地质工程专业英语讲诉

1地形地貌 geographic and geomorphic

工程地质条件 engineering geological conditions

地形地貌条件 geographic and geomorphic conditions

地形 land form

地貌 geomorphology, relief 微地貌 microrelief

地貌单元 landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度 grade 地形图 relief map 河谷 river valley 河道 river course

河床 river bed(channel)

冲沟 gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)

河漫滩 floodplain(valley flat) 阶地 terrace

冲积平原 alluvial plain 三角洲 delta

古河道 fossil river course, fossil stream channel

冲积扇 alluvial fan 洪积扇 diluvial fan 坡积裙 talus apron 分水岭 divide 盆地 basin

岩溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞 solution cave, karst cave 落水洞 sinkhole

土洞 Karstic earth cave

2地层岩性

地层 geostrome (stratum, strata)

岩性 lithologic character, rock property

岩体 rock mass 岩层 bed stratum

岩层 layer, rock stratum 母岩 matrix, parent rock 相变 facies change

硬质岩 strong rock, film 软质岩 weak rock 硬质的 competent 软质的 incompetent 基岩 bedrock 岩组 petrofabric 覆盖层 overburden 交错层理 cross bedding

层面 bedding plane 片理 schistosity 层理 bedding 板理（叶理） foliation 波痕 ripple-mark 泥痕 mud crack

雨痕 raindrop imprints

造岩矿物 rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物 clay mineral 高岭土 kaolinite

蒙脱石 montmorillonite 伊利石 illite 云母 mica

白云母 muscovite 黑云母 biotite 石英 quartz 长石 feldspar 正长石 orthoclase 斜长石 plagioclase

辉石 pyroxene, picrite

角闪石 hornblende 方解石 calcite 构造 structure 结构 texture

组构 fabric(tissue)

矿物组成 mineral composition 结晶质 crystalline 非晶质 amorphous 产状 attitude 火成岩 igneous

岩浆岩 magmatic rock 火山岩（熔岩）lava 火山 volcano

侵入岩 intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩 effusive rock 深成岩 plutonic rock 浅成岩 pypabysal rock 酸性岩 acid rock

中性岩 inter-mediate rock 基性岩 basic rock 超基性岩 ultrabasic rock

岩基 rock base (batholith) 岩脉（墙） dike

岩株 rock stock 岩流 rock flow

岩盖 rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆 rock lopolith 岩墙 rock dike 岩床 rock sill

岩脉 vein dyke 花岗岩 granite 斑岩 porphyry 玢岩 porphyrite 流纹岩 rhyolite 正长岩 syenite 粗面岩 trachyte 闪长岩 diorite 安山岩 andesite 辉长岩 gabbro 玄武岩 basalt 细晶岩 aplite 伟晶岩 pegmatite 煌斑岩 lamprophyre 辉绿岩 diabase 橄榄岩 dunite 黑曜岩 obsidian 浮岩 pumice

火山角砾岩 vulcanic breccia

火山集块岩 volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩 tuff

沉积岩 sedimentary rock 碎屑岩 clastic rock 粘土岩 clay rock

粉砂质粘土岩 silty claystone 化学岩 chemical rock 生物岩 biolith

砾岩 conglomerate 角砾岩 breccia 砂岩 sandstone

石英砂岩 quartz sandstone 粉砂岩 siltstone

钙质粉砂岩 calcareous siltstone 泥岩 mudstone 页岩 shale 盐岩 saline 石灰岩 limestone 白云岩 dolomite 泥灰岩 marl

泥钙岩 argillo-calcareous 泥砂岩 argillo-arenaceous 砂质 arenaceous 泥质 argillaceous 硅质的 siliceous

有机质 organic matter 粗粒 coarse grain 中粒 medium-grained 沉积物 sediment (deposit) 漂石、顽石 boulder

卵石 cobble 砾石 gravel 砂 sand 粉土 silt 粘土 clay 粘粒 clay grain 砂质粘土 sandy clay 粘质砂土 clayey sand 壤土、亚粘土 loam

砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loam 浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil) 黄土 loess 红土 laterite 泥灰 peat 软泥 ooze

淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay

冲积物（层） alluvion 冲积的 alluvial

洪积物（层） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion 洪积的 diluvial 坡积物（层） deluvium 残积物（层） eluvium 残积的 eluvial 风积物（层） eolian deposits 湖积物（层） lake deposits 海积物（层） marine deposits

冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits

崩积物（层） colluvial deposits, colluvium 残积粘土 residual clay

变质岩 metamorphic rock 板岩 slate 千枚岩 phyllite 片岩 schist 片麻岩 gneiss 石英岩 quartzite 大理岩 marble 糜棱岩 mylonite 混合岩 migmatite 碎裂岩 cataclasite

3地质构造

地质构造 geologic structure 结构构造 structural texture 大地构造 geotectonic 构造运动 tectogenesis 造山运动 orogeny

升降运动 vertical movement 水平运动 horizontal movement

完整性 perfection(integrity) 起伏度 waviness 尺寸效应 size effect

围压效应 confining pressure effect 产状要素 elements of attitude 产状 attitude, orientation 走向 strike 倾向 dip

倾角 dip angle, angle of dip 褶皱 fold 褶曲 fold

单斜 monocline 结构面 structural plane 软弱结构面 weak plane 临空面 free face

碎裂结构 cataclastic texture 板状结构 platy structure 薄板状 lamellose

块状的 lumpy, massive 层状的 laminated

巨厚层 giant thick-laminated 薄层状的 finely laminated

软弱夹层 weak intercalated layer 夹层 inter bedding,

向斜背斜穹隆挤压上盘下盘 wall

断距相交断层正断层逆断层平移断层层理微层理地堑地垒断层泥擦痕断裂破碎带节理节理组裂隙微裂隙劈理原生裂隙次生裂隙张裂隙剪裂隙卸荷裂隙裂隙率结构类型岩体结构岩块结构体块度

syncline intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate anticline layer

dome 夹泥层 clayey intercalation squeeze

夹泥 inter-clay upper section

连通性 connectivity bottom wall, footwall, lower 切层 insequent 影响带 affecting zone separation 完整性 integrity n.

intersect Integrate v. & a. fault

degree of integrality normal fault 破碎 crumble reversed fault 胶结 cement parallel fault

泥化 argillization bedding, stratification 尖灭 taper-out light stratification 错动 diastrophism

graben

错动层面 faulted bedding plane horst, fault ridge

断续的 intermittent gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 破碎 crumble

stria, striation 共轭节理 conjugated joint fracture

散状 loose

fracture zone 透镜状的 lens-shaped a. joint 岩石碎片 crag

joint set

岩屑 cuttings, debris fissure, crack

薄膜 membrane, film fine fissure, microscopic fissure 层理 stratification cleavage 高角度 high dip angle original joint 缓倾角 low dip angle epigenetic joint 反倾 anti-dip

tension joint 互层 interbed v. shear joint Interbedding n. relief crack

起伏的 unplanar

fracture porosity 波状起伏的 undulate, undulating structural pattern 粒径 particle size rock mass structure 构造层 tectonosphere block mass

挤压 compression structural element 均一的 homogeneous

blockness

剪切错动面 shear faulted, bedding zone

切割 dissection 切割的 dissected

致密 close, compact 构造岩 tectonite 糜棱岩 mylonite 断层角砾岩 fault breccia 方解石脉 calcite vein 碎块岩 clastic rock 角砾 breccia

岩粉 rock powder 岩屑 debris, debry 固结 consolidation 定向排列 oriented spread 构造应力 tectonic stress 残余应力 residual stress

4水文地质条件 hydrogeological conditions 水文循环 hydrologic cycle 大气圈 atmosphere 水圈 hydrosphere 岩石圈 geosphere 地表径流 surface runoff 地下径流 subsurface runoff 流域 valley, drainage basin

流域面积 drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积 catchment area

地下水 ground water, subsurface water 地表水 surface water 大气水 atmospheric water

气态水 aqueous (vapour) water 液态水 liquid water 固态水 solid water 上层滞水 perched water 潜水 phreatic water 承压水 confined water

吸着水 hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质 medium 空隙 void

孔隙水压力 pore water pressure

渗透压力 osmotic pressure, seepage force 扬压力 uplift pressure

静水压力 hydrostatic pressure

外静水压力 external hydrostatic pressure 动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure 渗透力 seepage pressure

外水压力 external water pressure 内水压力 internal water pressure 水力联系 hydraulic interrelation

水力折减系数 hydraulic reduction coefficient

水头损失 water head loss

渗透途径 filtration path, seepage path 渗透系数 penetration coefficient 潜水位 water table level

水位 water level, stage level 水头 water head 含水层 aquifer

弱含水层（弱透水层） aquitard 滞水层 aquiclude

透水层 permeable layer, pervious layer 不透水层（隔水层） aquifuge, impervious layer, impermeable layer, aquiclude

潜水含水层 phreatic aquifer

承压含水层 confined aquifer, artesian aquifer

承压面 bearing surface

潜水面 phreatic surface, water table 浸润线 phreatic curve

不透水边界 impervious boundary 地下分水岭 groundwater ridge 粘滞性 viscosity 富水性 abundance 透水性（渗透性）permeability

淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation, leaching 反滤层 inverted gravel filter 水锈 incrustation 渗滴 seep

饱和 saturation, saturated

潜水位变化带 zone of variable phreatic level 气象因素 meteorological factor 饱水带 zone of saturation

包气带 aeration zone, zone of aeration 包气带水 aeration zone water 上层滞水 perched water 孔隙水 pore water 裂隙水 fissure water 岩溶水 karstic water

结合水 bound water, combined water 吸着水 hydroscopic water 薄膜水 pellicular water 毛细水 capillary water 重力水 gravitational water 凝结水 condensation water

地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence

地下水埋藏深度 depth of groundwater occurrence

压水试验 packer permeability test

抽水试验 pumping test

5物理力学性质物理力学 physical mechanics n. Physico-mechanical a. 屈服准则 yield criteria

米赛斯屈服准则 Von Mises yield criteria

朗肯土压力理论 Ran king’s earth pressure theory 剑桥模型 Cambridge model, Cam-model

邓肯-张模型 Duncan-chang model 本构方程 constitutive equation 局部剪切破坏 local shear failure 整体剪切破坏 general shear failure

岩体完整性指数intactness index of rock mass 安全系数 factor of safety 埋深 embedment depth 试件 coupons 挠度 deflection 里氏震级 Richter scale 设计烈度 design intensity 基本烈度 basic intensity 场地烈度 site intensity 地震烈度 seismic intensity, intensity scale 卓越周期 predominant period 持力层 sustained yield 超载 surcharge 围岩压力 surrounding rock stress 附加压力 superimposed stress 应力松弛 stress relaxation 应力路迳 stress path 卸荷 unload 渗透率 specific permeability 饱和度 degree of saturation 含水量 moisture content 平均粒径 mean diameter 颗粒 grain, granule, particle 颗粒级配 distribution of grain-size, grain composition, size distribution 级配 graduation,

grain-size distribution, gradation, grading 粒度 coarseness grain size, granularity, lump

不均匀系数 coefficient of non-uniformity, variation coefficient, variation factor 颗粒分级 gradation, size grading 孔隙水 pore water

孔隙比 void ratio (ration) 空隙率 air voids 孔隙率 porosity 裂隙率 crackity 溶隙率 karstity 密度 density 重度 unit weight, bulk weight 浮重度 buoyant unit weight 折减系数 reduction factor

压力消散 dissipation of pressure 抗力系数 coefficient of resistance 软化系数 softening coefficient 含水量 water content 稠度 consistency 塑限 plastic limit 液限 liquid limit 塑性指数 plasticity index 液性指数 liquidity index 流变 rheological 蠕变 creep 塑性 plastic 脆性 brittleness(fragility) 粘性 stickness 刚性 rigidity 弹性的 elastic

粘弹性 viso-elasticity 弹塑性 elasto-plasticity 压缩性 compressibility 均质性 homogeneity 非均质性 nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity) 各向同性 isotropy 各向异性 anisotropy 总应力 total stress 有效应力 effective stress

超孔隙水压力 excess pore pressure 孔隙水压力 pore water pressure 抗压强度 compressive strength 抗拉强度 tensile strength 抗剪强度 shear strength

不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strenght 峰值抗剪强度 peak share strength 长期抗剪强度 long-term shear strength 残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength 负摩擦力 negative skin friction, dragdown

摩擦角 angle of friction 内摩擦角 angle of internal friction 外摩擦角 angle of external friction

内聚力 cohesion 粘聚力 cohesion 假凝聚力 pseudo-cohesion 粘着力 adhesion 摩尔圆 Mohr’s circle 包络线 envelope

休止角 angle of repose,

angle of friction(repose, rest), repose 液化指数 liquefaction index

交角 angular 岩石抗力系数 coefficient of rock resistance 容许承载力 allowable bearing capacity 临塑压力 critical pressure 接触压力 contact pressure

6工程地质问题

angle

峰值 peak 模量 modulus

弹性模量 modulus of elasticity，

Young’s modulus, elastic modulus 压缩模量 modulus of compressibility 变形模量 modulus of deformation 卸荷模量 unloading modulus 切线模量 tangent modulus 剪切模量 shear modulus 割线模量 secant modulus 旁压模量 pressurmeter modulus 泊松比 poisson’s ration 固结 consolidation

固结系数 coefficient of consolidation 固结度 degree of consolidation 超固结比 over consolidation ration 应变 strain

压缩比 compressibility ratio

压缩系数 coefficient of compressibility 压缩指数 compression index 初始曲线 virgin curve

正常固结土 normally consolidated soil 欠固结土 under-consolidated soil 超固结土 over-consolidated soil 被动土压力 passive earth pressure 主动土压力 active earth pressure 静止土压力 earth pressure at rest 覆盖压力 overburden pressure 初始应力 initial stress 地应力场 ground(geostatic) stress field 有效应力 effective stress 动应力 dynamic stress 动荷载 dynamic load 偏心荷载 eccentric loads 循环荷载 inclined loads

地应力 ground stress, geostatic stress 初始应力 initial stress 应力场 stress field 纵波 longitudinal wave 液化势 liquefaction potential

工程地质问题 engineering geological problem 定性评价 qualitative estimate 定量评价 quantitative estimate 极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method

不良地质现象 unfavorable geological condition

风化 weathering 变形 deformation 位移 displacement

不均匀位移 differential movement 相对位移 relative displacement 沉陷 settlement

山崩 avalanche, toppling

崩塌 toppling, toppling collapse 滑坡、地滑 creep, slide

切层滑坡 insequent landslide 深层滑坡 deep slide 浅层滑坡 shallow slide

顺层滑坡 consequent landslide 滑动面

sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface

滑动带 sliding zone 滑床 slide bed

滑坡体 slide(sliding) mass 古滑坡 fossil landslide 推移式滑坡 slumping slide 牵引式滑坡 retrogressive slide 管涌 piping, internal erosion 渗漏 leakage 流砂 quicksand 渗流 seepage 液化 liquefaction

7工程勘察 engineering investigation 工程地质勘察 engineering geology investigation 岩土工程勘察 geotechnical investigation 工程地质条件 engineering geological condition

工程地质评价 engineering geological evaluation

勘测 survey

岩芯采取率 core recovery, core extraction 岩芯获得率

RQD （岩石质量指标） rock quality designation 程序（步骤） procedure 勘察阶段 investigational stage 选点踏勘 reconnaissance 初步设计 primary design 初步规划 preliminary scheme 初步勘探 preliminary prospecting 初步踏勘 ground reconnaissance 可行性研究阶段 feasibility stage 初步设计阶段 preliminary stage 施工阶段 construction sage 踏勘 reconnaissance, inspection 地质测绘 geological survey 工程地质测绘 engineering geological mapping 钻探 borehole operation, boring 物探 geophysical exploration 洞探 exploratory adits 钎探 rod sounding 坑探 exploring mining 槽探 trenching 天然建材调查 natural materials surveying (examination)

岩土工程勘察报告 geotechnical investigation report 鉴定 identification, appraisal 鉴定书 expertise report 鉴定人 identifier, surveyor 校核 verification 总监 chief inspector 比例 proportion 地形图 geographic map 地貌图 geomorphological map 地质图 geological map

工程地质图 engineering geological map 实测地质剖面图

field-acquired geological profile(section)

构造地质图 geological structure map

第四纪地质图 quarternary geological map 地质详图 detail map of geology 地质柱状图 geologic columnar section, geologic log

钻孔柱状图 logs of bore hole 纵剖面图 longitudinal section 横剖面图 cross section

展示图 reveal detail map

节理玫瑰图 rose of joints 基岩等高线 bed rock contour

层底等高线 contour of stratum bottom 岩层界线 strata boundary 岩面高程 elevation of bed rock surface 坐标 coordinate 分层 bed separation 地质点 geological observation point 勘探点 exploratory point (spot) 勘探线 exploratory line 勘探孔 exploration hole 平洞 adit 竖井 riser, shaft, vertical shaft 探槽 exploratory trench 探井 exploratory pit 钻孔 borehole, drill hole 机钻孔 ordinary drill hole 套钻孔 sleeve drill hole 管钻孔 pipe drill hole 岩芯 core 岩芯钻探 core drilling 回转钻探（进）rotary drilling 冲击钻探 churn drilling, percussion drilling 钢砂钻探 shot drilling 铁砂钻进 iron shot drilling 跟管钻进 follow-down drilling 振动钻进 vibro-boring, vibro-drilling 泥浆钻探 mud flush drilling 金刚石钻进 diamond drilling 单动式 single acting 双层 double layer 空气钻探 air flush drilling 钻机 drilling rig 钻头 drill bit, drilling bit 螺旋钻头 auger 勺钻 spoon bit 冲击钻头 percussion bit, chopping bit 桶式钻头 bucket auger 钻杆 drill rod 套管 casing 岩芯管 core barrel 冲洗掖 flush fluid

正循环冲洗 direct circulation 反循环冲洗 reverse circulation 泥浆 mud, slurry 泥皮 mud cake 护壁 dado

止水 seal, water seal 扫孔 cleaning bottom of hole 钻进 drilling 平硐 adit 竖井 shaft

钻探 drilling boring

8工程地质试验

击实试验 compaction test 压缩试验 compression test 固结试验 consolidation test

单轴试验 uniaxial compression test 现场剪切试验 in-situ shear test 单剪试验 simple shear test 直剪试验 direct shear test 慢剪试验 slow test 单剪试验 simple shear test 快剪试验 quick test 三轴剪切试验 triaxial shear test

三轴压缩试验 triaxial compression test 动三轴试验 dynamic triaxial test 不固结不排水剪试验

unconsolidated undrained test(quick test) 固结不排水剪试验

consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)

固结排水试验 consolidated drained test(slow test)

原位测试 in-situ test 现场监测 on-site(in-site) monitoring 现场检测 on-site (in-site) inspection 观测孔 observation borehole 静力触探试验 cone penetration test,

static penetration test, static cone test

标贯试验 standard penetration test 十字板剪切试验 vane shear test, vane test 检层法 up-hole method, borehole method 旁压试验 pressuremeter test 动力触探试验

dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding

点荷载试验 point load test 岩石试验 rock test

应力解除法 stress relief method 应力恢复法 stress recovery method 套孔法 over-coring method

9岩土体加固掌子面 breast, driving face,

heading face, tunnel face

顶拱 vault 底拱 invert 洞室开挖 excavation 超挖 overbreak 风钻 pneumatic drill 开挖断面 excavated section 塌落 slump 细骨料混凝土 concrete made with fine aggregate 细骨料 fine aggregate, fine adjustment 料场 stock ground 土料 earth material 矿渣 cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag 性能 function, performance, property, nature

凝结 coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation 合格 qualified, on test, up to standard 初凝 initial set 初凝时间 initial setting time 终凝 final set 配合比 mix proportion 塌落度 slump

水化热 heat of hydration,

hydration heat, setting heat 水灰比 water-cement ratio 粉煤灰 fly ash 梅花状 quincuncial pattern 喷射 shotcrete 浇注 pouring 钢筋网 coiremesh 加固 reinforce 锚杆 anchored bar, rock bolt 锚索 anchored cable 锚紧端 anchor station 锚桩 anchored peg 采石场 rock quarry 开挖 excavation 清基 cleanup foundation 明挖 open-cut 爆破 explosion 光面爆破 smooth blasting 预裂法 presplitting

10 水工概论坝址 toe of dam 坝踵 heel

坝段 monolith 坝顶 crest 坝肩 shoulders 左坝肩 left dam abutment 副坝 saddle dam 三坝址 the third dam site 标高 height mark 上游水位 headwater

正常库水位 normal reservoir level

地下洞室 underground opening (tunnel) 压力隧洞 pressure tunnel 无压隧洞 gravity tunnel 交通洞 access tunnel 灌浆洞 grouting tunnel 明流洞 free-flow tunnel 孔板洞 orifice tunnel 排砂洞 sediment tunnel 尾水洞 tailrace tunnel 排水洞 drainage tunnel 导流洞 diversion tunnel 隧道 tunnel

围岩 surrounding rock, ambient rock 围岩应力 secondary stress static 应力集中 stress concentrate 覆盖层 over burden 冒顶 cave in, roof fall 底鼓 bottom heave 回弹 rebound 岩爆 rock burst

冻结法 freezing method 超载 over break 衬砌 lining 围堰 cofferdam 堤 dike

近坝岸坡 abutments

施工（收缩）缝 construction joint 心墙 core

截水墙 cutoff wall 防渗墙 diaphragm wall 排水井 drainage wells 排水幕 drainage curtain 减压井 relief wells 反滤层 filter zone 灌浆材料 grout

水力劈裂 hydraulic fracturing 帷幔线 curtain line 上游围堰 upstream cofferdam 混凝土防渗墙 concrete cutoff wall 截流 interim completion

导水墙 channel training wall

正常溢洪道渠首工程 service spillway headwork 消力塘 lined plunge pool 隔墙 divider walls 混凝土护坦 concrete apron 副厂房 auxiliary power house 闸门室 gate chamber 中闸室 mid gate chamber 开关站 switch yard 电梯井 elevator shaft 尾水渠 tail race

非常溢洪道 emergency spillway

11桥梁及基础工程江阴大桥 Jiangyin Bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge 锚碇 anchorage

重力式嵌岩锚 gravity socketed anchorage 北锚碇前（后）锚面

front(back) surface of northern anchorage 塔墩 tower 墩 pier 散索鞍 splay saddle 猫道 footbridge 主缆 main cable 索股 cable strand 主鞍 main saddle, tower saddle 主跨 main span 边跨 side span 引桥 approach 钢箱梁 steel box main girder 埋深 embedment depth 北塔墩基础 north tower base

基础 foundation, footing 浅基础 shallow foundation 深基础 deep foundation 联合基础 combined footing 筏形基础 raft(mat) foundation 钢模 steel form 桩 pile

基桩 foundation pile 群桩 pile groups 桩基础 pile foundation 桩承台 pile cap

高桩承台 high-rise pile cap 低桩承台 buried pile cap 摩擦桩 friction pile 端承桩 end bearing pile

嵌岩桩 socketed pile 板桩 sheet pile

旋喷桩 jet-grouted pile 灌注桩 cast-in-place pile

沉管灌注桩 driven cast-in-place pile 支护桩 soldier piles, tangent piles 刚性桩 rigid pile 柔性桩 flexible pile

侧向受荷桩 laterally loaded pile 轴向受荷桩 axially loaded pile 预制桩 precast concrete pile 振动打桩 vibratory pile driving improvement

垫层 cushion 加固 stabilization 注浆 injection 灌浆 guniting 帷幕 curtain

挡土墙 retaining wall 锚固 anchoring 喷浆 guniting 锚杆 earth anchor 盲沟 French drain 振冲法 vibro jet 振动钻进沉箱沉井（沉箱）地下连续墙支撑超载接触应力井点降水桩极限承载力承载力阻力桩端阻力表面摩擦力粘着系数负摩擦力安全系数压缩层附加应力 stress

持力层地基土临塑压力剪切破坏地基失效冲剪破坏渐进破坏容许荷载极限承载力沉降沉降差尾部倾斜倾斜坑底隆起静止土压力稳定数路堤地基处理

vibratory drilling

caisson 12监测仪器

(open) caisson

观测孔 observation bore/hole diaphragm wall, slurry wall 仪器观测 instrumentation bracing 读数装置 readout device surcharge

传感器 transducer contact pressure

探头 probe

well-point dewatering

压力盒 pressure cell

ultimate bearing capacity of pile 振弦式应变计 vibrating wire strain gauge bearing capacity 伸长计、变位计 extension meter resistance 板式沉降仪 foundation base/pate end resistance 测斜仪 inclinometer skin friction 测压计，渗压计 piezometer adhesion factor

垂线 plumb negative skin friction 垂直度 plumbness factor of safety

compressed layer

13安全监控

additional stress, superimposed 可靠性检查 reliability checking

监控模型 monitoring and prediction bearing layer, sustaining layer model

foundation soil, subsoil 监测 monitoring critical pressure 资料 datum, data shear failure

可靠性 reliability foundation failure 稳定性 stability punching failure 安全 safety

progressive failure 评估 evaluation, appraise allowable load

评定 assessment, assess, rate ultimate bearing capacity 评价准则 criterion

settlement

灾害 hazard, calamity differential settlement 确定性方法论 Deterministic methodology angular distortion 应急行动计划 EAP(emergency action plan) tilting

事故 accident bottom heave

紧急状态 emergency

earth pressure at rest 紧急检查 emergency inspection stability number 灾情等级 hazard classification embankment

灾害评价 hazard evaluation ground treatment soil

风险评估 risk assessment

静力（Static Analysis）

动力（Dynamic Analysis）

蠕变（Creep Material Model）

渗流（Fluid-mechanical Interaction）

热力学（Thermal Option）

headward erosion溯源侵蚀

scouring of levee or bank淘刷

strongly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar

weakly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar

of continually aftershocks of 7 or 8-degree intensity

Evidently 明显的

Correspondingly adv. 相应地; 相关地; 相同地

the hanging wall of triggering seismic fault oblique~bedding bank slope