中英文对照外文翻译
Engineering supervision system in China's Engineering construction
in the position
With the dominance of China's socialist market economy, the determination of the project supervision system in China's highway construction is gradually becoming more mature. Talking about the project in the country, people always focus on project quality side, it seems that the focus of the task of supervision is to protect the quality of projects, in fact, it is very comprehensive, according to FIDIC provisions in the project construction, project quality, of course, crucial, but only to protect the project supervision of the three objectives (quality, duration, cost), one of these three goals are interrelated and influence, from different angles to protect the owners of the project efficiency. Of which cost control is also very important to the management aspect of this work, good or bad, is directly related to whether the quality of the project can achieve the desired goals, and whether
the progress can be completed on time.
First, the design phase of the design phase of Supervision
The introduction of engineering supervision, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduce the construction phase of major design changes and program changes to occur, the effective cost control will play a certain role. Experts say: If the project supervision involved in the design stage, then, and can be ruled out, to correct 80% of the errors, but to the construction stage to be involved in supervision of works, at best, can only save 20% of the investment. According to the information briefing, a German university laboratory building, the original design is three and a basement, the project management company to meet the commission's space requirements and functional conditions, proposed to increase the layer to shorten the two-axis then the abolition of the basement. But also reduces the flow of people to evacuate distance (to the required standards), so modified after the design is not only reduced costs, has also been improved functionality, access to credit and praise of the municipal government. At present, China for engineering supervision at the design stage to introduce the practice is still rare, we should learn from foreign countries mature and developed system, the development of relevant systems, and standardize the market. Advocates strengthening the design phase of the supervision, control and management from a cost sense, ex ante control, prevention, which is scientific and
reasonable. Therefore, to enhance the design stage to control the cost of supervision is necessary.
Second, the construction phase of the Supervision
As we all know, domestic and international construction markets are the dominant owners of a buyer's market, the construction of competition among enterprises is very cruel. In order to bid, bidders tend to almost zero profits or even below cost bids, but the owners often use low-cost way of winning. While the bidders promised to abide by the provisions of contract documents, but once the contract, they refused to the end there is no profit or losing money, so, often with inferior materials, do not follow standard construction, bribery, or layers of subcontracting means to profit. This time, the absence of an effective supervision mechanism, the victims can only be the owners.
From the process, process control the cost of supervision of supervision engineer should not only be concerned with whether the works to meet the required quality goals, he should be the focus all the objectives of the project design, in the actual operation, the contractor engaged in construction prior to permanent per days must be carried out by a variety of inspection, testing, content or face a new job, workload, construction methods, measures, materials testing and sub-contracting part of the work or works submitted to the approval of supervisory engineer. The contractor can only work within the approved, without approval or beyond the approved engineer's work can not
be recognized. At the same time is also an engineer approved the contractor to obtain a basis for progress payments. Engineers, contractors, any non-approved inputs (manpower, materials, equipment) will not receive compensation, meaning that there is no engineer's approval, the contractor shall not proceed to the next one process or face, shall not be put into construction materials, use, shall not subcontract part of the project or work.
Supervision and Control of project cost from the cost of the engineering supervision of the project cost management goal is to project to be completed within the contract price can not be there far exceed estimates. Supervision of the strict monitoring of the project, due to the contractor causes the possibility of super-budget is almost zero. This is because: Engineering Super-budget, no more than two kinds of reasons, the first rise in unit labor and materials, first, during the construction works increased volume, while the contractor's bid is a commitment to its binding, and the contractor not entitled to their own works to increase the amount of the project, even if there are engineers, required the contractor to increase the input of resources to protect the project design goals, the contractor has no right to be compensated, therefore, because in the tender document, the contractor can protect a large number of frequently cited the successful completion of the project personnel and mechanical equipment. From equipment costs, materials costs and equipment costs control supervision, materials costs in the capital projects account for
about 70% of the entire cost. It is the project a major component of direct costs. Materials, equipment, high and low prices will directly affect the size of the construction costs.
Thus, in the supervision process, can not be ignored that part. To introduce competition, and create competitive conditions. Owners can delegate the direct supervision through public tender selecting the suppliers, so that contractors can avoid unauthorized lower prices, delays in provider payments and thus lead to shoddy supplier, delivery is not timely, thereby affecting the progress of projects happening. The contractor in the preparation of tender prices, mainly the prices of materials and equipment owners and suppliers signed price quotation, by the suppliers of materials and equipment will be mainly transported to the scene by the supervising engineers and contractors to co-sign, the by the owner will focus on the procurement of materials and equipment shall be paid directly to suppliers.
From the above procedures is easy to see the contractor in addition to supervising engineers no choice but to obey. This is because the supervising engineer contractor performance has a strong economic constraints means, economic means of payment by the project system and the deposit system, composition, they are the heads of the two contractors, "inhibition".
The project payment system: in fact, the project payment system is to project the economic risk of being transferred to the contractor. Contractor
must obtain economic benefits (the bid price and the difference between the actual cost of the project) prior advance money or other resources, that is: He had to buy the materials, equipment, payment of wages and other expenses, under the supervision of the supervising engineer contract documents all requests to create a project. Can only be the work of the contractor to complete the written approval of the supervisory engineer and the quality of bond, after deducting there from the owner to obtain compensation (for projects). If the contractor's work should not be so satisfied with supervision, he not only no hope of profit, and even the cost of inputs can not be recovered.
Project Margin System: As a rule, signed contract before the contractor must pay the contract price equal to 10% of the performance bond or letter of guarantee. The contractor prior to commencement of course, can be obtained from the owners of 10% of the total contract price of the advance payment, but he must also be matched to the owners to submit a bond or letter of guarantee. Even if the contractor has received final acceptance certificates from the project, he will be leaving 5% of total contract price of the retention money. Here the performance bond and retention payments totaling 15% of the project contract price, far greater than the contractor's profit margin. The contractor's default can cause bond be forfeited, and whether the breach of contract only to evaluate the supervisory engineer.
Third, completion of the project closing of Supervision
The first job done in several stages, based on the completion of settlement on a lot easier. Labor Exchange acceptance of the project handled immediately after completion of billing processing. Completion of the contract price settlement value is value of claims already liquidated damages.
According to FIDIC terms or model of China's construction contract terms and the actual text of the provisions of the terms of the contract is signed: involving construction claims and breach of contract issues, supervision engineers must clearly define the responsibilities to minimize the claims, to reduce the claim should note the following: strengthening contract management, improve the terms of the contract; before projects should be fully prepared to work; enhance the design of the review, the timely detection of problems in the design to avoid the construction.
Engineering design changes due to claims arising; to strengthen quality management, and strengthen the quality of tracking, to avoid or reduce the contract sample tests or works outside the review of claims arising; to improve the quality of supervision engineers found that claims in a timely manner.
In short, the supervision engineer in Cost Control of the importance of the role and status is beyond question, supervision is entrusted by the owners on the implementation of the project to conduct supervision and management,
reform and opening up of China's foreign towards WTO needs. Project Management is a need for a variety of professional and technical, economic, legal and other integrated management of multi-disciplinary knowledge and skills in intellectual-intensive service work, which requires supervisors controlling costs, management contracts and information, the ability to mediate economic disputes, continually improve their own quality, and enhance awareness of contract management, improve the legal system. To this end, the state unit of the Ministry of Construction Supervision of social hierarchy and the corresponding conditions and qualification standards, supervision of qualified engineers to make separate provision accordingly. Project Management in China has generally been carried out, as a mature project management experience in the management of cost control will certainly play a key role.
工程监理体系在中国工程建设中的地位
在占支配地位的中国社会主义市场经济条件下，工程监理制度在中国的工程建设中的贯彻正逐步走向成熟。在中国，当我们谈论一个工程项目时，人们总是只关注工程项目的质量方面，似乎工程监理所肩负的职责就仅仅是保护工程项目的质量，事实上，工程监理对于工程的监管是非常全面的，根据FIDIC 条款在工程建设中的规定，工程质量作为工程品质的保证，固然很重要，但在整个工程的运作中只有严格贯彻工程监理三大目标(质量、进度、成本) ，使三者相互联系、相互影响，形成一个有机的整体，从不同角度实施对项目的监管，才能真正保证工程效益。其中成本控制也很重要，成本管理工作的好坏，将直接关系到工程质量是否达到了预期的目标，工程进展是否可以按时完成。
第一，工程设计阶段的工程监理。
在设计阶段引入工程监理，可以确定合理的工程设计，选择成熟的技术方案，减少施工阶段的主要设计程序的更改，有效的控制工程成本。专家说：对于工程监理参与设计阶段，如果被排除在外，在施工阶段将需要对设计方案做80%以上的更改，而工程监理参与工程设计，将至少节省20%的工程建设投资。有材料显示，一个德国大学图书馆的建设，原本的设计有三个，包括地下室，项目管理公司在满足欧盟委员会对于建设空间要求和功能要求的条件下，提出了增加楼层，缩短层高，从而
废除了原本的地下室设计。与此同时也减少了人流疏散的距离(达到所要求的标准) ，所以修改后的设计不仅降低了工程成本，也使整个设计得到了功能性的改善，从而得到了市政府的信贷并获得了称赞。目前，中国的工程监理参与设计阶段的实践经验还非常欠缺，我们应主动学习国外成熟的监理制度，并完善自己监理制度的发展, 规范市场，主动加强设计阶段的监督、控制，重视前期的成本管理，科学、合理的进行事前控制。因此，加强设计阶段的成本控制和监管是至关重要的。
第二，施工阶段的工程监理。
正如我们所知，无论是国内还是国际的建筑市场，工程建设的主动权掌握在业主手中，所以建设市场的主导是买方市场，施工企业之间的竞争是非常残酷的。为了投标，承包方倾向于几乎零利润或者低于成本的报价，但是业主往往使用低成本的方式赢得胜利。虽然施工方答应遵守合同文件的规定，但一旦合同开始履行，他们最终还是会拒绝没有利润或导致亏损的结果。所以，承包方在工程实施的过程中经常使用劣质的材料，不按规范要求施工，收受贿赂，并将工程进行非法转包，以此从中获取利益。此时，如果国家没有形成一个有效的监督机制，那么受害者只能是业主。在工程实施的过程中，监理工程师不仅应当关心工程的质量是否符合要求，还应当做好成本控制的管理，应当将工作重心放在工程的整体控制和实际操作上，承包方在工程开工前，必须按照规定对施工人员进行培训，对施工场地进行严格检查，对工程机械进行全面的测试，面对一个新工程，施工方还应将总体工作量、采用的施工方法、
紧急情况应急方案、材料的品种、工程转包的细节等和工程相关的内容报送监理工程师，接受审批。承包商应按照合同进行建设，未经监理工程师批准或者超出核定范围的工作，可以不予认可。只有经过监理工程师的批准，承包商才能进行工程建设支出和确定进度计划。在未经监理工程师允许的情况下造成的工程损失，无论是工程师、承包商、还是任何的工程输入(人工、材料、设备) 将不会得到补偿，承包商未经许可不得擅自进入下一个工程环节，不得将建筑材料投入使用，不得分包项目的部分工作。
工程监理项目成本管理的目标是监督和控制工程造价成本，使工程的支出在工程合同价格内完成，不能远超过工程估价。严格的监督监理控制，将完全遏制承包商试图提高工程成本的可能性。这是因为：工程成本的超额，不超过两种原因，第一是单位劳动力和材料价格的上升, 首先，是承包商在施工过程中试图增加施工量, 从而提高报价，而承包商是无权自主增加工程的，即便是工程师要求承包商增加投入的资源来完成项目的设计目标, 承包商也无权得到报酬，因此，根据合同中的规定，承包商有义务保证工程项目的施工人员和机械设备的工作质量，将项目成功完成。工程监理对设备成本，材料成本的控制监督，在总成本控制中约占到70%的比例，是项目直接成本的主要组成部分。材料和设备价格的高低，将直接影响到建设成本的大小。
因此，在工程监理过程中，不能忽视这一部分。要主动引入竞争机制，创造竞争条件。业主可以通过委托公开招标选择供货方，并进行直
11
中英文对照外文翻译
Engineering supervision system in China's Engineering construction
in the position
With the dominance of China's socialist market economy, the determination of the project supervision system in China's highway construction is gradually becoming more mature. Talking about the project in the country, people always focus on project quality side, it seems that the focus of the task of supervision is to protect the quality of projects, in fact, it is very comprehensive, according to FIDIC provisions in the project construction, project quality, of course, crucial, but only to protect the project supervision of the three objectives (quality, duration, cost), one of these three goals are interrelated and influence, from different angles to protect the owners of the project efficiency. Of which cost control is also very important to the management aspect of this work, good or bad, is directly related to whether the quality of the project can achieve the desired goals, and whether
the progress can be completed on time.
First, the design phase of the design phase of Supervision
The introduction of engineering supervision, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduce the construction phase of major design changes and program changes to occur, the effective cost control will play a certain role. Experts say: If the project supervision involved in the design stage, then, and can be ruled out, to correct 80% of the errors, but to the construction stage to be involved in supervision of works, at best, can only save 20% of the investment. According to the information briefing, a German university laboratory building, the original design is three and a basement, the project management company to meet the commission's space requirements and functional conditions, proposed to increase the layer to shorten the two-axis then the abolition of the basement. But also reduces the flow of people to evacuate distance (to the required standards), so modified after the design is not only reduced costs, has also been improved functionality, access to credit and praise of the municipal government. At present, China for engineering supervision at the design stage to introduce the practice is still rare, we should learn from foreign countries mature and developed system, the development of relevant systems, and standardize the market. Advocates strengthening the design phase of the supervision, control and management from a cost sense, ex ante control, prevention, which is scientific and
reasonable. Therefore, to enhance the design stage to control the cost of supervision is necessary.
Second, the construction phase of the Supervision
As we all know, domestic and international construction markets are the dominant owners of a buyer's market, the construction of competition among enterprises is very cruel. In order to bid, bidders tend to almost zero profits or even below cost bids, but the owners often use low-cost way of winning. While the bidders promised to abide by the provisions of contract documents, but once the contract, they refused to the end there is no profit or losing money, so, often with inferior materials, do not follow standard construction, bribery, or layers of subcontracting means to profit. This time, the absence of an effective supervision mechanism, the victims can only be the owners.
From the process, process control the cost of supervision of supervision engineer should not only be concerned with whether the works to meet the required quality goals, he should be the focus all the objectives of the project design, in the actual operation, the contractor engaged in construction prior to permanent per days must be carried out by a variety of inspection, testing, content or face a new job, workload, construction methods, measures, materials testing and sub-contracting part of the work or works submitted to the approval of supervisory engineer. The contractor can only work within the approved, without approval or beyond the approved engineer's work can not
be recognized. At the same time is also an engineer approved the contractor to obtain a basis for progress payments. Engineers, contractors, any non-approved inputs (manpower, materials, equipment) will not receive compensation, meaning that there is no engineer's approval, the contractor shall not proceed to the next one process or face, shall not be put into construction materials, use, shall not subcontract part of the project or work.
Supervision and Control of project cost from the cost of the engineering supervision of the project cost management goal is to project to be completed within the contract price can not be there far exceed estimates. Supervision of the strict monitoring of the project, due to the contractor causes the possibility of super-budget is almost zero. This is because: Engineering Super-budget, no more than two kinds of reasons, the first rise in unit labor and materials, first, during the construction works increased volume, while the contractor's bid is a commitment to its binding, and the contractor not entitled to their own works to increase the amount of the project, even if there are engineers, required the contractor to increase the input of resources to protect the project design goals, the contractor has no right to be compensated, therefore, because in the tender document, the contractor can protect a large number of frequently cited the successful completion of the project personnel and mechanical equipment. From equipment costs, materials costs and equipment costs control supervision, materials costs in the capital projects account for
about 70% of the entire cost. It is the project a major component of direct costs. Materials, equipment, high and low prices will directly affect the size of the construction costs.
Thus, in the supervision process, can not be ignored that part. To introduce competition, and create competitive conditions. Owners can delegate the direct supervision through public tender selecting the suppliers, so that contractors can avoid unauthorized lower prices, delays in provider payments and thus lead to shoddy supplier, delivery is not timely, thereby affecting the progress of projects happening. The contractor in the preparation of tender prices, mainly the prices of materials and equipment owners and suppliers signed price quotation, by the suppliers of materials and equipment will be mainly transported to the scene by the supervising engineers and contractors to co-sign, the by the owner will focus on the procurement of materials and equipment shall be paid directly to suppliers.
From the above procedures is easy to see the contractor in addition to supervising engineers no choice but to obey. This is because the supervising engineer contractor performance has a strong economic constraints means, economic means of payment by the project system and the deposit system, composition, they are the heads of the two contractors, "inhibition".
The project payment system: in fact, the project payment system is to project the economic risk of being transferred to the contractor. Contractor
must obtain economic benefits (the bid price and the difference between the actual cost of the project) prior advance money or other resources, that is: He had to buy the materials, equipment, payment of wages and other expenses, under the supervision of the supervising engineer contract documents all requests to create a project. Can only be the work of the contractor to complete the written approval of the supervisory engineer and the quality of bond, after deducting there from the owner to obtain compensation (for projects). If the contractor's work should not be so satisfied with supervision, he not only no hope of profit, and even the cost of inputs can not be recovered.
Project Margin System: As a rule, signed contract before the contractor must pay the contract price equal to 10% of the performance bond or letter of guarantee. The contractor prior to commencement of course, can be obtained from the owners of 10% of the total contract price of the advance payment, but he must also be matched to the owners to submit a bond or letter of guarantee. Even if the contractor has received final acceptance certificates from the project, he will be leaving 5% of total contract price of the retention money. Here the performance bond and retention payments totaling 15% of the project contract price, far greater than the contractor's profit margin. The contractor's default can cause bond be forfeited, and whether the breach of contract only to evaluate the supervisory engineer.
Third, completion of the project closing of Supervision
The first job done in several stages, based on the completion of settlement on a lot easier. Labor Exchange acceptance of the project handled immediately after completion of billing processing. Completion of the contract price settlement value is value of claims already liquidated damages.
According to FIDIC terms or model of China's construction contract terms and the actual text of the provisions of the terms of the contract is signed: involving construction claims and breach of contract issues, supervision engineers must clearly define the responsibilities to minimize the claims, to reduce the claim should note the following: strengthening contract management, improve the terms of the contract; before projects should be fully prepared to work; enhance the design of the review, the timely detection of problems in the design to avoid the construction.
Engineering design changes due to claims arising; to strengthen quality management, and strengthen the quality of tracking, to avoid or reduce the contract sample tests or works outside the review of claims arising; to improve the quality of supervision engineers found that claims in a timely manner.
In short, the supervision engineer in Cost Control of the importance of the role and status is beyond question, supervision is entrusted by the owners on the implementation of the project to conduct supervision and management,
reform and opening up of China's foreign towards WTO needs. Project Management is a need for a variety of professional and technical, economic, legal and other integrated management of multi-disciplinary knowledge and skills in intellectual-intensive service work, which requires supervisors controlling costs, management contracts and information, the ability to mediate economic disputes, continually improve their own quality, and enhance awareness of contract management, improve the legal system. To this end, the state unit of the Ministry of Construction Supervision of social hierarchy and the corresponding conditions and qualification standards, supervision of qualified engineers to make separate provision accordingly. Project Management in China has generally been carried out, as a mature project management experience in the management of cost control will certainly play a key role.
工程监理体系在中国工程建设中的地位
在占支配地位的中国社会主义市场经济条件下，工程监理制度在中国的工程建设中的贯彻正逐步走向成熟。在中国，当我们谈论一个工程项目时，人们总是只关注工程项目的质量方面，似乎工程监理所肩负的职责就仅仅是保护工程项目的质量，事实上，工程监理对于工程的监管是非常全面的，根据FIDIC 条款在工程建设中的规定，工程质量作为工程品质的保证，固然很重要，但在整个工程的运作中只有严格贯彻工程监理三大目标(质量、进度、成本) ，使三者相互联系、相互影响，形成一个有机的整体，从不同角度实施对项目的监管，才能真正保证工程效益。其中成本控制也很重要，成本管理工作的好坏，将直接关系到工程质量是否达到了预期的目标，工程进展是否可以按时完成。
第一，工程设计阶段的工程监理。
在设计阶段引入工程监理，可以确定合理的工程设计，选择成熟的技术方案，减少施工阶段的主要设计程序的更改，有效的控制工程成本。专家说：对于工程监理参与设计阶段，如果被排除在外，在施工阶段将需要对设计方案做80%以上的更改，而工程监理参与工程设计，将至少节省20%的工程建设投资。有材料显示，一个德国大学图书馆的建设，原本的设计有三个，包括地下室，项目管理公司在满足欧盟委员会对于建设空间要求和功能要求的条件下，提出了增加楼层，缩短层高，从而
废除了原本的地下室设计。与此同时也减少了人流疏散的距离(达到所要求的标准) ，所以修改后的设计不仅降低了工程成本，也使整个设计得到了功能性的改善，从而得到了市政府的信贷并获得了称赞。目前，中国的工程监理参与设计阶段的实践经验还非常欠缺，我们应主动学习国外成熟的监理制度，并完善自己监理制度的发展, 规范市场，主动加强设计阶段的监督、控制，重视前期的成本管理，科学、合理的进行事前控制。因此，加强设计阶段的成本控制和监管是至关重要的。
第二，施工阶段的工程监理。
正如我们所知，无论是国内还是国际的建筑市场，工程建设的主动权掌握在业主手中，所以建设市场的主导是买方市场，施工企业之间的竞争是非常残酷的。为了投标，承包方倾向于几乎零利润或者低于成本的报价，但是业主往往使用低成本的方式赢得胜利。虽然施工方答应遵守合同文件的规定，但一旦合同开始履行，他们最终还是会拒绝没有利润或导致亏损的结果。所以，承包方在工程实施的过程中经常使用劣质的材料，不按规范要求施工，收受贿赂，并将工程进行非法转包，以此从中获取利益。此时，如果国家没有形成一个有效的监督机制，那么受害者只能是业主。在工程实施的过程中，监理工程师不仅应当关心工程的质量是否符合要求，还应当做好成本控制的管理，应当将工作重心放在工程的整体控制和实际操作上，承包方在工程开工前，必须按照规定对施工人员进行培训，对施工场地进行严格检查，对工程机械进行全面的测试，面对一个新工程，施工方还应将总体工作量、采用的施工方法、
紧急情况应急方案、材料的品种、工程转包的细节等和工程相关的内容报送监理工程师，接受审批。承包商应按照合同进行建设，未经监理工程师批准或者超出核定范围的工作，可以不予认可。只有经过监理工程师的批准，承包商才能进行工程建设支出和确定进度计划。在未经监理工程师允许的情况下造成的工程损失，无论是工程师、承包商、还是任何的工程输入(人工、材料、设备) 将不会得到补偿，承包商未经许可不得擅自进入下一个工程环节，不得将建筑材料投入使用，不得分包项目的部分工作。
工程监理项目成本管理的目标是监督和控制工程造价成本，使工程的支出在工程合同价格内完成，不能远超过工程估价。严格的监督监理控制，将完全遏制承包商试图提高工程成本的可能性。这是因为：工程成本的超额，不超过两种原因，第一是单位劳动力和材料价格的上升, 首先，是承包商在施工过程中试图增加施工量, 从而提高报价，而承包商是无权自主增加工程的，即便是工程师要求承包商增加投入的资源来完成项目的设计目标, 承包商也无权得到报酬，因此，根据合同中的规定，承包商有义务保证工程项目的施工人员和机械设备的工作质量，将项目成功完成。工程监理对设备成本，材料成本的控制监督，在总成本控制中约占到70%的比例，是项目直接成本的主要组成部分。材料和设备价格的高低，将直接影响到建设成本的大小。
因此，在工程监理过程中，不能忽视这一部分。要主动引入竞争机制，创造竞争条件。业主可以通过委托公开招标选择供货方，并进行直
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