga

formofEnglishthatbestsuitsthe2008年第8期

needsofits

generalpopulation

when

communicatingwith

one

another”therefore,“aslong

as

it

serves

as

an

effectivemeansofinternalandexternalcommunicationwithbothL1and12speakersofEnglish”[7135,it

can.

not

beregarded

as

unacceptable

or

badlanguage.

2.ChinaEnglish

ThestageofChinaEnglishisderivedfromanothertermChinese

English,whichisconsideredsimilar

to

Chinglish

to

some

scholars.ChinaEnglishisfirstput

forwardin1980byProfessorGeChuangui(1983),ci—

tedinWeiandFei(2003)[6143,whoregardsEnglish

in

Chinaas“theinevitableoutcomeoftranslatinginto

Englishitems

specific

to

Chinese

culture,as

with

“FourBooks”(fromSiShu),“FiveClassics”(from

WuJing)andan“Eight—legged

essay”(from

Bagu-

wen)”.Li(1993),cited

in

Jiang(2003)‘3",rede—

finesChinaEnglish

after

reviewing

several

persons’definitionsa8

follows:“China

Englishhas

normative

English

as

itscore

butwithChinesecharacteristicsin

lexicon,syntaxanddiscourse,andit

is

employed

to

express

China・・specificthingsthroughmeansoftranslit・-

eration,borrowingandsemanticregenerationbutwith—

out

interferencefromtheChineselanguage”.Manyscholarsprefer“ChinaEnglish”as

an

ap—

propriatename

to

refer

to

the“English

as

usedinChi—

as”.Particularlyinboth

Jiang(1995)”】andWei

and

Fei(2003)…,ChinaEnglishisregardedas

memberofthe

familyofWorldEnglishes—an

English

withChinesecharacteristicsandculture.Thefollowing

are

someuniqueaspectsofChinaEnglishwhich

are

of-

feredseparatelybytheabovetwoarticles.

Jiang(1995)[515t

analysesthecharacteristicsof

ChinaEnglish:

——a

near—nativeyet

Chinese

accent

——wordswhich

are

basiconly

to

Chinesebecause

ofitshistory.environmentandpolitics

—dead

or

old-fashioned

forms

or

pronunciations

fromChineseapproaches

to

languagelearning——a

linguisticmixtureof

Britain

and

American

Englishin

bothspokenand

written

forms.So

China

Englishisa“nativization”ofthenormativeEnglishusedbyChinesepeoplemainlyinChina,forinterna-tionalandintranationalpurposes.Itisserf-justifying

as

an

English.

WeiandFei(2003)㈤“comparethedifferences

betweenChinaEnglishandStandardEnglishinterms

oflexis,syntaxanddiscourse,althoughLi(1993),

citedin

Jiang(2003)¨’,claims

that“thereexists

no

LANGUAGE

LIUZhen/WorldEnglishinChina:“Chinglish”and“ChinaEnglish”

such

thing

calledStandard

English”.In

thefirst

Finally,patternofdiscourse

ishighlighted

asa

place,“the

strates

lexisof

language

distinctivelydemon.

strikingfeatureofChinaEnglishintermsofbothdia.109uesandwrittenpassages.SometypicalChinaEng—lishcommunicativepatterns

patterns

are

thecultureofitsspeakers”[6144.SomeChinese

wordshavemadetheirwayintoEnglishbytranslitera.

tion

or

stronglyinfluencedby

are

literaltranslation.Forexample,Kung

Fu,

ofChinesethought,andsome

direct

trans.

ma7咖ng,typhoon,yinandyang。etc.havealready

becomeEnglishwordsthroughtransliteration;besides,suchculture-boundexpressionslikepapertiger,Gang

1ationsfromthemothertongue【6。.Forexample.itis

not

uncommonto

hearsuch

are

greetings

like“Haveyou

eaten

up?”or“Where

you

going?”whichmightbe

ofFour,o础countryject,echt・treasurerice

viousChineseness.

two

systems.vegetablebasketpro—and

threerepresentatit坦s

are

strange

fornativeEnglishspeakersandseemsinvading

to

theothers’privacy;inaddition,accordingofaddressingsomeonebyhis

see

or

thehabit

can

translatedliterallyfromcorrespondingChinesewithob.

hertitle,we

often

suchformsofaddress“TeacherZhang’’or“Dear

China

English;moreover,modestis

extremely

typical

in

re.

AnothernoteworthyfeatureofChinaEnglishisits

syntaxsince“aspectsnative

Teacher”in

sponse

to

of

non-native

Englishspeaker’s

compliment

China

linguisticandcuhurallifemaybetransferredto

are:

English

underthe

can

influence

ofConfucius,thoughts。

English”‘“.Somecharacteristics

that’swhyyou

no,my

oftenhearChinesepeoplesay“No,

(1)Apreferred

y+0

or

wordorder:S+adv./adjunct+

in:

Englishisverypoor’’whenyouappreciatetheir

adv./adjunct+S+y+O。as

yesterday

goodEnglish.

As

to

A.Mary“Marybought

bought

dictionary.(Not

the

patternofwritten

discourseinChina

Fei

dictionaryyesterday.”)

to

B.Lastweek1went

Nanjing.(Not“1

wentto

English,Kaplan(1996),citedinWet(2003)¨’,marksitas“anapproachby

graphmaybesaid

to

and

indirec.

Nanjinglastweek.”)

(2)ChinaEnglish.sentencesoften

.tion”,whichmeans。“thedevelopmentofthepara.

havea“top

beturningandturningin

or

wide.

heavy”structure,theso-called“lionstyle”(JiaDelin1990,citedinWetandFei(2003)[63,inwhichmDd.

ninggyre.Thecirclesandshowitfrom

gyre

turnaroundthesubject

variety

oftangentialviews,butthe

nor.

归您are

putin

frontof

theitemtends

to

modified.In

contrast.

subjectis

never

lookeddirectly”.Contrarily,the

wethe“toplight’’or

reallydesirablepatterninEnglishwritingisdominantly“linear”inits

“peacockstyle”.whichbedding,asfollows:

oftenresultsinlarge.scaleem.development(Kaplan

may

996),cited

in

WetandFei(2003)¨。,and

to

becalled“General.

A.ChinaEnglish:Forme

getup

before6

o,

ParticularPattern”.

Generallyspeaking,inChinaEnglish,there

clearlinguistictransferfromChinaEnglishfrom

Chinese.Ifweof

clockinthemorningisimpossible.

StandardEnglish:Itisimpossibleformetogetup

before6o'clockinthemorning.

B.China

comesnow.

isa

100kat

theaspect

an

variety

into

ofWorld

English:The

besttimefor

doingit

Englishes,itChinese

plays

and

important

role

introducingthe

world

culture

theChineseness

StandardEnglish:Nowisthebesttimefordoing

it.

throughinternationalcommunication.Despitethefactthatmanyscholars

are

reluctant

to

accept

ChinaEng.

(3)Useofthegame.(Not“1

B.Itis

“Itis

passivevoiceis

rare:

1ish

had

lostthe

asa

variety

ofEnglish,“ChinaEnglishhas

as

cline

A.Somepeople

was

toldmethat

you

ofintelligibilitymuchand

as

in

othervarietiesofEnglish

contact

toldthatyouhadlostthegame”.)

more

foreignersmakemore

withChinese

hardjobbutsomeonemustdoit.(Not

culture.intelligibilitywillpresumablyincrease”c6)“.IV.Pedagogicalimplications

Fromanalyzingthedevelopmentofthetwostages

hardjobbutithastobedone”.)

to

(4)Response

tie,”。

A.一“Isn’t

negativequestionsandtagques-

there

any

is

coffee

no

in

the

cup”?一

inthe

use

ofEnglishinChina,Chineseeducatorsand

“Yes”(means“Yes,there

B.一“You

didn’tgodidn,.t.

coffee”)

Englishteachersshouldhavephasesthe

generalideaaboutwhat

during

language

to

schoolyesterday。didlearnerswill

gothrough

you?”一“Yes.I

22

learninginChinesesociocuhural

context

andconsider

语文学刊(高教・外文版)

2008年第8期

whatEnglishshouldbetaughtincontemporaryChina.creasing

numberofpeople,we

can

expect

largenum—

Inmyview,ontheone

hand,thestageofChinglish

beroflocalvarieties”.While

wecannot

guarantee

should

not

be

encouragedduring

English

language

Englishwillcertainlybecomethesecondlanguageinteachingand

teachersshould

give

proper

guidance

to

China,ChinaEnglishseemsappropriateto

be

variety

thelearners.AlthoughChinahasrights

to

developits

ofWorldEnglishes

at

present.As

WeiandFei…46

own

language

tosuit

theneedsofthegeneralpopula—

said,“ChinaEnglish

is

resultofstruggling

to

keep

tion,thepurposeoflearningEnglishis

to

increasein・

one’s

own

culturalidentitywithintheframeworkofin-

telligibilitywhencommunicatewithpeoplefromother

terculturalcommunication‘・‘andweshould

keepin

areas

oftheworldinthisglobalvillage,and

nottoset

mindthat

thegoalforlearningEnglish

is

not

only

to

barrierswi山thoseoddword.for.wordtranslations.Onlearnthecultureof

itsnative

speakersbutalso,impor・

theotherhand,weshouldrealize“learninga

foreign

tantly,to

communicateour

own

euhurewithinthe

languagedoes

not

change

one’8

identity”.and“since

worldcommunity”.

itis

wellagreedthatlanguageistied

to

thecultureof

itsuser,we

have

to

readjust

our

Englishteachingma-

【References】

terialsinorder

to

helplearners

to

use

Englishfluently

[1]Brutt—Griffler,J.WormEnglish:AStudy巧itsDevelop-

in

Chineseculturalcontext,andenableforeigners

tornettt[M].Clevedon:Multilingual

MattersLtd.。2002.

understand

our

cuhurebetter竹

[6】.ChinaEnglish.

[2]Rajagopalan,K.The

concept

of

WorldEnglish・anditsim.

part

ofChineseculture,should

not

beexcludedfrom

plicationsfor

ELT[J].ELT.tournal,2004,58(2):111

Englishlanguageteaching.一117.

[3]Jiang,Y.J.English舶aChinese1anguage[J].English

V.Conclusion

Today,2003.74(19/2):3—8.

Tosummarize,thepaperhastried

to

considerthe

[4]Niu,Q.&Wolff。M.China

andChinese,orChingland

anduse

ofWorldEnglishintheChineseToday,

2003,74(19/2):9一contextchieflyin

Chinglish[J].English

11.

thelightofthetwostagesthatWorldEnglishisreflee-[5]Jiang,Y.J.Chinglish

andChina

English【J].English

ted

in

contemporaryChina,namely,Chinglish

and

Today,1995,41(11/1):51—53.

ChinaEnglish.Twoconflictingviewstowardsthestatus

[6]Wei,Y.&Fei,J.UsingEnglish

in

China【J].English

ofWorldEnglish

in

Chinawere

providedin

thefirst

Today,2003,76(19/4):42—47.

part,andthenChinglishandChinaEnglishwereintro・[7]Niu,Q.&Wolff,M.TheChinglish

syndrome:do

recent

ducedseparately

withtheircharacteristicsillustrated.

developmentsendangerthelanguagepolicyof

China[J].

Finally,someimplicationsforEnglishlanguageteach・English

Today。2003,76(19/4):30—35.

ingwereofferedinthelightofthevalueofChina[8]Graddol,D.TheEng-Future矿English[M].London:British

Council。1997.

lish.Graddol

Is】56

believesthat“asEnglishshissfromforeign—language

to

second--language

status

for

anin・-

中国的世界英语

‘‘

中式英语"与“中国英语"

(北京林业大学外语学院,北京100083)

【摘

要】

本文旨在介绍“世界英语”在当前中国的地位以及在地球村这个大环境下使用英语时保持中国

文化特色的必要性。首先。文章提出中国人在使用英语方面所持有的争议态度。其次,文章就现代中国人使用英语所经历的两个阶段,即。中式英语”和“中国英语”进行分剐分析。最后。文章提出一些教学启示,并指出“中国英语”应作为。世界英语”的组成部分对中国的英语教学中给予支持与发扬。

【关键词】世界英语;中式英语;中国英语

【英文校对】HAN

Ning

23


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