直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句再也不难了
——直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方法
江西省万安县百嘉中学 肖亚 我从事英语教学工作十多年了,屡屡发现学生很难尽快且牢固掌握直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方法, 很难尽快做对直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的题目。我经过深思熟虑,系统总结,高度概括,编写了直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句口诀,极大地减轻了学生掌握直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的难度,同时,也减轻了教师教授直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的负担。
我编写的直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句口诀如下:
直变间，有规律，我们把它牢牢记。直接引语义彰显，间接引语即宾从。
陈述句，that引。其义不见可省去。一般问句if引,有时whether把它顶。 特殊问句特词引，三者全用陈语序。主过从过要记牢，除非名言或真理。
主句若是现在时，从句时态保不变。say改tell/ask， 宾格代词其后躲。 遇见祈使不慌张，短语兄弟来帮忙〔tell/ask sb (not) to do sth〕。
当天转述时不变，当地转述地相同。
复合句末有标点，符号就由主句定。变与不变据情定，切莫生般和硬套。
此口诀攘括了直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方方面面，包括概念、引导词、语序、时态、某些动词的变化、主宾格代词的转换、时间地点的变化、标点符号的确定等。现在就此展开,详细阐述。
一．直变间，有规律，我们把它牢牢记。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句是有规律可循的，有章法的，我们必须牢牢记住,熟练掌握，才能运用自如。
二．直接引语义彰显，间接引语即宾从。
很显然，直接引语（Direct Speech）是指原封不动的直接引述别人所说的话(它必须放在引号内，有引号标明)；
1. “I want the blue one.” he told us.
2. She said to me, “You can’t settle anything now. ”
3. He said,“These books are mine.”
4. She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
间接引语（Reported Speech，又叫Indirect Speech）即将别人所说的话用自己的话加以转述(被转述的话应放在引导词后，而不能放在引号内)。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。 →He told us (that) he wanted the blue one.
→She told me (that) I couldn’t settle anything then.
→He said (that) those books were his.
→She asked Jack where he had been.
三．陈述句，that引。其义不见可省去。
陈述句由直接引语变间接引语时，通常由that引导，变成that引导的宾语从句。因that无意义，可以省略。
5.He said, “I am a student.”→ He said (that) he was a student.
6.“This house is very expensive,” she said.
→ She said that house was very expensive.
7.She said, “I am hungry.”→She said (that) she was hungry.
四．一般问句if引,有时whether把它顶。
(一)．一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成if / whether引导的宾语从句。
8.“Are the children here?” Father asked. →Father asked whether/if the children were there.
9.He says, “Are you in Class 1?” →He asks if / whether I am in Class 1.
10. “Has he ever worked in Shanghai?”Jim asked.
→Jim asked whether/if he had ever worked in Shanghai.
11.“Can you tell me the way to the hospital?” The old man asked.
→The old man asked whether/if I could tell him the way to the hospital.
(二). 选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成whether引导的形式为whether…or的宾语从句。
12.He says, “Is Tom a teacher or a student?”
→He asks whether Tom is a teacher or a student.
13.“Is it your bike or Tom’s? ” Mum asked.
→Mum asked whether it was my bike or Tom’s.
14.“Does your sister like blue dresses or green ones?” Kate asked.
→Kate asked whether my sister liked blue dresses or green ones.
(三). 反意疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成if引导的宾语从句或whether引导的形式为whether…or not的宾语从句。
15.“You had learnt 5000 words by the end of last term, hadn’t you?” Tony asked.
→Tony asked me if I had learnt 5000 words by the end of last term.
→Tony asked me wether I had learnt 5000 words or not by the end of last term.
五．特殊问句特词引，三者全用陈语序。
特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由原来的特殊疑问词(who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how等)引导，变成疑问词引导的宾语从句。
16.“What do you think of the film?” She asked.
→She asked her friends what they thought of the film.
17.“Which room do you live in?” He asked.→He asked me which room I lived in.
注意：前面三、四、五所提到的陈述句和各种疑问句（除祈使句）由直接引语改为间接引语时，一律使用陈述语序。(见本文所有例句，除九中例句外)
六．主过从过要记牢，除非名言或真理。
(一)所谓主过从过，即主句是过去时，从句也使用过去某种相应的时态。即把原来的时态向过去推：
〈1〉.现在时间推移到过去时间，也就是：
A)一般现在时变为一般过去时；
18. They said, “We want to have a rest.” →They said (that) they wanted to have a rest.
19. she said“he is mad at me today.”→she told ( that) he was mad at her that day.
B)现在进行时变为过去进行时；
20.He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”
→ He said (that) they were spending the next weekend at home.
21.Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom told me (that) his brother was doing his homework.
22.He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
→ He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
23.“I’m reading” Lucy said to me. →Lucy told me( that) she was reading.
C)现在完成时变为过去完成时等。
24.Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.”
→ Tom said (that) he had found what was wrong with the computer.
〈2〉.过去时间推移到过去的过去，也就是：
A)一般过去时变为过去完成时
25.She said, “ We left Paris at 8 a.m.” → She said (that) they had left Paris at 8 a.m. → She said (that) they left Paris at 8 a.m.
26.He said, “It was completed a year ago.”
→ He said (that) it had been completed a year before.
（但当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：）；
27.She said, “I first met your brother here.”→ She said (that) she first met my brother there.
28.Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” →Ann said (that) she was born in 1981.
B)过去进行时变成过去完成进行时（也可以不变）；
29.Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” → Robert said (that) he had been joking with Mary. → Robert said (that) he was joking with Mary.
C)过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。
30.He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”
→ He said (that) they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.
〈3〉.将来时间推移到过去将来时间，也就是：一般将来时变为过去将来时。
31.She said, “The milk will go off if you don’t drink it today.”
→She said (that) the milk would go off if I didn’t drink it that day.
但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。
32.Mary said, “I will call him next Saturday.”
→Mary told us that she will call him next Saturday.”
〈4〉.时间状语从句中的一般过去时或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：
33.John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
→ John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.
John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
(二)在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即： 〈1〉.当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯动作以及格言等内容时：
34.He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym.”
→ He said (that) the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.
35.She often told them, “China is great.” →She often told them (that) China is great. 〈2〉.当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：
36.He said, “We love our country.” → He said (that) they love their county.
37.“I’m forty,” she said. →She said (that) she is forty.
〈3〉.当谓语动词包含无过去式形式的情态动词时：
38.He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.” → He said (that) I mustn’t smoke in the room.
39.They said, “It must be pretty late. We really must go.”
→They said (that) it must be pretty late, and they really must go.
七．主句若是现在时，从句时态保不变。
主句若是现在时，即一般现在时，现在进行时或现在完成时，直接引语原是什么时态间接引
语就用什么时态，或宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态，不受主句时态影响。例如：
40.He says “I’m very busy today.” →He says(that)he is very busy today.
41.Rose is wondering “Did Tom water the flowers?”
→Rose is wondering if Tom watered the flowers.
八．say改tell/ask， 宾格代词其后躲。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句时,往往须将主句中的say改为tell，ask, wonder, want to know, inquire等。 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；指示代词this一般要变成that/it，，these一般要变成those/they或them。
42.He said, “I didn’t know you.” → He said (that) he hadn’t known me.
43.The children came back with two wallets and said, “We picked these up on the pavement.” → The children came back with two wallets and said (that) they had picked them up on the pavement.
九．遇见祈使不慌张，短语兄弟来帮忙〔tell/ask sb (not) to do sth〕。
直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时应注意变成不定式作宾补的形式而不是宾语从句形式，即tell/ask/order/beg/request sb (not) to do sth，而把祈使句变成带to的不定式短语。
44.“Don’t touch anything.” He said. →He told us not to touch anything.
45.Jack said, “Please come to my house tomorrow, Mary. ”
→Jack asked Mary to go to his house the next day.
46.The teacher said to the students, “Stop talking. ”
→The teacher told the students to stop talking.
十．当天转述时不变，当地转述地相同。
（一）时间状语在间接引语中的变化：
时间状语、动词时态变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间相同（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。
47.Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.”
→ Mr. Black said (that) they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月转述）
→ Mr. Black said (that) they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月转述，也可不在同一月转述）
48.He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.”
→He said (that) he will be waiting for me tomorrow. （同一天转述）
→He said (that) he would be waiting for me the next day. （不在同一天转述）
（二）地点状语here通常变为there，表示说话人所在地已不是转述人所在地；
49.He said to him, “Tom, come here.” → He asked Tom to go there.
但若说话人所在地也就是转述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。如上例： → He asked Tom to come here／to Beijing.
十一．复合句末有标点，符号就由主句定。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句时，间接引语/宾语从句的标点符号由主句确定。主句是问号，则为问号；主句是逗号或句号，则为句号。
50. Did Tony say? “ I can speak French. ”→Did Tony told us ( that) he could speak French?
51. Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”→Mother told me (that) I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
52. “We’re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said.
→ They said (that) they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.
十二．变与不变据情定，切莫生般和硬套。
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词、指示代词、个别动词、时态、时间状语、地点状语等根据意义进行相应的变化。变与不变根据具体情况而定，千万不要生般硬套。
师生们只要背熟这个口诀，理解其精髓、要义，并做适量的练习，就一定能牢固掌握，祝你们成功！
附直接引语变为间接引语常态变化表:
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句再也不难了
——直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方法
江西省万安县百嘉中学 肖亚 我从事英语教学工作十多年了,屡屡发现学生很难尽快且牢固掌握直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方法, 很难尽快做对直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的题目。我经过深思熟虑,系统总结,高度概括,编写了直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句口诀,极大地减轻了学生掌握直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的难度,同时,也减轻了教师教授直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的负担。
我编写的直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句口诀如下:
直变间，有规律，我们把它牢牢记。直接引语义彰显，间接引语即宾从。
陈述句，that引。其义不见可省去。一般问句if引,有时whether把它顶。 特殊问句特词引，三者全用陈语序。主过从过要记牢，除非名言或真理。
主句若是现在时，从句时态保不变。say改tell/ask， 宾格代词其后躲。 遇见祈使不慌张，短语兄弟来帮忙〔tell/ask sb (not) to do sth〕。
当天转述时不变，当地转述地相同。
复合句末有标点，符号就由主句定。变与不变据情定，切莫生般和硬套。
此口诀攘括了直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句的方方面面，包括概念、引导词、语序、时态、某些动词的变化、主宾格代词的转换、时间地点的变化、标点符号的确定等。现在就此展开,详细阐述。
一．直变间，有规律，我们把它牢牢记。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句是有规律可循的，有章法的，我们必须牢牢记住,熟练掌握，才能运用自如。
二．直接引语义彰显，间接引语即宾从。
很显然，直接引语（Direct Speech）是指原封不动的直接引述别人所说的话(它必须放在引号内，有引号标明)；
1. “I want the blue one.” he told us.
2. She said to me, “You can’t settle anything now. ”
3. He said,“These books are mine.”
4. She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
间接引语（Reported Speech，又叫Indirect Speech）即将别人所说的话用自己的话加以转述(被转述的话应放在引导词后，而不能放在引号内)。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。 →He told us (that) he wanted the blue one.
→She told me (that) I couldn’t settle anything then.
→He said (that) those books were his.
→She asked Jack where he had been.
三．陈述句，that引。其义不见可省去。
陈述句由直接引语变间接引语时，通常由that引导，变成that引导的宾语从句。因that无意义，可以省略。
5.He said, “I am a student.”→ He said (that) he was a student.
6.“This house is very expensive,” she said.
→ She said that house was very expensive.
7.She said, “I am hungry.”→She said (that) she was hungry.
四．一般问句if引,有时whether把它顶。
(一)．一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成if / whether引导的宾语从句。
8.“Are the children here?” Father asked. →Father asked whether/if the children were there.
9.He says, “Are you in Class 1?” →He asks if / whether I am in Class 1.
10. “Has he ever worked in Shanghai?”Jim asked.
→Jim asked whether/if he had ever worked in Shanghai.
11.“Can you tell me the way to the hospital?” The old man asked.
→The old man asked whether/if I could tell him the way to the hospital.
(二). 选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成whether引导的形式为whether…or的宾语从句。
12.He says, “Is Tom a teacher or a student?”
→He asks whether Tom is a teacher or a student.
13.“Is it your bike or Tom’s? ” Mum asked.
→Mum asked whether it was my bike or Tom’s.
14.“Does your sister like blue dresses or green ones?” Kate asked.
→Kate asked whether my sister liked blue dresses or green ones.
(三). 反意疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，变成if引导的宾语从句或whether引导的形式为whether…or not的宾语从句。
15.“You had learnt 5000 words by the end of last term, hadn’t you?” Tony asked.
→Tony asked me if I had learnt 5000 words by the end of last term.
→Tony asked me wether I had learnt 5000 words or not by the end of last term.
五．特殊问句特词引，三者全用陈语序。
特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由原来的特殊疑问词(who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how等)引导，变成疑问词引导的宾语从句。
16.“What do you think of the film?” She asked.
→She asked her friends what they thought of the film.
17.“Which room do you live in?” He asked.→He asked me which room I lived in.
注意：前面三、四、五所提到的陈述句和各种疑问句（除祈使句）由直接引语改为间接引语时，一律使用陈述语序。(见本文所有例句，除九中例句外)
六．主过从过要记牢，除非名言或真理。
(一)所谓主过从过，即主句是过去时，从句也使用过去某种相应的时态。即把原来的时态向过去推：
〈1〉.现在时间推移到过去时间，也就是：
A)一般现在时变为一般过去时；
18. They said, “We want to have a rest.” →They said (that) they wanted to have a rest.
19. she said“he is mad at me today.”→she told ( that) he was mad at her that day.
B)现在进行时变为过去进行时；
20.He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”
→ He said (that) they were spending the next weekend at home.
21.Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”
→Tom told me (that) his brother was doing his homework.
22.He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
→ He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
23.“I’m reading” Lucy said to me. →Lucy told me( that) she was reading.
C)现在完成时变为过去完成时等。
24.Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.”
→ Tom said (that) he had found what was wrong with the computer.
〈2〉.过去时间推移到过去的过去，也就是：
A)一般过去时变为过去完成时
25.She said, “ We left Paris at 8 a.m.” → She said (that) they had left Paris at 8 a.m. → She said (that) they left Paris at 8 a.m.
26.He said, “It was completed a year ago.”
→ He said (that) it had been completed a year before.
（但当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：）；
27.She said, “I first met your brother here.”→ She said (that) she first met my brother there.
28.Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” →Ann said (that) she was born in 1981.
B)过去进行时变成过去完成进行时（也可以不变）；
29.Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” → Robert said (that) he had been joking with Mary. → Robert said (that) he was joking with Mary.
C)过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。
30.He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”
→ He said (that) they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.
〈3〉.将来时间推移到过去将来时间，也就是：一般将来时变为过去将来时。
31.She said, “The milk will go off if you don’t drink it today.”
→She said (that) the milk would go off if I didn’t drink it that day.
但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。
32.Mary said, “I will call him next Saturday.”
→Mary told us that she will call him next Saturday.”
〈4〉.时间状语从句中的一般过去时或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：
33.John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
→ John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.
John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
(二)在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即： 〈1〉.当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯动作以及格言等内容时：
34.He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym.”
→ He said (that) the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.
35.She often told them, “China is great.” →She often told them (that) China is great. 〈2〉.当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：
36.He said, “We love our country.” → He said (that) they love their county.
37.“I’m forty,” she said. →She said (that) she is forty.
〈3〉.当谓语动词包含无过去式形式的情态动词时：
38.He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.” → He said (that) I mustn’t smoke in the room.
39.They said, “It must be pretty late. We really must go.”
→They said (that) it must be pretty late, and they really must go.
七．主句若是现在时，从句时态保不变。
主句若是现在时，即一般现在时，现在进行时或现在完成时，直接引语原是什么时态间接引
语就用什么时态，或宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态，不受主句时态影响。例如：
40.He says “I’m very busy today.” →He says(that)he is very busy today.
41.Rose is wondering “Did Tom water the flowers?”
→Rose is wondering if Tom watered the flowers.
八．say改tell/ask， 宾格代词其后躲。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句时,往往须将主句中的say改为tell，ask, wonder, want to know, inquire等。 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；指示代词this一般要变成that/it，，these一般要变成those/they或them。
42.He said, “I didn’t know you.” → He said (that) he hadn’t known me.
43.The children came back with two wallets and said, “We picked these up on the pavement.” → The children came back with two wallets and said (that) they had picked them up on the pavement.
九．遇见祈使不慌张，短语兄弟来帮忙〔tell/ask sb (not) to do sth〕。
直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时应注意变成不定式作宾补的形式而不是宾语从句形式，即tell/ask/order/beg/request sb (not) to do sth，而把祈使句变成带to的不定式短语。
44.“Don’t touch anything.” He said. →He told us not to touch anything.
45.Jack said, “Please come to my house tomorrow, Mary. ”
→Jack asked Mary to go to his house the next day.
46.The teacher said to the students, “Stop talking. ”
→The teacher told the students to stop talking.
十．当天转述时不变，当地转述地相同。
（一）时间状语在间接引语中的变化：
时间状语、动词时态变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间相同（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。
47.Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.”
→ Mr. Black said (that) they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月转述）
→ Mr. Black said (that) they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月转述，也可不在同一月转述）
48.He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.”
→He said (that) he will be waiting for me tomorrow. （同一天转述）
→He said (that) he would be waiting for me the next day. （不在同一天转述）
（二）地点状语here通常变为there，表示说话人所在地已不是转述人所在地；
49.He said to him, “Tom, come here.” → He asked Tom to go there.
但若说话人所在地也就是转述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。如上例： → He asked Tom to come here／to Beijing.
十一．复合句末有标点，符号就由主句定。
直接引语变间接引语/宾语从句时，间接引语/宾语从句的标点符号由主句确定。主句是问号，则为问号；主句是逗号或句号，则为句号。
50. Did Tony say? “ I can speak French. ”→Did Tony told us ( that) he could speak French?
51. Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”→Mother told me (that) I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
52. “We’re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said.
→ They said (that) they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.
十二．变与不变据情定，切莫生般和硬套。
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词、指示代词、个别动词、时态、时间状语、地点状语等根据意义进行相应的变化。变与不变根据具体情况而定，千万不要生般硬套。
师生们只要背熟这个口诀，理解其精髓、要义，并做适量的练习，就一定能牢固掌握，祝你们成功！
附直接引语变为间接引语常态变化表: