限制性定语从句
一．概念
限定性定语从句是英语语法中从句的一种，是定语从句的分支之一。
二．作用
限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上是不可缺少的定语，若去掉，所修饰主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。
例：She has found the nacklace（that ）she lost two weeks ago,
她找到她那条丢失两周的项链。
三．关系词
四．
[注]：that 和which 都可指物，且在句中都可作主语和宾语，多数情况下可以互换。但在以下情况不可以互换 1. 先行词既指人又指物。
2. 先行词是不定代词all,everything,nothing,anything,much,little,few 等。
3. 先行词被all,every,any,little,only,much,no 等修饰时，或先行词本身是all,much,everything,anything,no 以及no 构成的复合词。
4. 先行词被形容词及序数词的最高级修饰。
5. 先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same修饰。
6. 有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词。
7. 主句以who,what,which 开头的特殊疑问句。
。
五． 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别
1、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
2、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English？
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？
例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street， where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。
析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
3、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband， which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。
析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages， which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
4、关系词的使用情况有所不同
（一） that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。
误： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， that pleased her a lot.
正： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。
误： He didn't pass the exam， that disappointed me.
正： He didn't pass the exam， which disappointed me.
值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。 例 1. We'll graduate in July， when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing， where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
（二）关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom .
例 2. A young man had a new girl friend， whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom . 在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。
误： She has a sister， that is a teacher.
正： She has a sister， who is teacher.
（三）关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. This is the book （which/that） he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book， which he lost yesterday， has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。
析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省
定语从句练习题
1.In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions ___ were asked in French
A.where B.who C.in which D.which
2.I can still remember the sitting -room ____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what B.which C.that D.where
3. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _____ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. A.these B.those C.that D.which
4.To get the job started, __ I need is your permission.
A. only what B. all what C. all that D.only that
5. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ___ family was poor.
A.of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
6All __ is your permission. A.needed B.that needed C.which is needed D.is needed
7.In the dark street,there wasn't a single person ___ she could turn for help.
A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom
8.She heard a terrible noise ,___ brought her heart into her mouth.
A.it B.which C.this D.that
9. Alice received an invitation from her boss,____ came as a surprise.
A.it B.that C.which D.he
10.The weather turned out to be very good,___ was more than we could expect.
A.what B.which C.that D.it
11.After living in Pairs for fifty years. he returned to the small town___ he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
12.After the war ,a school building was put up ___ there had once been a theater.
A.that B.where C.which D.when
13.Finally , the thief handed everything ___ he had stolen to the police.
A.after B.what C.whatever C.that
14.who is the man ___ is standing over there?
A.whom B.which C.that D.he
15. who is the man ___ you just talked to ?
A./ B.which C. whoever D.whose
16.Is this the pen __ you were writing?
A.with that B.with which C.to that D.to which
17.Is this book __ you borrowed from the library?
A.which B.that C.what D.the one
18.Her bag, ___ she put all her books, has not been found.
A.where B.in which C.which D.that
19.The soldier ran to the building ,___ flew a flag.
A.on the top of which B.on the top of that C.on the top of it D.which
20.I still remember the day ___ we got married.
A.that B.which C.in which D.when
21.The factory __ his mother works is in the east of the city.
A.that B.which C.on which D.where
22.The house ___ windows open to the south is Zhang Shan's.
A.which B.that C.whose D.its
23.The shop isn't far away ,__ I bought there pairs of compasses.(圆规）
A.which B.where C.at the place D.at the place where
24.He tried to find a hammer __ he could repair the desk.
A.through which B.with which C.by which D.using which
25.He came to the city,___ there is a famous tower called Yellow Crane Tower.
A.on which B.in where C.which D.where
26.They talked for about an hour of things and persons ___ they remembered in the school .
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
27.That is the only dictionary __ he often turns to for help.
A.which B.that C.what D.one
28.All the pencils ___ she had bought at a cheap price broke.
A.which B.that C.what D.those
29.-- what about the photo? -- It's much better than ___ she took last week.
A.that B.which C.the one D.one
30.It's the fifth time __ late this term.
A.that you've arrived B.that you arrived C.when you've arrived D.when you arrived 31It is the playground ___ I picked up this jacket.
A.in which B.that C.from there D.where
32She must fail the exam ,___ can be seen from her eyes. A.that .as C.who D.what
33.The stadiums ,__ were already full ,were surrounded by a lot of football fans who had no tickets. A.most of that B.most of which C.which most D.that most
34.I,__ your husband ,will stand by you. A.who is B.that is C.who am D.that am
35.Our teacher is a man of great experience ,__ much can be learned.
A.who B.how C.from which D.from whom
36.Such people ___ you refer to are rare (稀少)nowadays. A.as B.that C.which D.who 37The old woman ___ wasn't her mother.
A.after whom she looked B.who she looked after C.after who she looked D.whose she looked after
38.Is that the reason ___ you don't agree with me? A.what B.which C.why D.making
39.That is the car __ they got here.
A.by which B.in which C.on which D.from which
40There is something wrong with the Tv set __ last month.
A.I bought B.which I bought it C.I bought it D.what I bought
41.Can you tell me the man __ house you lived for years?
A.in his B.whose C.in whose D.of which
42.Mr Wang was given a medal, ___ made his family very happy.
A.as B.that C.how D.which
43.____,the Great Wall came into being in Qin Dynasty.
A.It's clear B.We all know C.As we all know D.It seemed
44.The news ___ is being broadcasting on the radio is ____the President in that country has been killed.A.which ,which B.that ,that C.that ,which D.that ,/
45.The fact __ our team has been defeated disappointed everyone in our class.
A. which B./ C.how D.that
限制性定语从句
一．概念
限定性定语从句是英语语法中从句的一种，是定语从句的分支之一。
二．作用
限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上是不可缺少的定语，若去掉，所修饰主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。
例：She has found the nacklace（that ）she lost two weeks ago,
她找到她那条丢失两周的项链。
三．关系词
四．
[注]：that 和which 都可指物，且在句中都可作主语和宾语，多数情况下可以互换。但在以下情况不可以互换 1. 先行词既指人又指物。
2. 先行词是不定代词all,everything,nothing,anything,much,little,few 等。
3. 先行词被all,every,any,little,only,much,no 等修饰时，或先行词本身是all,much,everything,anything,no 以及no 构成的复合词。
4. 先行词被形容词及序数词的最高级修饰。
5. 先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same修饰。
6. 有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词。
7. 主句以who,what,which 开头的特殊疑问句。
。
五． 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别
1、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
2、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English？
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？
例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street， where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。
析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
3、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband， which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。
析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages， which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
4、关系词的使用情况有所不同
（一） that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。
误： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， that pleased her a lot.
正： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。
误： He didn't pass the exam， that disappointed me.
正： He didn't pass the exam， which disappointed me.
值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。 例 1. We'll graduate in July， when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing， where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
（二）关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom .
例 2. A young man had a new girl friend， whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom . 在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。
误： She has a sister， that is a teacher.
正： She has a sister， who is teacher.
（三）关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. This is the book （which/that） he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book， which he lost yesterday， has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。
析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省
定语从句练习题
1.In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions ___ were asked in French
A.where B.who C.in which D.which
2.I can still remember the sitting -room ____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what B.which C.that D.where
3. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _____ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. A.these B.those C.that D.which
4.To get the job started, __ I need is your permission.
A. only what B. all what C. all that D.only that
5. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ___ family was poor.
A.of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
6All __ is your permission. A.needed B.that needed C.which is needed D.is needed
7.In the dark street,there wasn't a single person ___ she could turn for help.
A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom
8.She heard a terrible noise ,___ brought her heart into her mouth.
A.it B.which C.this D.that
9. Alice received an invitation from her boss,____ came as a surprise.
A.it B.that C.which D.he
10.The weather turned out to be very good,___ was more than we could expect.
A.what B.which C.that D.it
11.After living in Pairs for fifty years. he returned to the small town___ he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
12.After the war ,a school building was put up ___ there had once been a theater.
A.that B.where C.which D.when
13.Finally , the thief handed everything ___ he had stolen to the police.
A.after B.what C.whatever C.that
14.who is the man ___ is standing over there?
A.whom B.which C.that D.he
15. who is the man ___ you just talked to ?
A./ B.which C. whoever D.whose
16.Is this the pen __ you were writing?
A.with that B.with which C.to that D.to which
17.Is this book __ you borrowed from the library?
A.which B.that C.what D.the one
18.Her bag, ___ she put all her books, has not been found.
A.where B.in which C.which D.that
19.The soldier ran to the building ,___ flew a flag.
A.on the top of which B.on the top of that C.on the top of it D.which
20.I still remember the day ___ we got married.
A.that B.which C.in which D.when
21.The factory __ his mother works is in the east of the city.
A.that B.which C.on which D.where
22.The house ___ windows open to the south is Zhang Shan's.
A.which B.that C.whose D.its
23.The shop isn't far away ,__ I bought there pairs of compasses.(圆规）
A.which B.where C.at the place D.at the place where
24.He tried to find a hammer __ he could repair the desk.
A.through which B.with which C.by which D.using which
25.He came to the city,___ there is a famous tower called Yellow Crane Tower.
A.on which B.in where C.which D.where
26.They talked for about an hour of things and persons ___ they remembered in the school .
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
27.That is the only dictionary __ he often turns to for help.
A.which B.that C.what D.one
28.All the pencils ___ she had bought at a cheap price broke.
A.which B.that C.what D.those
29.-- what about the photo? -- It's much better than ___ she took last week.
A.that B.which C.the one D.one
30.It's the fifth time __ late this term.
A.that you've arrived B.that you arrived C.when you've arrived D.when you arrived 31It is the playground ___ I picked up this jacket.
A.in which B.that C.from there D.where
32She must fail the exam ,___ can be seen from her eyes. A.that .as C.who D.what
33.The stadiums ,__ were already full ,were surrounded by a lot of football fans who had no tickets. A.most of that B.most of which C.which most D.that most
34.I,__ your husband ,will stand by you. A.who is B.that is C.who am D.that am
35.Our teacher is a man of great experience ,__ much can be learned.
A.who B.how C.from which D.from whom
36.Such people ___ you refer to are rare (稀少)nowadays. A.as B.that C.which D.who 37The old woman ___ wasn't her mother.
A.after whom she looked B.who she looked after C.after who she looked D.whose she looked after
38.Is that the reason ___ you don't agree with me? A.what B.which C.why D.making
39.That is the car __ they got here.
A.by which B.in which C.on which D.from which
40There is something wrong with the Tv set __ last month.
A.I bought B.which I bought it C.I bought it D.what I bought
41.Can you tell me the man __ house you lived for years?
A.in his B.whose C.in whose D.of which
42.Mr Wang was given a medal, ___ made his family very happy.
A.as B.that C.how D.which
43.____,the Great Wall came into being in Qin Dynasty.
A.It's clear B.We all know C.As we all know D.It seemed
44.The news ___ is being broadcasting on the radio is ____the President in that country has been killed.A.which ,which B.that ,that C.that ,which D.that ,/
45.The fact __ our team has been defeated disappointed everyone in our class.
A. which B./ C.how D.that