２０１１年６月第９卷第３期
地理空间信息
ＧＥＯＳＰＡＴＩＡＬ
ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ
Ｊｕｎ．，２０１１Ｖｏｌ．９，Ｎｏ．３
长城专题影像地图符号制作方法
张江霞1，谢国华2
（1. 甘肃省基础地理信息中心，甘肃兰州730000；2. 兰州军区68011部队, 甘肃兰州730000）摘
要：介绍了甘肃省境内明长城专题地图符号的制作方法，对长城影像地图专题符号制作的关键技术进行探讨和研究；
提出了利用制图软件进行专题地图符号制作，并且形成了完整的、规范化的系列符号，为统一、快速制作长城资源专题影像图奠定坚实基础，满足了文物管理部门对甘肃省境内明长城资源管理、保护、研究的需要。关键词：长城专题影像地图；地图要素；地图符号中图分类号：P283.1
文献标志码:B
表1
文章编号:1672-4623(2011) 03-0151-02长城专题地图符号制作内容
标准轨铁路、窄轨铁路、地铁、轻轨、高速公
基础地理要素
线性要素
路、国道、省道、县道、乡道、专用公路、国界、省级行政区界限、地级行政区界限、县级行政区界限等
土墙、石墙、砖墙、木障墙、山险墙、山险、河
长城专题要素险、消失的长城、壕堑、其他墙体、长城墙体分
段标示符等
敌台、马面、水关（门）、城楼、铺房、烽火台、
点状要素
长城专题要素
关、堡、采石场、砖瓦窑、戊卒墓、挡马墙、品字窑、壕沟、古驿站、居住址、碑碣、刻石、其他遗址遗迹
省级政府驻地、地级政府驻地、县级政府驻
文字注记
专题要素名称
基础地理要素地、乡镇、行政村、自然村、企事业单位、水系
名称、地貌名称、其他地理名称
长城名称、长城单体建筑名称、长城附属设施名称
甘肃省境内明长城资源丰富，专题地图的成果多达490幅（比例尺为1∶10000），专题地图是明长城资源调查的重要成果之一。长城专题影像地图是以影像为工作底图，突出反映了长城主体诸要素的综合性地图。影像图和地图符号分别对长城要素进行图像和图形的表达。如何将长城要素符号化，使之成为醒目的专题要素，同时又能与周围影像较好地融合，并批量生产全省范围内的长城专题影像地图，是设计者应该解决的问题。通过不同制图软件的实验对比，笔者采用ArcGIS 与Illustrator 相结合加以实现。Adobe Illustrator 是美国ADOBE (奥多比) 公司推出的基于矢量数据的图形处理编排系统，操作简单灵活，功能强大。与Cor-elDRAW 相比，它对地图影像的操作处理更为方便，可以通过图像链接功能将Photoshop 处理后的影像直接进行替换，使影像达到极佳的视觉效果。Illustrator 在利用空间数据制图方面优势明显，可以利用各类GIS 数据制作精美的专题地图，而且能够实现空间数据的无损转换，保证制图质量。利用Illustrator 设计实现的画笔及符号保存为*.ai格式文件，可在不同图形文档中可以直接调用。
突出显示诸要素，使符号具有科学内涵、高度艺术表现。1.2.2
基本原则
长城专题制图应遵循如下原则：①地理底图在地图内容选取、地图整饰、成图比例尺、地图投影方面统一协调；②所有成果图，在图幅内部、图幅之间相同要素的表示方法应统一协调；③同一类制图要素用相同符号、相同级别注记，字体及大小统一协调。
1长城专题地图符号制作内容与特点
1.1制作内容
长城专题图制图要素分为线性要素、点状要素以及文字注记（见表1）。1.2制图特点与原则1.2.1
制图特点
首先，从符号表现力看，应注重地图阅读感受，把握主题特征，科学设计各种符号，使优良的符号设计达到最佳的视觉效果，让读者获得正确的空间认知感受；其次，要求准确形象表达长城资源诸要素；最后，
收稿日期：2011-03-18
2长城专题地图符号制作方法
长城专题符号的设计根据专题变量分为点状符号、
线状符号、字符样式3种基本类型。利用Illustrator 编排系统的优点，以制图的方式制作不同符号，拖拽入画笔、符号、字符，并存储*.ai格式文件，形成系列符号，可在不同制图文档中实现调用。2.12.1.1
线状符号制作方法线状符号
在制图学中，线状符号所指代的概念可认为是位
地理空间信息
设计方法：①画1个边长为4mm 的正方形，边线粗细为0.2mm ；②依照设计要求画1个边线粗细为0.14mm 的多边形；③全选对象，进行编组；④拖拽入符号。其他单体建筑点状符号的制作方法与此类似（如图6所示）
。
图4长城符号图5
敌台符号
图6长城单体符号图7注记字符样式
2.3字符库制作
在地图语言中，除了利用以图形为主的基本地图符号外，还要使用自然语言--地图注记，包括地理名称注记、说明注记。地图注记对地图符号起着补充作用，使地图具有可阅读性、可翻译性和成为一种信息传输的工具。地图注记在一定程度上可以说是地图符号的一个组成部分。制作专题图或者区域图时，如果将注记按照对象的类别用字体和颜色表达，用字的大小反映被注对象的重要性和数量等级，形成有规律的字符样式，形成标准化作业，提高工作效率。
制作字符样式步骤如下：①新建字符样式；②鼠标左键双击新字符样式；③对出现的对话框进行字体及大小设置；④设置字符颜色；⑤改样式名称为注记
图1土墙符号
图2不同等级公路
图3虚线符号设计
层对应名称；⑥设置完成点击确定。在字符样式中定制好每一级注记的字符样式，并存储*.ai格式文件（见图7）。
2.4不同要素赋予符号的过程
制作系列专题地图时，在Adobe Illustrator 菜单中只要打开用以上方法建立的相应符号，即可在系列地图中用同一套符号表示相同的专题要素以及选绘的地物要素。
长城专题图的制作采用ArcGIS 系统与Adobe Illus-trator 制图系统相结合，制图要素分层（下转第155页）
制作线状符号注意事项：①单位设为mm ；②符号建立前打开网格线与参考线，形成符号的线必须横平竖直；③为防止曲率太大的线状地物配置符号出现裂痕，故应选择“建立艺术画笔”选项。2.2点状符号制作
以单独位置存在的事物用点位数据来描述。如敌台，它是存在于1个单独位置上的概念，这种概念是具体的。长城单体建筑用不同的点状符号表示, 点状符号制作一般采用复合制法。如图5所示，敌台符号的
第９卷第３期
赵晓丽等：地震及其次生灾害灾情专题图制图模板研究
155
型多样的地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图制图模板。从而，形成了一套针对地震及其次生灾害的灾情信息专题图制图规范。
地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图制图模板可以适用于不同用户，可以使非制图专业的GIS 用户进行专题地图设计工作；也可以修改制作好的专题图。不同灾种、不同专题和不同比例尺专题图模板的设计研究，可以为灾害制图提供种类丰富的模板，为灾害快
图4
玉树地震灾害点分布图（横幅）
速制图、灾情信息显示和评估等提供有力支持。
参考文献
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
刘雪梅. 基于ArcGIS Engine 的地震救援专题图快速制图系
统设计与实现[D ]. 成都：西南交通大学，2010曹彦波, 李永强, 胡秀玉，等. 地震现场灾情信息编码研究[J ]. 地震研究,2010,33(3) :344-345
曹利民, 刘雪梅. 基于ArcGIS 的地震应急救援专题图符号库的设计与实现[J ]. 四川地震,2009(135) :45
王小东, 雷斌, 孙婷婷. 基于ArcGIS 的地质灾害扩展符号库的设计[J ]. 地理空间信息,2009,7(5) :72
祁华斌, 艾廷华, 胡珂. 基于ArcGIS 的地图符号库建立及符号化实施[J ]. 测绘通报,2003(1) :14-15
李东平, 卢爱刚, 孙建国. 基于GIS 的地震专题图制图中的功能开发[J ]. 西北地震学报,2006,28(3) :287
胡鹏, 黄杏元, 华一新. 地理信息系统教程[M ]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002
图5
玉树地震灾害点分布图（纵幅）
第一作者简介：赵晓丽，硕士，研究方向为地理信息系统与遥感应用。
号系统逻辑性、统一性、准确性、对比性，色彩象征性，制图和印刷可能性等一般原则。最终制作出类
[7]
（上接第152页）存放。制图系统Adobe Illustrator 的优点是符号可以按层赋予，非常适用GIS 数据制图。在制作地图时，鼠标激活地图上某一目标或者" 全选" 相同对象图层，点击选择符号中的对应符号，该激活的目标对象即可赋上对应符号。如遇修改错误的情形，Adobe Illustrator 系统可以用选择层及要素相同的描边粗细、填充色等方式进行数据的选择，以达到快速修改的目的。
符号达到完整与统一，保证了成图的综合质量和整饰形式的统一，最终成为合格的长城专题影像地图产品。
参考文献
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
苗先荣, 陈丽珍. 地图设计[M ]. 广州:广东省地图出版社, 1993祝国瑞, 郭礼珍, 尹贡白, 等. 地图设计与编绘[M ]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000
黄仁涛, 庞小平, 马晨燕. 专题地图编制[M ]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
GB/T5791-1993, 1:5000，1:10000地形图图式[S ]
李婧, 周德华. 基于Illustrator 的专题制作及应用[J ]. 安徽地质, 2006,16（2）：140-143
郭开鹤, 张凡. Illustrator CS4中文版基础与实例教程第3版[M ]. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2010
俞连笙, 王涛. 地图整饰[M ]. 北京:测绘出版社, 1995
3结语
由于在甘肃省境内明长城专题影像地图制作工作全面启动之前，项目组通过大量研究、试验规范化地设计了一系列的制图符号。所以，在制作专题图阶段，利用设计好的专题符号，在较短时间内，规范化地完成了490幅专题地图的制作工作，使所有专题地图的
第一作者简介：张江霞，工程师, 主要从事地理信息系统数据
集成研究。
第９卷第３９，期Ｎｏ．３）Ｉｎｄｅｘ（Ｖｏｌ．ＧＥＯＳＰＡＴＩＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ5
develop very quickly, and which including agent the departure of inter-national and domestic air cargo, logistics distribution, air express, mo-tor transport, rail transport, storage, inter-city distribution. In addition, the logistics company is also own inter-regional netwroking, informa-tion, intelligence, which also has supply chain management capabili-ties. Logistics company carries so many services, vehicle which plays an important role as a major tool in logistics company. The site was based on the Google Maps API to achieve the real-time monitoring of vehicle, using JSP +MySQL on page design and could also be queried the general information. Real-time vehicle monitoring and dispatching queries can greatly improve the efficiency of vehicles, thereby improv-ing the company's efficiency.
Key words Logistics company ，Google Maps API ，real-time vehicle
（Page:126）monitoring
Study of Experiment of Interferogram Denosing Filtering
by YU Jingbo
Abstract Based on introducing the basic principles of filtering denois-ing and interferogram denoising quality evaluation idex, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results was carried out by the overall denoising and the decompositive denoising filter denoising interferog-ram.It was shown that the overall denoising had smoothess of better phase and the decomposition method could suppress speckle noise denoising effect and took a good edge retention.
Key words overall denoising ；decomposition denoising ；qualitative
（Page:139）evaluation ；quantitative evaluation ；interferogram
Method for Creation DOM by Airborne LiDAR and Optical Imagesby
HU Qi
Abstract A method for producing digital orthophoto was discussed in the paper ，using laser point cloud and optical image obtained from Li-DAR system. Optical image was oriented by aerial triangulation ，ac-cording to exterior orientation elements provided by GPS and inertial navigation system ，and controled points collecting from laser point clo-ud data.DSM gained from LiDAR laser point cloud was filtered to get DEM. Orthophoto was produced through image rectification with the DEM, after image orientation.
（Page:142）Key words Lidar ，POS ，inertial navigation ，DOM
Precision Analysis of Coordinate Conversion Based on Geodetic Data-base and GPS Database of Hubei Province by JIANG Wei
Abstract By using several kinds of typical coordinate conversion mod-els, this paper analyzed the problems of coordinate conversion based
on geodetic coordinate database and GPS coordinate database of Hubei province. The result showed that if taking Hubei province as the whole to make coordinate conversion, its precision could meet the ne-eds of the medium-small scale mapping and the general engineering surveying. But if the higher precision was required to be satisfied with, the divisional conversion should be made based on Hubei's topogra-phy.
Key words coordinate transformation ，coordinate system ，precision ，
（Page:129）GPS
Status and Future Development of the Standard Structure of Celestial
Navigation System by ZHU Xiaohong
Abstract Celestial Navigation System (CNS ) is a location technology by measuring celestial bodies. According to the analysis on the status and application of CNS, the overseas and domestic standards and specifications of CNS were all described and compared by using clas-sification and induction methods. The status of these specifications and standards were analyzed in detail. At last, the standard structure of CNS was proposed; meanwhile, some suggestions and opinions were given for CNS standards and specifications. Key words Celestial Navigation ，standard and specification ，standard
（Page:145）structure
Spatial-temporal Changes Study of Landscape Pattern in Shenzhen
City Based on RS and GIS by CUI Shuang
Abstract Based on the means of the techniques of RS, GIS and land-scape ecology, achieved the maps of patch types of Shenzhen after processing the TM images of 1995, 1999and 2008through ERDAS and ArcMap to study the landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen dur-ing the past thirteen years. Then calculated the indices of landscape patterns in Shenzhen City using Fragstats 3.3. After analysis, conclude that the human activity was the main driving factor for landscape change ．
Key words Landscape pattern , Landscape indices , RS , GIS , She-（Page:133）nzhen
Quality Inspection and Assessment of Specification GB/T18316-2008
for Digital Surveying and Mapping by CHEN Yanli
Abstract The progresses for GB/T18316-2008in quality inspection methods and quality inspection contents and quality assessment had been discussed in the article. T o strengthen discuss for 1:10000scale topographic maps key elements had been renewed. It indicated that the new specitication had been improved in many aspects compared with old. At last the author put forward some individual suggestiones to perfect the specitication.
Key words digital line graph ，quality inspection ，quality assessment
（Page:148）
Changes of the Regions of "Water in Summer and Land in Winter" in Dongting Lake by LONG Fang
Abstract The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" of four periods in Dongting Lake were extracted by using remote sensing (RS ) and geographic information system (GIS ) . The images of RS for abun-dant-water period and low-water period in Dongting Lake were extrac-ted and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI ) was computed and extracted. The regiond of "water in summer and land in winter" were determined by subtracting the MNDWI in the two images. The changes of the regions among 20years were classified in ENVI 4.3by using the supervised classification. During the 20years from 1987to 2008, the area have increased about 9.52×104hm2, and 40.65%of that is silt beach, 38.94%of that is lake marsh beach, 20.41%of that is reed beach. Previous studies have suggested that lake marsh beach and reed beach is the potential Snail habitats. The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" which was helpful for the distinguished and surveillance of snail habitat in marshland and for the prevention of schistosomiasis could be extracted from the satellite images.
Key words The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" ，snail
（Page:136）habitats ，remote sensing image processing ，GIS
Procedure of Great-Wall Thematic Map Symbols Library
by ZHANG Jiangxia
Abstract The paper introduced the key technology of making thematic map symbols library that servered for Ming Great Wall resource inves-tigation of Gansu. A new procedure of making thematic map symbols was proposed based on Illustrator@,which formed integrated and standard symbols library. Not olny did perform the work of making map of Great Wall thematic image, but also facilitated the study, manage-ment and protection of Ming Great Wall resource of Gansu.
Key words map of Great Wall thematic image, map factors, map sym-（Page:151）bols
Research of Disaster Information Mapping Templates of Earthquake
and the Secondary Disasters by ZHAO Xiaoli
２０１１年６月第９卷第３期
地理空间信息
ＧＥＯＳＰＡＴＩＡＬ
ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ
Ｊｕｎ．，２０１１Ｖｏｌ．９，Ｎｏ．３
长城专题影像地图符号制作方法
张江霞1，谢国华2
（1. 甘肃省基础地理信息中心，甘肃兰州730000；2. 兰州军区68011部队, 甘肃兰州730000）摘
要：介绍了甘肃省境内明长城专题地图符号的制作方法，对长城影像地图专题符号制作的关键技术进行探讨和研究；
提出了利用制图软件进行专题地图符号制作，并且形成了完整的、规范化的系列符号，为统一、快速制作长城资源专题影像图奠定坚实基础，满足了文物管理部门对甘肃省境内明长城资源管理、保护、研究的需要。关键词：长城专题影像地图；地图要素；地图符号中图分类号：P283.1
文献标志码:B
表1
文章编号:1672-4623(2011) 03-0151-02长城专题地图符号制作内容
标准轨铁路、窄轨铁路、地铁、轻轨、高速公
基础地理要素
线性要素
路、国道、省道、县道、乡道、专用公路、国界、省级行政区界限、地级行政区界限、县级行政区界限等
土墙、石墙、砖墙、木障墙、山险墙、山险、河
长城专题要素险、消失的长城、壕堑、其他墙体、长城墙体分
段标示符等
敌台、马面、水关（门）、城楼、铺房、烽火台、
点状要素
长城专题要素
关、堡、采石场、砖瓦窑、戊卒墓、挡马墙、品字窑、壕沟、古驿站、居住址、碑碣、刻石、其他遗址遗迹
省级政府驻地、地级政府驻地、县级政府驻
文字注记
专题要素名称
基础地理要素地、乡镇、行政村、自然村、企事业单位、水系
名称、地貌名称、其他地理名称
长城名称、长城单体建筑名称、长城附属设施名称
甘肃省境内明长城资源丰富，专题地图的成果多达490幅（比例尺为1∶10000），专题地图是明长城资源调查的重要成果之一。长城专题影像地图是以影像为工作底图，突出反映了长城主体诸要素的综合性地图。影像图和地图符号分别对长城要素进行图像和图形的表达。如何将长城要素符号化，使之成为醒目的专题要素，同时又能与周围影像较好地融合，并批量生产全省范围内的长城专题影像地图，是设计者应该解决的问题。通过不同制图软件的实验对比，笔者采用ArcGIS 与Illustrator 相结合加以实现。Adobe Illustrator 是美国ADOBE (奥多比) 公司推出的基于矢量数据的图形处理编排系统，操作简单灵活，功能强大。与Cor-elDRAW 相比，它对地图影像的操作处理更为方便，可以通过图像链接功能将Photoshop 处理后的影像直接进行替换，使影像达到极佳的视觉效果。Illustrator 在利用空间数据制图方面优势明显，可以利用各类GIS 数据制作精美的专题地图，而且能够实现空间数据的无损转换，保证制图质量。利用Illustrator 设计实现的画笔及符号保存为*.ai格式文件，可在不同图形文档中可以直接调用。
突出显示诸要素，使符号具有科学内涵、高度艺术表现。1.2.2
基本原则
长城专题制图应遵循如下原则：①地理底图在地图内容选取、地图整饰、成图比例尺、地图投影方面统一协调；②所有成果图，在图幅内部、图幅之间相同要素的表示方法应统一协调；③同一类制图要素用相同符号、相同级别注记，字体及大小统一协调。
1长城专题地图符号制作内容与特点
1.1制作内容
长城专题图制图要素分为线性要素、点状要素以及文字注记（见表1）。1.2制图特点与原则1.2.1
制图特点
首先，从符号表现力看，应注重地图阅读感受，把握主题特征，科学设计各种符号，使优良的符号设计达到最佳的视觉效果，让读者获得正确的空间认知感受；其次，要求准确形象表达长城资源诸要素；最后，
收稿日期：2011-03-18
2长城专题地图符号制作方法
长城专题符号的设计根据专题变量分为点状符号、
线状符号、字符样式3种基本类型。利用Illustrator 编排系统的优点，以制图的方式制作不同符号，拖拽入画笔、符号、字符，并存储*.ai格式文件，形成系列符号，可在不同制图文档中实现调用。2.12.1.1
线状符号制作方法线状符号
在制图学中，线状符号所指代的概念可认为是位
地理空间信息
设计方法：①画1个边长为4mm 的正方形，边线粗细为0.2mm ；②依照设计要求画1个边线粗细为0.14mm 的多边形；③全选对象，进行编组；④拖拽入符号。其他单体建筑点状符号的制作方法与此类似（如图6所示）
。
图4长城符号图5
敌台符号
图6长城单体符号图7注记字符样式
2.3字符库制作
在地图语言中，除了利用以图形为主的基本地图符号外，还要使用自然语言--地图注记，包括地理名称注记、说明注记。地图注记对地图符号起着补充作用，使地图具有可阅读性、可翻译性和成为一种信息传输的工具。地图注记在一定程度上可以说是地图符号的一个组成部分。制作专题图或者区域图时，如果将注记按照对象的类别用字体和颜色表达，用字的大小反映被注对象的重要性和数量等级，形成有规律的字符样式，形成标准化作业，提高工作效率。
制作字符样式步骤如下：①新建字符样式；②鼠标左键双击新字符样式；③对出现的对话框进行字体及大小设置；④设置字符颜色；⑤改样式名称为注记
图1土墙符号
图2不同等级公路
图3虚线符号设计
层对应名称；⑥设置完成点击确定。在字符样式中定制好每一级注记的字符样式，并存储*.ai格式文件（见图7）。
2.4不同要素赋予符号的过程
制作系列专题地图时，在Adobe Illustrator 菜单中只要打开用以上方法建立的相应符号，即可在系列地图中用同一套符号表示相同的专题要素以及选绘的地物要素。
长城专题图的制作采用ArcGIS 系统与Adobe Illus-trator 制图系统相结合，制图要素分层（下转第155页）
制作线状符号注意事项：①单位设为mm ；②符号建立前打开网格线与参考线，形成符号的线必须横平竖直；③为防止曲率太大的线状地物配置符号出现裂痕，故应选择“建立艺术画笔”选项。2.2点状符号制作
以单独位置存在的事物用点位数据来描述。如敌台，它是存在于1个单独位置上的概念，这种概念是具体的。长城单体建筑用不同的点状符号表示, 点状符号制作一般采用复合制法。如图5所示，敌台符号的
第９卷第３期
赵晓丽等：地震及其次生灾害灾情专题图制图模板研究
155
型多样的地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图制图模板。从而，形成了一套针对地震及其次生灾害的灾情信息专题图制图规范。
地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图制图模板可以适用于不同用户，可以使非制图专业的GIS 用户进行专题地图设计工作；也可以修改制作好的专题图。不同灾种、不同专题和不同比例尺专题图模板的设计研究，可以为灾害制图提供种类丰富的模板，为灾害快
图4
玉树地震灾害点分布图（横幅）
速制图、灾情信息显示和评估等提供有力支持。
参考文献
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
刘雪梅. 基于ArcGIS Engine 的地震救援专题图快速制图系
统设计与实现[D ]. 成都：西南交通大学，2010曹彦波, 李永强, 胡秀玉，等. 地震现场灾情信息编码研究[J ]. 地震研究,2010,33(3) :344-345
曹利民, 刘雪梅. 基于ArcGIS 的地震应急救援专题图符号库的设计与实现[J ]. 四川地震,2009(135) :45
王小东, 雷斌, 孙婷婷. 基于ArcGIS 的地质灾害扩展符号库的设计[J ]. 地理空间信息,2009,7(5) :72
祁华斌, 艾廷华, 胡珂. 基于ArcGIS 的地图符号库建立及符号化实施[J ]. 测绘通报,2003(1) :14-15
李东平, 卢爱刚, 孙建国. 基于GIS 的地震专题图制图中的功能开发[J ]. 西北地震学报,2006,28(3) :287
胡鹏, 黄杏元, 华一新. 地理信息系统教程[M ]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002
图5
玉树地震灾害点分布图（纵幅）
第一作者简介：赵晓丽，硕士，研究方向为地理信息系统与遥感应用。
号系统逻辑性、统一性、准确性、对比性，色彩象征性，制图和印刷可能性等一般原则。最终制作出类
[7]
（上接第152页）存放。制图系统Adobe Illustrator 的优点是符号可以按层赋予，非常适用GIS 数据制图。在制作地图时，鼠标激活地图上某一目标或者" 全选" 相同对象图层，点击选择符号中的对应符号，该激活的目标对象即可赋上对应符号。如遇修改错误的情形，Adobe Illustrator 系统可以用选择层及要素相同的描边粗细、填充色等方式进行数据的选择，以达到快速修改的目的。
符号达到完整与统一，保证了成图的综合质量和整饰形式的统一，最终成为合格的长城专题影像地图产品。
参考文献
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
苗先荣, 陈丽珍. 地图设计[M ]. 广州:广东省地图出版社, 1993祝国瑞, 郭礼珍, 尹贡白, 等. 地图设计与编绘[M ]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000
黄仁涛, 庞小平, 马晨燕. 专题地图编制[M ]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
GB/T5791-1993, 1:5000，1:10000地形图图式[S ]
李婧, 周德华. 基于Illustrator 的专题制作及应用[J ]. 安徽地质, 2006,16（2）：140-143
郭开鹤, 张凡. Illustrator CS4中文版基础与实例教程第3版[M ]. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2010
俞连笙, 王涛. 地图整饰[M ]. 北京:测绘出版社, 1995
3结语
由于在甘肃省境内明长城专题影像地图制作工作全面启动之前，项目组通过大量研究、试验规范化地设计了一系列的制图符号。所以，在制作专题图阶段，利用设计好的专题符号，在较短时间内，规范化地完成了490幅专题地图的制作工作，使所有专题地图的
第一作者简介：张江霞，工程师, 主要从事地理信息系统数据
集成研究。
第９卷第３９，期Ｎｏ．３）Ｉｎｄｅｘ（Ｖｏｌ．ＧＥＯＳＰＡＴＩＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ5
develop very quickly, and which including agent the departure of inter-national and domestic air cargo, logistics distribution, air express, mo-tor transport, rail transport, storage, inter-city distribution. In addition, the logistics company is also own inter-regional netwroking, informa-tion, intelligence, which also has supply chain management capabili-ties. Logistics company carries so many services, vehicle which plays an important role as a major tool in logistics company. The site was based on the Google Maps API to achieve the real-time monitoring of vehicle, using JSP +MySQL on page design and could also be queried the general information. Real-time vehicle monitoring and dispatching queries can greatly improve the efficiency of vehicles, thereby improv-ing the company's efficiency.
Key words Logistics company ，Google Maps API ，real-time vehicle
（Page:126）monitoring
Study of Experiment of Interferogram Denosing Filtering
by YU Jingbo
Abstract Based on introducing the basic principles of filtering denois-ing and interferogram denoising quality evaluation idex, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results was carried out by the overall denoising and the decompositive denoising filter denoising interferog-ram.It was shown that the overall denoising had smoothess of better phase and the decomposition method could suppress speckle noise denoising effect and took a good edge retention.
Key words overall denoising ；decomposition denoising ；qualitative
（Page:139）evaluation ；quantitative evaluation ；interferogram
Method for Creation DOM by Airborne LiDAR and Optical Imagesby
HU Qi
Abstract A method for producing digital orthophoto was discussed in the paper ，using laser point cloud and optical image obtained from Li-DAR system. Optical image was oriented by aerial triangulation ，ac-cording to exterior orientation elements provided by GPS and inertial navigation system ，and controled points collecting from laser point clo-ud data.DSM gained from LiDAR laser point cloud was filtered to get DEM. Orthophoto was produced through image rectification with the DEM, after image orientation.
（Page:142）Key words Lidar ，POS ，inertial navigation ，DOM
Precision Analysis of Coordinate Conversion Based on Geodetic Data-base and GPS Database of Hubei Province by JIANG Wei
Abstract By using several kinds of typical coordinate conversion mod-els, this paper analyzed the problems of coordinate conversion based
on geodetic coordinate database and GPS coordinate database of Hubei province. The result showed that if taking Hubei province as the whole to make coordinate conversion, its precision could meet the ne-eds of the medium-small scale mapping and the general engineering surveying. But if the higher precision was required to be satisfied with, the divisional conversion should be made based on Hubei's topogra-phy.
Key words coordinate transformation ，coordinate system ，precision ，
（Page:129）GPS
Status and Future Development of the Standard Structure of Celestial
Navigation System by ZHU Xiaohong
Abstract Celestial Navigation System (CNS ) is a location technology by measuring celestial bodies. According to the analysis on the status and application of CNS, the overseas and domestic standards and specifications of CNS were all described and compared by using clas-sification and induction methods. The status of these specifications and standards were analyzed in detail. At last, the standard structure of CNS was proposed; meanwhile, some suggestions and opinions were given for CNS standards and specifications. Key words Celestial Navigation ，standard and specification ，standard
（Page:145）structure
Spatial-temporal Changes Study of Landscape Pattern in Shenzhen
City Based on RS and GIS by CUI Shuang
Abstract Based on the means of the techniques of RS, GIS and land-scape ecology, achieved the maps of patch types of Shenzhen after processing the TM images of 1995, 1999and 2008through ERDAS and ArcMap to study the landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen dur-ing the past thirteen years. Then calculated the indices of landscape patterns in Shenzhen City using Fragstats 3.3. After analysis, conclude that the human activity was the main driving factor for landscape change ．
Key words Landscape pattern , Landscape indices , RS , GIS , She-（Page:133）nzhen
Quality Inspection and Assessment of Specification GB/T18316-2008
for Digital Surveying and Mapping by CHEN Yanli
Abstract The progresses for GB/T18316-2008in quality inspection methods and quality inspection contents and quality assessment had been discussed in the article. T o strengthen discuss for 1:10000scale topographic maps key elements had been renewed. It indicated that the new specitication had been improved in many aspects compared with old. At last the author put forward some individual suggestiones to perfect the specitication.
Key words digital line graph ，quality inspection ，quality assessment
（Page:148）
Changes of the Regions of "Water in Summer and Land in Winter" in Dongting Lake by LONG Fang
Abstract The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" of four periods in Dongting Lake were extracted by using remote sensing (RS ) and geographic information system (GIS ) . The images of RS for abun-dant-water period and low-water period in Dongting Lake were extrac-ted and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI ) was computed and extracted. The regiond of "water in summer and land in winter" were determined by subtracting the MNDWI in the two images. The changes of the regions among 20years were classified in ENVI 4.3by using the supervised classification. During the 20years from 1987to 2008, the area have increased about 9.52×104hm2, and 40.65%of that is silt beach, 38.94%of that is lake marsh beach, 20.41%of that is reed beach. Previous studies have suggested that lake marsh beach and reed beach is the potential Snail habitats. The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" which was helpful for the distinguished and surveillance of snail habitat in marshland and for the prevention of schistosomiasis could be extracted from the satellite images.
Key words The regions of "water in summer and land in winter" ，snail
（Page:136）habitats ，remote sensing image processing ，GIS
Procedure of Great-Wall Thematic Map Symbols Library
by ZHANG Jiangxia
Abstract The paper introduced the key technology of making thematic map symbols library that servered for Ming Great Wall resource inves-tigation of Gansu. A new procedure of making thematic map symbols was proposed based on Illustrator@,which formed integrated and standard symbols library. Not olny did perform the work of making map of Great Wall thematic image, but also facilitated the study, manage-ment and protection of Ming Great Wall resource of Gansu.
Key words map of Great Wall thematic image, map factors, map sym-（Page:151）bols
Research of Disaster Information Mapping Templates of Earthquake
and the Secondary Disasters by ZHAO Xiaoli