价格歧视困境
实质上是一种价格差异，通常指商品或服务的提供者在向不同的接受者提供相同等级、相同质量的商品或服务时，在接受者之间实行不同的销售价格或收费标准
矛盾一 ―― 生产者困境：Contradiction -- producer dilemma:
一方面，生产者实行价格歧视能够将消费者剩余转移到生产者剩余，增加生产者利润。另一方面，生产者要实行价格歧视必然导致交易成本的上升，这是因为生产者必须甄别每一个具体消费者，判断他们可以支出的价格。这个过程就带来交易成本的上升。这一交易成本很可能抵消甚至超过价格歧视带来的好处，致使价格歧视难以成为现实On one hand, the producer price discrimination can transfer consumer surplus to the producer surplus, producer profit increase. On the other hand, price discrimination executed by producers will inevitably lead to increased transaction costs, this is because the produces must screen every specific consumer , judging their price of Expenditure. This process leads to increased transaction costs. The transaction cost is likely to offset the benefits of even more than the price discrimination price bring to, which is difficult to become a reality.
。
矛盾二 ―― 消费者困境：Contradiction two -- consumer predicament:
一方面，价格歧视有可能给消费者带来福利。二级价格歧视相对于固定定价是可以给消费者带来更多福利的。三级价格歧视在某些情景中也能给消费者带来福利。On one hand, price discrimination may bring to consumer welfare. Two - degree price discrimination can bring more consumer welfare to consumers compared with the fixed pricing. Three - degree price discrimination in some situations can also bring to consumer welfare.
矛盾三 ―― 宏观经济及供需双方困境Contradiction three -- macro economy and both sides of supply and Demand Dilemma
一方面，生产者可以通过实行价格歧视获取更多的生产者剩余，增加短期利润。通过价格歧视，价格能够有效反映市场状况，社会资源能够得到更好的配置，更有利于社会长期稳定。这实际上是一个帕累托改进。On one hand, the producer can use price discrimination to obtain more producer surplus, increase the short-term profits. By price discrimination price, can effectively reflect the market situation, social resources can be better configuration, more conducive to the long-term social stability. This is actually a Pareto improvement另一方面，由于价格歧视给消费者带来的福利具有不确定性并且不确定性倾向于对多数消费者
不利，任由价格歧视发展会助长这种不公平性，不利于社会文明的健康长久发展。On the other hand, as a result of price discrimination to the consumers of welfare has uncertainty and uncertainty tend to most consumer adverse, let the price discrimination development will contribute to this unfairness, not conducive to the health of long term development of social civilization.
价格歧视困境
实质上是一种价格差异，通常指商品或服务的提供者在向不同的接受者提供相同等级、相同质量的商品或服务时，在接受者之间实行不同的销售价格或收费标准
矛盾一 ―― 生产者困境：Contradiction -- producer dilemma:
一方面，生产者实行价格歧视能够将消费者剩余转移到生产者剩余，增加生产者利润。另一方面，生产者要实行价格歧视必然导致交易成本的上升，这是因为生产者必须甄别每一个具体消费者，判断他们可以支出的价格。这个过程就带来交易成本的上升。这一交易成本很可能抵消甚至超过价格歧视带来的好处，致使价格歧视难以成为现实On one hand, the producer price discrimination can transfer consumer surplus to the producer surplus, producer profit increase. On the other hand, price discrimination executed by producers will inevitably lead to increased transaction costs, this is because the produces must screen every specific consumer , judging their price of Expenditure. This process leads to increased transaction costs. The transaction cost is likely to offset the benefits of even more than the price discrimination price bring to, which is difficult to become a reality.
。
矛盾二 ―― 消费者困境：Contradiction two -- consumer predicament:
一方面，价格歧视有可能给消费者带来福利。二级价格歧视相对于固定定价是可以给消费者带来更多福利的。三级价格歧视在某些情景中也能给消费者带来福利。On one hand, price discrimination may bring to consumer welfare. Two - degree price discrimination can bring more consumer welfare to consumers compared with the fixed pricing. Three - degree price discrimination in some situations can also bring to consumer welfare.
矛盾三 ―― 宏观经济及供需双方困境Contradiction three -- macro economy and both sides of supply and Demand Dilemma
一方面，生产者可以通过实行价格歧视获取更多的生产者剩余，增加短期利润。通过价格歧视，价格能够有效反映市场状况，社会资源能够得到更好的配置，更有利于社会长期稳定。这实际上是一个帕累托改进。On one hand, the producer can use price discrimination to obtain more producer surplus, increase the short-term profits. By price discrimination price, can effectively reflect the market situation, social resources can be better configuration, more conducive to the long-term social stability. This is actually a Pareto improvement另一方面，由于价格歧视给消费者带来的福利具有不确定性并且不确定性倾向于对多数消费者
不利，任由价格歧视发展会助长这种不公平性，不利于社会文明的健康长久发展。On the other hand, as a result of price discrimination to the consumers of welfare has uncertainty and uncertainty tend to most consumer adverse, let the price discrimination development will contribute to this unfairness, not conducive to the health of long term development of social civilization.