阅读理解
Eat to Live
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‟s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‟t start to diet until old age.
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‟s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won‟t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.
Spindler‟s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet tohalf-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70human years.
The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.
"This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.
No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There‟s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.
If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
But Spindler isn‟t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‟re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it‟s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: „I can only eat half of that,. ”
Spindler hopes we soon won‟t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.
词汇：
meager adj.不足的
youthful adj.有青春活力的
vigor n.精力，活力
metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程
genetic adj.基因的
rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童
注释：
1. hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it might
be worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-----或许有一天它会值很多钱。
2. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for themouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time岁月造成
的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。
3. half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。
4. free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。
5. kick in：意为“开始起作用”。 如：We’re still waiting for the air conditioning tokick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。
6. be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。
练习：
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（D）
A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.
B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.
C Dieting might not be needed.
D We have to begin dieting since childhood.
2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?(B)
A To describe the influence of old age on mice.
B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.
C To tell us how mice‟s liver genes behave.
D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.
3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?(D)
A They will not experience free radical production.
B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.
C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.
D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.
4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?(A)
A The mice that started dieting in old age.
B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.
C Calorie restriction that works in people.
D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.
5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that(C)
A calorie restrictionis very important to young people.
B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.
C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.
D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.
答案与题解：
1. D第一k第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，
我们 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就更多精品在大家！ http://club.topsage.com/ 大家网，大家的！http://club.topsage.com/ 大家论坛 3 / 19开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。
2. B第二段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题o
3. D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，D正确。
4. A 第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。
5. C文章的最后两段谈及Spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。
参考译文
第十六篇 为生存而食
粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。
加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬•斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。
斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。
研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000 种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那 46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但 是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。
“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃•华纳说。
至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”
如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。
但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。” 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物
第二十九篇 “Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer.“ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，”Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn‟t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals.
For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.
People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.
“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue‟s lower exposure to alcohol.
词汇：
cavity n.腔 pharynx n.咽 pharyngeal adj.咽的 esophagus n.食管 esophageal adj.食管的 larynx n.喉 scrub v.擦净，擦掉
注释：
1. „than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。
2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式
3. downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“largein amount”（大
量的）。
4. laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。
5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到„„7. in an average week：平均每星期
8. up to：高达
9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。
10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。
11. high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。 high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。
12. was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。 练习：
1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people(A)
A who drink alcohol outside of mealsur
B who drink alcohol at meals.
C who never drink alcohol.
D who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.
2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?(C)
A It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.
B It may also be a cause of cancer.
C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.
D It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?(a)
A 3 drinks. B 8 drinks. C 20 drinks. D 56 drinks.
4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned inthe passage?(B)
A Oral cancer. B Laryngeal cancer.
C Pharyngeal cancer . D Esophageal cancer.
5. According to the last paragraph, tissue‟s lower exposure to alcohol(B)
A explains why inflammation triggers cancer.
B accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.
C is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.
D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.
答案与题解.
1. A文章第一个句子就是答案。
2. C第二段的第二句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了20%，而不是就餐饮酒的情况。所以C是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。
3. A 第三段第二句告诉我们，酒精摄人量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达20杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。
4. B文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词in contrast连接的两个句子。incontrast 表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组，患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精
摄入量组相比，分别是他们的10倍、7倍和16倍，而第二句告诉我们，相比之下，其患喉癌的机率只是另一组的3倍。因此，B是正确选项。
5. D文章最后一句提供了答案。
参考译文：
第二十九篇 “不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义
一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino DalMaso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。
在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%〜80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。” Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。
为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21〜34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。
和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。
“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。
第三十九篇 Sauna
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may betaken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in afire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body‟s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
词汇：
sauna n.(芬兰式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴 congestion n.阻塞;拥塞 odor n.气味，味道
arthritis 关节炎 inflammation n.炎(症） grime n.污垢；尘垢
cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的 diabetes n.糖尿病
1. ceremonial bathing:仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。
2. pre-Columbian Americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian是Columbus的形容词形式，意思是“哥伦布的”;pre-是前缀,意思是:在„„前。pre-ColumbianAmericans，其完整的意思是: 哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。
3. fire-pit:火槽
4. relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。
5. alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。6. imitate: to appear like; resemble:像;类似
7. feed a cold, starve a fever:[谤]伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。
8. lb: pound(磅)的缩写形式。
9. cardiovascular system:心血管系统
10. a work out:做名词用，意为“运动，锻炼”。
11. sessions:(做某事或进行某活动的)一段时间
练习：
1. Ceremonial bathing _________.(C)
A) is called the sauna by Finns B) is equivalent to the steam bath
C) has various forms D) is held in an enclosed room
2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?(B)
A) Saunas in underground caves. B) Saunas with smoke.
C) Saunas using wood burning stoves. D) Saunas using electric stoves.
3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .(D)
A) reducing the chance of getting cold B) speeding recovery
C) relieving stress D) curing asthma
4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glowbecause_________.(A)
A) pores are cleaned by sweat B) water is lost by sweating
C) blood moves to the surface for heat exchange D) the heart pumps harder and faster
5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?
A) Elderly people. B) Pregnant women.
C) People with heart trouble. D) All of the above.
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing 有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有C是正确的选项。
2. B根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指烟熏的气味。
3. D 该段最后一句说 The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood ofgetting a cold; 第四句说 they may help to ... speed recovery time; 第一句说Saunas are ... stress relieving。 所 以，A、B、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitatesbreathing,这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择D项。
4. A该段第三句提供了答案。
5. D文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以D是正确的选项。
参考译文
第三十九篇 桑拿浴
仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出
洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。 热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1~2摄氏度，就像 发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期 蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。
蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每 小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体 机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得 到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。
健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实， 每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。
完形填空
第二篇 A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _1(plants)__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2(insects)__ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
Events outside the plant and animal __3(affect)__ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4(because of)__ the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5(days)__ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.
Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6(flight)__ twice each year. Birds __7(prevented from)__ flying become restless when it is time for the trip， __8(but)__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9(parts)__ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10(seems)__ to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11(cells)__ tell a person when to __12(awaken)__ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
Dr. Moorhead is studying __13(how)__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.__14(It)__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15(such)__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory‟s production,
词汇：
biological adj.生物(学）的 insect n.昆虫 cocoon n.防护卵袋，茧 fur n.软毛
注释：
1. 本句中谓语动词tells的宾语由两部分组成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是带疑问副词的动词不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名词从句。从修辞上说，两者有些不平衡。
2. „the way we do our work 可以理解为 the way in which we do our work 或 theway that we do our work.实际上，三种说法都成立。如：
He speaks English the way the English people do.
I don‟t understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.
3. take作“花费，花去”解时可用于几种不同的句型：
It will take me five days to complete the work.
The work will take me five days to complete.
To complete this work will take me five days.
练习：
1. A. scientists B. humans C. plants D. animals
2. A. insects B. birds C. fish D. snakes
3. A. effect B. affect C. effected D. affected
4. A. because B. for the reason that C. because of D. since
5. A. months B. days C. minutes D. weeks
6. A. flight B. fly C. movement D. transportation
7. A. prevented from B. ordered by C. helped by D. intruded on
8. A. and B. but C. therefore D. however
9. A. portions B. parts C. sections D. kinds
10. A. try B. tries C. seem D. seems
11. A. things B. parts C. cells D. actions
12. A. awaken B. woke C. awakening D. wake-up
13. A. how B. why C. where D. what
14. A. We B. It C. They D. You
15. A. so B. with C. such D. if
答案与题解：
1. C 从后半句 When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道，只有plants 才有花。前面没有定冠词修饰的plants是泛指植物这一大类，与动物类相对应。
2. A 后面出现的 when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away 提示我们，唯有选insects 才是正确的，因为只有insects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都没有。
3. B affect作为动词是“影响”的意思，而effect作为动词则是“使发生;使生效”的意思。这里谈论的是动植物生物钟的一般情况，所以使用动词的一般现在时。
4. C这里应使用介词短语，因为其后是名词。because和since都有“因为”的意思，但它们都是连词，用来引导原因状语从句,如:
He will not come because he is ill.
Since he is ill, he will not come.
for the reason that后接句子，所以也不是答案。
5. B 根据下句中的 in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的 the numberof hours of daylight,以及该段的中心意思，可以判断，应选择B,因为冬天日短夜长,夏天则反之。
6. A本句中有birds，migration这些词，下一句又谈及迁徙飞行前的躁动不安，就知道应该填词义为“飞行”的名词。fly是动词，不能选择;其他两个选项也都不合适。flight是fly的名词形式，所以是合适的选择。
7. A该句句子的主干是：主语birds,谓语become restless。所以，所填的词是过去分词，修饰 birds。从上下文表达的意思判断,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被帮助）和intruded on(被强加）都不匹配，只有prevented from是合适的选择。
8. B很明显，这里需使用连词，连接该句中平行的两个分句。而根据整个句子的句意，上半句和下半句形成反差对比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended，所以应选择but,表示相反的两层意思。
9. B portion是“一定数量;一份”, section是“切下的部分”，kind是“种类”，都不符合上下文意思连贯的要求。唯有B是正确的选项。
10. D不能选择C,因为主语是group,而不是cells，所以要采用动词的第三人称单数形式 seems A和B不符合常识。
11. C These 一词说明，其后的名词是上文已经提到的某些事物，即cells。从下文中可以看出，尽管actions —词也在上文中出现,但该词不符合句意。选项A和B意思不准确。
12. A该句中的三个宾语都是带疑问副词的动词不定式，所以都要用动词原形。awaken是唯一合适的选择，woke是wake的一般过去形式,awakening是形容词,wake-up是名词。
13. A studying后面是一个从句作它的宾语,而从句起首处应有个连词。把C或D填入空格 上下文意思不连贯。根据下文的例子，作者讨论的不是生物钟为什么会影响我们的工作， -而是生物钟如何影响我们的工作。所以，how是正确的选择。 14. B从句子结构中不难看出，to accept the major change in work hours是实际上的主语，而此处需要一个形式主语，所以只能选择It。
15. C该句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding, C便是最佳的选项。其他三个选项均不符合语法。
参考译文
第二篇 生物钟
每一种生物都有控制它们行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。生物钟告诉植物的花朵何时生长，何时开放；生物钟告诉昆虫何时离开防护卵袋，远远飞去；生物钟还告诉动物和人类何时进食、睡眠，何时苏醒。
外界的变化会影响某些动植物的生物钟。例如，科学家最近发现，有一种很小的动物，会随着白天日照时间的长短改变其毛发的颜色。冬季日照时间短，它的毛变成白色。夏季白天日照时间长，它的毛又变成棕灰色。
还有的生物，它们的生物钟受体内信号控制。德国的科学家发现，鸟类体内的某种生物钟迫 使它们每年做两次长距离迁移。那些被迫不能迁移的鸟，当迁移时间到来时，会显得烦躁不安，而当这段时间过后，它们又恢复了平静。
科学家们指出，他们开始探索大脑内部的哪些部位存在生物钟。一位美国的研究员，马丁• 莫亥德（Martin Moorhead)曾指出，好像是人脑前部的一小群细胞控制着人体的行为。这些细胞控制着人体睡眠、苏醒和觅食的时间。另外，科学工作者推测，可能还有另外的生物钟细胞控制人体的其他行为。
目前，莫亥德博士正在研究生物钟对人们工作方面的影响。比如，如果经常改变工作时间， 绝大多数人会感觉不适应。要适应工作时间上的较大变动，可能需要相当长一段日子。莫亥德博士说，工厂的领导应该对生物钟有进一步的了解，懂得生物钟对工人的影响，如此则会减少工作 中的不适和事故，对提高生产大有裨益。
第九篇 The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints
One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing __1（them）__ could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a __2(problem)__ of losing fingerprints is.
Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to __3(treat)__ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the __4(drug)__ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials __5(for)__ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly __6(marks)__ appearing from his index finger.
U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are __7(printed)__ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential __8(side)__ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. __9(Hence)__ ，no fingerprints. “It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will __10(begin)__ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who __11(prescribe)__ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor‟s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.
Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn‟t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor‟s note —and won’t leave home __12(without)__ it.
By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, __13(which0__ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider __14(updating)__ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where __15(does)__ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.
词汇：
fingerprint n.指纹 whorl n.罗纹，箩状指纹 annals n.年报 oncology n,肿瘤学
capecitabine n.卡培他滨 nasopharyngeal adj. 鼻炎的 swirly adj. 旋涡状的
digit n. 开始 vomit v. 呕吐
注释：
1. capecitabine卡培他滨。是一种口服的化疗药物，用于治疗转移性乳腺癌、大肠癌、咽喉癌等，以减缓肿瘤生长。
2. index finger:食指
3. U. S. customs: 美国海关。customs视作一个组织，用作单数名词，所以在文章中后接has。
4. terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked withkeeping out of the country:我们的联邦卫士的职责是要把那些恐怖分子和疑似罪犯档在国门之外。关系代词that引导的是一个限制性定语从句，修饰terrorists叫d potential criminals。that在定语从句中作keeping的宾语。
5. traveler:旅行者。traveler是美国英语的拼法。英国英语的拼法是traveller。
6. the tissue on the finger pads:指尖上的肉垫组织
7. Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States:那位新加坡旅客终于进入了美国。make it into金为“进入”。
8. red flags:(表示危险的）红旗，即危险信号。挥动红旗表示危险，最初用于铁路，后来西方公司等用英文词red flags或红色小旗表示业绩下降等。
9. the Food and Drug Administration:美国食品和药物局
10. The current list does note:现有的副作用清单中确实列出。在肯定句谓语动词前加用do/ does/did,是为了强调该动词，汉语可译为“确实”。如：He speaks Chinese, English, French, Spanish and Russian.
He does speak Chinese, English, French, Spanish and Russian.
(他确实会说汉语，英语，法语，西班牙语和俄语。)
练习：
1. A. he. B. them. C. her. D. him
2. A. theme. B. topic. C. creation. D. problem
3. A. treat. B. cut. C. find. D. smooth
4. A. recovery. B. diet. C. drug. D. diagnosis
5. A. in. B. at. C. for. D. on
6. A. digits. B. marks. C. images. D. pictures
7. A. printed. B. located. C. cured. D. placed
8. A. normal. B. good. C. main. D. side
9. A. However. B. Hence. C. Moreover. D. Furthermore
10. A. begin. B. like. C. decide. D. have
11. A. prevent. B. preserve. C. presume. D. prescribe
12. A. off. B. on. C. without. D. with
13. A. who. B. where. C. when. D. which
14. A. updating. B. using. C. printing. D. cancelling
15. A. must. B. does. C. may. D. should
答案与题解：
1. B根据上下文的意思，失去（losing)的应该是fingerpririts。fingerprints是复数形式，指代它的代词是them。其他三个代词都不合适。
2. D前面两个句子说，失去指纹是一大问题。本句说，要举出一个实例以说明失去指纹会造成极大的困扰。所以只有选项D最合适。
3. A第二段描述了实例的细节。第一句说病人用一种药名为卡培他滨的抗癌药治疗他的鼻咽癌。所以treat是必然的选择。cut(切割)，find(寻找) 和smooth(弄平)都与上下文接不上。
4. C从上下文判断，“After three years on the „.(经过三年的„„）”的后面应该接“用药”、 “治疗”等字眼，所以选 drug 是正确的。选 recovery(康复），diet(节食）或diagnosis(诊断）都与后面提到的病人进入美国受阻的事件接不上。
5. C for表示时间上“达到”，for 4 hours意为“长达4小时”。
6. B美国海关因为采集不到那位癌症患者的指纹样本，于是盘问了他4小时。所以本句提到的swirly应该与marks搭配，意思是“旋涡状指纹标记”。
7. A为了防止恐怖分子和罪犯进入美国，美国海关通过电脑对国人境者进行指纹采样，然后与指纹库进行比照。根据常理，海关要检查每一位外国人的指纹。采样的手指是食指。后面的screened（比照）是解题的重要线索，引导读者选A,即printed。这里printed =
fingerprinted(采集指纹样本）。其他三个选项,即located(找出)、cured(治疗）和placed(置放），都与上下文的意思接不上。
8. D实例中的新加坡人用了抗癌药后的一个副作用是指纹消失，这是一种不良反应。所以，选good, main, normal (正常的）都不符合上下文的意思，只有side才是答案。side effect意为“副作用”。
9. B前面句子提及的服抗癌药是因，本段最后一句是果，连接词应该用Hence。而However 表示转折关系，Moreover和Furthermore表示“进一步”的关系，与上文连接不上。
10.A 本段表达的意思是: 由于癌症病人服用卡培他滨后指纹何时开始消失还不清楚，所以主治医生要提前为病人开具指纹可能会消失的证明单。to take place(发生）之前填上like, decide或have都与上下文的意思接不上，只有begin最合适。
11. D参阅上一题的题解。本题四个选项中的英语词的前三个字母都是pre-，只要知道 prescribe的词义是“开处方'就会选D。
12. C第五段的意思是,那位病人已经拿到医生开具的指纹消失证明单，现在他出门旅行不会不带上它。本题without是答案。
13. D哪一个政府机构许可（approved) 使用该类抗癌药？就是本段第一句提到的the Food and Drug Administration。四个选项中，只有关系代词which能指代the Food and Drug Administration，它是approved动作的发出者。
14. A最后一段表达的意思是:过去该药列出的不良反应只包括呕吐等，没有列出指纹消失这一副作用，现在应该补上这一条。所以,updating(更新)是答案。
15. B最后一段最后一句中，为了强调no where,将它移到句首，这时，原句的“it doesnot mention the potential for loss of fingerprints” 就要写成强调句形式的 “no wheredoes it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints”。所以，答案是B。
第九篇 指纹消失事件
一种非常有效的抗癌药物能够清除箩状指纹和其他使指纹与众不同的标志。失去指纹可是会有很大麻烦。一个被肿瘤学年报在网上公布的信件中说明了失去指纹会带来多大麻烦。 Eng-HuatTan, 一个新加坡籍的医学博士描述了一位用卡培他滨治疗鼻咽癌62岁老人的经历。 经过这个药物三年的治疗后，这位病人去年十月份决定去美国拜访亲戚。在他进入这个国家后， 他被美国海关人员拦截了四小时之久，因为这些官员无法从他身上获取指纹。因为在他的食指上没有旋涡状的指纹标记。
美国海关数年以来一直都会采集来访外国人的指纹，Tan说。他们的食指指纹被采集并且和那些坏人的指纹进行数字化资料档案比对——我们的联邦卫士的职责是要把那些恐怖分子和疑似罪犯档在国门之外。不幸的是，对于这位新加坡旅行者来说，药物治疗的一个潜在的副作用就是会使指尖上的肉垫组织变光滑，也就是说没有指纹。“对于服用卡培他滨的病人来说，指纹何时会消失是不确定的。” Tan指出。所以他警告每位医师在给病人开药时要给病人开具他们的药物可能会使指纹消失的证明单。最终，那位新加坡旅客终于进入了美国。我猜想他护照上的名字没有带有任何危险信号。但是他同样要带有医师开的证明单——并且要随身携带。
顺便提一下，美国食品和药物局已经准许这一药物的使用有 11年之久了，应该考虑更新该药物的副作用清单。现有的副作用清单中确实列出病人会经历呕吐、胃痛和其他副作用，但是却没有提及失去指纹的潜在危险。
第十四篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more __1(likely)__ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service whowere born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the __2(result)__ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link __3(between)_ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test, The strongest links are for __4(logical)__ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a __5(role)__ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung __6(capacity)_ and that your brain gets plenty of __7(oxygen)__ ，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons __8(why)__ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular __9(strength)__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”
By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been __10(able)_ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a__11(higher)__ IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who __12(improve)__ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at A by health centre. “This being the case6,physical __13(education)__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests __14(during)__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in __15(life)__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.
词汇：
proceedings n.学报，论文集 comprehension n.理解 Swedish adj.瑞典的
muscular adj.肌肉的
注释：
1. IQ:智商。IQ 是 intelligence quotient 的缩写。
2. reveals a major new study： 一项主要的新研究显示。这是一个倒装句，主语是amajor new study，谓语是reveals。第三段出现的“says Michael Nilsson”和第五段出现的“says Maria Aberg”也是同一类型的倒装句。
3. Sahlgrenska Academy：瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院
4. the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)：美国国家科学院学报
5. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test： “it is„that”是强调式句子结构，被强调的部分是only fitness。强调前的句子是But only fitness plays a rolein the results for the IQ test.” 。 第四段中出现的“it is primarily environmental factors andnot genes that explain the link between fitness... ”也属强调式句子结构。
6. This being the case:倘若情况果真如此，因此
7. must:用作名词，意思是“必须”。
8. national service:兵役，国民服役
练习：
1. A. carefully. B. secretly. C. likely. D. happily
2. A. answers. B. works. C. scores. D. results
3. A. behind. B. between. C. among. D. without
4. A. logical. B. critical. C. typical. D. positive
5. A. place. B. game. C. role. D. trick
6. A. capacity. B. disease. C. shape. D. treatment
7. A. change. B. hydrogen. C. oxygen. D. memory
8. A. what. B. why. C. how. D. where
9. A. exercise. B. training. C. strength. D. movement
10. A. able. B. clever. C. lucky. D. clear
11. A. moderate. B. average. C. lower. D. higher
12. A. ignore. B. improve. C. like. D. determine13. A. examination. B. labor.
C. movement. D. education14. A. before. B. after. C. without. D. during
15. A. marriage. B. life. C. residence. D. service
答案与题解：
1. C本文第一句就将主题和盘托出:Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ (身体健康的年轻人智商也高）。根据此论断可以推断，智商高的人进入大学学习的可能性也高。读完全文便可知这个推断是对的。所以，本题的答案只能是likely。
2. D第二段第二句说明，该项研究的样本是1950—1976年之间入伍的120万新兵。新兵们 报到时接受了体格测试和智商测试。研究人员对这两类测试的数据进行了分析。四个选项只有results符合这层意思。answers (答案）、works (作品）、scores(分数)都不合适。
3. B上文多次论及身体健康与智商之间的关系。本句又重述两者的联系。四个选项中有个between，答案非它莫属。among是“在„„之中”，数量超过2个人或2件事时才用among。本句只说两者的关系，所以不能选among。选项behind和without的意思与上下文搭配不上。
4. A填词所在的句子的意思是，身体健康与某种思维和语言理解能力有关。某种思维是哪一种思维呢?我们可能会想到科学思维、逻辑思维、抽象思维等等。一查四个选项，发现有logical,它就是答案了。其他三个选项critical (临界的，评论的）、typical(典型的）和 positive(正面的）与上下文的意思相去甚远,不会是答案。
5. C play a role是固定词组,填入所在句子后；上下文的意思连贯，所以是答案。playa place 没有这种搭配。play a game (玩游戏）和play a trick (恶作剧)与上下文的意思搭不上。
6. A 由于 “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung„” 说的是，健康意味着心肺功能好，所以选项disease(疾病)和treatment(治疗）可以排除，而good heart andlung后接shape(形状），意思是“好的心肺形状”，这与健康的关系也远了一些。本题只有capacity (能力)才是答案。
7. C如前所述，身体健康意味着心肺好，这与大脑有什么关系呢？常识告诉我们，呼吸顺畅，通过肺部进入血液的氧气也多;心功能良好，就能有效地将带有氧气的新鲜血液源源不断地输送到大脑，大脑就能活跃地工作。所以，选项oxygen是答案。
8. B reason(s)后面的定语从句中的关系副词要用why。
9. C第三段第二句给本题的答案提供了线索:“But it is only fitness that plays a role inthe results for the IQ test, and not strength. (是健康，而不是力量，对智商测试的结果起了作用）”。本题的句子重复了上述论断，所以，缺失的词应该是strength。这一次作者把 strength说得更清楚,指的是muscular strength (肌肉力量）。本题的答案C。
10. A本句的意思是，研究人员分析双胞胎智商上的差异来说明智商差异不会来自基因，因为 双胞胎的基因是相同的;智商差异来自后天的环境因素。填入本句最适合的词是able。 clever, lucky和dear都不合适，因为研究人员只有通过分析数据才能够得出结论,而不是靠幸运、聪明等。
11. D文章反复论述，一个人身体健康，其智商也高。本句前面用的是fitness (健壮体魄），后面出现的是IQ，修饰它的形容词就一定是higher。
12. B根据全文的主要论点进行判断，本题的句子表达的意思一定是增强体质与提高智商成 正比。所以，填入句子的动词的词义一定与提高和改善认知能力（cognitiveperformance)有关。根据这一推论，入选的选项只有improve。
13. D 研究一下句子“This being the case, physical is a subject... ”，就知道 physical 加上要填人空格中的词应该是一门学科(subject) 士名称。四个选项中，只有 physicaleducation (体育)是门学科，所以，答案是D。
14. D第二段曾说到新兵报到入伍时，接受了体格测试，本题的句子用的是复数形式的 tests, 说明他们在服兵役期间可能接受多次体格检查，所以要选 during (nationalservice)，而before、after、without都与上述意思不配合。
15. B研究人员将新兵报到入伍时体格测试和智商测试的结果和他们后来的社会经济地位进行了比较。比较的是哪方面的社会经济地位呢？最合理的选择是later in life (后来的生活中）。而later in marriage (后来的婚姻中）、later in residence (后来的居住中）或later in service (后来的服务中）与社会经济地位搭配，显得十分勉强，所以不会是答案。
参考译文
第十四篇 运动的年轻人智商更高
瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商 更高，进人大学学习的可能性也更高。
研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。这项研究的取样样本是1950—1976年人伍的120万新兵。这些新兵们报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的智能测试结果之间的联系很明显。最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充足的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学 研究院教授和哥德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师迈克尔•尼尔森如是说，“也许这 就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。我们还发现 生长因子也很重要。”
通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因,身体越健康，智商越高。
“ 我们还发现，在15 ~ 18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强哥德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师玛利亚•阿伯格说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的
研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会 经济地位进行了比较。那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更髙，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。
阅读理解
Eat to Live
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‟s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‟t start to diet until old age.
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‟s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won‟t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.
Spindler‟s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet tohalf-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70human years.
The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.
"This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.
No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There‟s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.
If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
But Spindler isn‟t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‟re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it‟s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: „I can only eat half of that,. ”
Spindler hopes we soon won‟t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.
词汇：
meager adj.不足的
youthful adj.有青春活力的
vigor n.精力，活力
metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程
genetic adj.基因的
rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童
注释：
1. hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it might
be worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-----或许有一天它会值很多钱。
2. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for themouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time岁月造成
的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。
3. half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。
4. free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。
5. kick in：意为“开始起作用”。 如：We’re still waiting for the air conditioning tokick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。
6. be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。
练习：
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（D）
A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.
B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.
C Dieting might not be needed.
D We have to begin dieting since childhood.
2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?(B)
A To describe the influence of old age on mice.
B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.
C To tell us how mice‟s liver genes behave.
D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.
3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?(D)
A They will not experience free radical production.
B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.
C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.
D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.
4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?(A)
A The mice that started dieting in old age.
B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.
C Calorie restriction that works in people.
D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.
5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that(C)
A calorie restrictionis very important to young people.
B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.
C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.
D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.
答案与题解：
1. D第一k第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，
我们 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就更多精品在大家！ http://club.topsage.com/ 大家网，大家的！http://club.topsage.com/ 大家论坛 3 / 19开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。
2. B第二段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题o
3. D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，D正确。
4. A 第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。
5. C文章的最后两段谈及Spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。
参考译文
第十六篇 为生存而食
粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。
加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬•斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。
斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。
研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000 种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那 46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但 是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。
“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃•华纳说。
至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”
如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。
但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。” 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物
第二十九篇 “Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer.“ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，”Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn‟t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals.
For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.
People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.
“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue‟s lower exposure to alcohol.
词汇：
cavity n.腔 pharynx n.咽 pharyngeal adj.咽的 esophagus n.食管 esophageal adj.食管的 larynx n.喉 scrub v.擦净，擦掉
注释：
1. „than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。
2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式
3. downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“largein amount”（大
量的）。
4. laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。
5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到„„7. in an average week：平均每星期
8. up to：高达
9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。
10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。
11. high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。 high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。
12. was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。 练习：
1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people(A)
A who drink alcohol outside of mealsur
B who drink alcohol at meals.
C who never drink alcohol.
D who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.
2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?(C)
A It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.
B It may also be a cause of cancer.
C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.
D It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?(a)
A 3 drinks. B 8 drinks. C 20 drinks. D 56 drinks.
4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned inthe passage?(B)
A Oral cancer. B Laryngeal cancer.
C Pharyngeal cancer . D Esophageal cancer.
5. According to the last paragraph, tissue‟s lower exposure to alcohol(B)
A explains why inflammation triggers cancer.
B accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.
C is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.
D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.
答案与题解.
1. A文章第一个句子就是答案。
2. C第二段的第二句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了20%，而不是就餐饮酒的情况。所以C是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。
3. A 第三段第二句告诉我们，酒精摄人量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达20杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。
4. B文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词in contrast连接的两个句子。incontrast 表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组，患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精
摄入量组相比，分别是他们的10倍、7倍和16倍，而第二句告诉我们，相比之下，其患喉癌的机率只是另一组的3倍。因此，B是正确选项。
5. D文章最后一句提供了答案。
参考译文：
第二十九篇 “不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义
一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino DalMaso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。
在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%〜80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。” Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。
为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21〜34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。
和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。
“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。
第三十九篇 Sauna
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may betaken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in afire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body‟s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
词汇：
sauna n.(芬兰式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴 congestion n.阻塞;拥塞 odor n.气味，味道
arthritis 关节炎 inflammation n.炎(症） grime n.污垢；尘垢
cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的 diabetes n.糖尿病
1. ceremonial bathing:仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。
2. pre-Columbian Americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian是Columbus的形容词形式，意思是“哥伦布的”;pre-是前缀,意思是:在„„前。pre-ColumbianAmericans，其完整的意思是: 哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。
3. fire-pit:火槽
4. relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。
5. alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。6. imitate: to appear like; resemble:像;类似
7. feed a cold, starve a fever:[谤]伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。
8. lb: pound(磅)的缩写形式。
9. cardiovascular system:心血管系统
10. a work out:做名词用，意为“运动，锻炼”。
11. sessions:(做某事或进行某活动的)一段时间
练习：
1. Ceremonial bathing _________.(C)
A) is called the sauna by Finns B) is equivalent to the steam bath
C) has various forms D) is held in an enclosed room
2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?(B)
A) Saunas in underground caves. B) Saunas with smoke.
C) Saunas using wood burning stoves. D) Saunas using electric stoves.
3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .(D)
A) reducing the chance of getting cold B) speeding recovery
C) relieving stress D) curing asthma
4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glowbecause_________.(A)
A) pores are cleaned by sweat B) water is lost by sweating
C) blood moves to the surface for heat exchange D) the heart pumps harder and faster
5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?
A) Elderly people. B) Pregnant women.
C) People with heart trouble. D) All of the above.
答案与题解：
1. C 第一段的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing 有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有C是正确的选项。
2. B根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指烟熏的气味。
3. D 该段最后一句说 The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood ofgetting a cold; 第四句说 they may help to ... speed recovery time; 第一句说Saunas are ... stress relieving。 所 以，A、B、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitatesbreathing,这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择D项。
4. A该段第三句提供了答案。
5. D文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以D是正确的选项。
参考译文
第三十九篇 桑拿浴
仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出
洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。 热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1~2摄氏度，就像 发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期 蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。
蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每 小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体 机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得 到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。
健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实， 每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。
完形填空
第二篇 A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _1(plants)__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2(insects)__ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
Events outside the plant and animal __3(affect)__ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4(because of)__ the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5(days)__ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.
Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6(flight)__ twice each year. Birds __7(prevented from)__ flying become restless when it is time for the trip， __8(but)__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9(parts)__ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10(seems)__ to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11(cells)__ tell a person when to __12(awaken)__ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
Dr. Moorhead is studying __13(how)__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.__14(It)__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15(such)__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory‟s production,
词汇：
biological adj.生物(学）的 insect n.昆虫 cocoon n.防护卵袋，茧 fur n.软毛
注释：
1. 本句中谓语动词tells的宾语由两部分组成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是带疑问副词的动词不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名词从句。从修辞上说，两者有些不平衡。
2. „the way we do our work 可以理解为 the way in which we do our work 或 theway that we do our work.实际上，三种说法都成立。如：
He speaks English the way the English people do.
I don‟t understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.
3. take作“花费，花去”解时可用于几种不同的句型：
It will take me five days to complete the work.
The work will take me five days to complete.
To complete this work will take me five days.
练习：
1. A. scientists B. humans C. plants D. animals
2. A. insects B. birds C. fish D. snakes
3. A. effect B. affect C. effected D. affected
4. A. because B. for the reason that C. because of D. since
5. A. months B. days C. minutes D. weeks
6. A. flight B. fly C. movement D. transportation
7. A. prevented from B. ordered by C. helped by D. intruded on
8. A. and B. but C. therefore D. however
9. A. portions B. parts C. sections D. kinds
10. A. try B. tries C. seem D. seems
11. A. things B. parts C. cells D. actions
12. A. awaken B. woke C. awakening D. wake-up
13. A. how B. why C. where D. what
14. A. We B. It C. They D. You
15. A. so B. with C. such D. if
答案与题解：
1. C 从后半句 When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道，只有plants 才有花。前面没有定冠词修饰的plants是泛指植物这一大类，与动物类相对应。
2. A 后面出现的 when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away 提示我们，唯有选insects 才是正确的，因为只有insects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都没有。
3. B affect作为动词是“影响”的意思，而effect作为动词则是“使发生;使生效”的意思。这里谈论的是动植物生物钟的一般情况，所以使用动词的一般现在时。
4. C这里应使用介词短语，因为其后是名词。because和since都有“因为”的意思，但它们都是连词，用来引导原因状语从句,如:
He will not come because he is ill.
Since he is ill, he will not come.
for the reason that后接句子，所以也不是答案。
5. B 根据下句中的 in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的 the numberof hours of daylight,以及该段的中心意思，可以判断，应选择B,因为冬天日短夜长,夏天则反之。
6. A本句中有birds，migration这些词，下一句又谈及迁徙飞行前的躁动不安，就知道应该填词义为“飞行”的名词。fly是动词，不能选择;其他两个选项也都不合适。flight是fly的名词形式，所以是合适的选择。
7. A该句句子的主干是：主语birds,谓语become restless。所以，所填的词是过去分词，修饰 birds。从上下文表达的意思判断,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被帮助）和intruded on(被强加）都不匹配，只有prevented from是合适的选择。
8. B很明显，这里需使用连词，连接该句中平行的两个分句。而根据整个句子的句意，上半句和下半句形成反差对比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended，所以应选择but,表示相反的两层意思。
9. B portion是“一定数量;一份”, section是“切下的部分”，kind是“种类”，都不符合上下文意思连贯的要求。唯有B是正确的选项。
10. D不能选择C,因为主语是group,而不是cells，所以要采用动词的第三人称单数形式 seems A和B不符合常识。
11. C These 一词说明，其后的名词是上文已经提到的某些事物，即cells。从下文中可以看出，尽管actions —词也在上文中出现,但该词不符合句意。选项A和B意思不准确。
12. A该句中的三个宾语都是带疑问副词的动词不定式，所以都要用动词原形。awaken是唯一合适的选择，woke是wake的一般过去形式,awakening是形容词,wake-up是名词。
13. A studying后面是一个从句作它的宾语,而从句起首处应有个连词。把C或D填入空格 上下文意思不连贯。根据下文的例子，作者讨论的不是生物钟为什么会影响我们的工作， -而是生物钟如何影响我们的工作。所以，how是正确的选择。 14. B从句子结构中不难看出，to accept the major change in work hours是实际上的主语，而此处需要一个形式主语，所以只能选择It。
15. C该句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding, C便是最佳的选项。其他三个选项均不符合语法。
参考译文
第二篇 生物钟
每一种生物都有控制它们行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。生物钟告诉植物的花朵何时生长，何时开放；生物钟告诉昆虫何时离开防护卵袋，远远飞去；生物钟还告诉动物和人类何时进食、睡眠，何时苏醒。
外界的变化会影响某些动植物的生物钟。例如，科学家最近发现，有一种很小的动物，会随着白天日照时间的长短改变其毛发的颜色。冬季日照时间短，它的毛变成白色。夏季白天日照时间长，它的毛又变成棕灰色。
还有的生物，它们的生物钟受体内信号控制。德国的科学家发现，鸟类体内的某种生物钟迫 使它们每年做两次长距离迁移。那些被迫不能迁移的鸟，当迁移时间到来时，会显得烦躁不安，而当这段时间过后，它们又恢复了平静。
科学家们指出，他们开始探索大脑内部的哪些部位存在生物钟。一位美国的研究员，马丁• 莫亥德（Martin Moorhead)曾指出，好像是人脑前部的一小群细胞控制着人体的行为。这些细胞控制着人体睡眠、苏醒和觅食的时间。另外，科学工作者推测，可能还有另外的生物钟细胞控制人体的其他行为。
目前，莫亥德博士正在研究生物钟对人们工作方面的影响。比如，如果经常改变工作时间， 绝大多数人会感觉不适应。要适应工作时间上的较大变动，可能需要相当长一段日子。莫亥德博士说，工厂的领导应该对生物钟有进一步的了解，懂得生物钟对工人的影响，如此则会减少工作 中的不适和事故，对提高生产大有裨益。
第九篇 The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints
One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing __1（them）__ could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a __2(problem)__ of losing fingerprints is.
Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to __3(treat)__ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the __4(drug)__ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials __5(for)__ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly __6(marks)__ appearing from his index finger.
U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are __7(printed)__ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential __8(side)__ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. __9(Hence)__ ，no fingerprints. “It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will __10(begin)__ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who __11(prescribe)__ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor‟s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.
Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn‟t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor‟s note —and won’t leave home __12(without)__ it.
By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, __13(which0__ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider __14(updating)__ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where __15(does)__ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.
词汇：
fingerprint n.指纹 whorl n.罗纹，箩状指纹 annals n.年报 oncology n,肿瘤学
capecitabine n.卡培他滨 nasopharyngeal adj. 鼻炎的 swirly adj. 旋涡状的
digit n. 开始 vomit v. 呕吐
注释：
1. capecitabine卡培他滨。是一种口服的化疗药物，用于治疗转移性乳腺癌、大肠癌、咽喉癌等，以减缓肿瘤生长。
2. index finger:食指
3. U. S. customs: 美国海关。customs视作一个组织，用作单数名词，所以在文章中后接has。
4. terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked withkeeping out of the country:我们的联邦卫士的职责是要把那些恐怖分子和疑似罪犯档在国门之外。关系代词that引导的是一个限制性定语从句，修饰terrorists叫d potential criminals。that在定语从句中作keeping的宾语。
5. traveler:旅行者。traveler是美国英语的拼法。英国英语的拼法是traveller。
6. the tissue on the finger pads:指尖上的肉垫组织
7. Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States:那位新加坡旅客终于进入了美国。make it into金为“进入”。
8. red flags:(表示危险的）红旗，即危险信号。挥动红旗表示危险，最初用于铁路，后来西方公司等用英文词red flags或红色小旗表示业绩下降等。
9. the Food and Drug Administration:美国食品和药物局
10. The current list does note:现有的副作用清单中确实列出。在肯定句谓语动词前加用do/ does/did,是为了强调该动词，汉语可译为“确实”。如：He speaks Chinese, English, French, Spanish and Russian.
He does speak Chinese, English, French, Spanish and Russian.
(他确实会说汉语，英语，法语，西班牙语和俄语。)
练习：
1. A. he. B. them. C. her. D. him
2. A. theme. B. topic. C. creation. D. problem
3. A. treat. B. cut. C. find. D. smooth
4. A. recovery. B. diet. C. drug. D. diagnosis
5. A. in. B. at. C. for. D. on
6. A. digits. B. marks. C. images. D. pictures
7. A. printed. B. located. C. cured. D. placed
8. A. normal. B. good. C. main. D. side
9. A. However. B. Hence. C. Moreover. D. Furthermore
10. A. begin. B. like. C. decide. D. have
11. A. prevent. B. preserve. C. presume. D. prescribe
12. A. off. B. on. C. without. D. with
13. A. who. B. where. C. when. D. which
14. A. updating. B. using. C. printing. D. cancelling
15. A. must. B. does. C. may. D. should
答案与题解：
1. B根据上下文的意思，失去（losing)的应该是fingerpririts。fingerprints是复数形式，指代它的代词是them。其他三个代词都不合适。
2. D前面两个句子说，失去指纹是一大问题。本句说，要举出一个实例以说明失去指纹会造成极大的困扰。所以只有选项D最合适。
3. A第二段描述了实例的细节。第一句说病人用一种药名为卡培他滨的抗癌药治疗他的鼻咽癌。所以treat是必然的选择。cut(切割)，find(寻找) 和smooth(弄平)都与上下文接不上。
4. C从上下文判断，“After three years on the „.(经过三年的„„）”的后面应该接“用药”、 “治疗”等字眼，所以选 drug 是正确的。选 recovery(康复），diet(节食）或diagnosis(诊断）都与后面提到的病人进入美国受阻的事件接不上。
5. C for表示时间上“达到”，for 4 hours意为“长达4小时”。
6. B美国海关因为采集不到那位癌症患者的指纹样本，于是盘问了他4小时。所以本句提到的swirly应该与marks搭配，意思是“旋涡状指纹标记”。
7. A为了防止恐怖分子和罪犯进入美国，美国海关通过电脑对国人境者进行指纹采样，然后与指纹库进行比照。根据常理，海关要检查每一位外国人的指纹。采样的手指是食指。后面的screened（比照）是解题的重要线索，引导读者选A,即printed。这里printed =
fingerprinted(采集指纹样本）。其他三个选项,即located(找出)、cured(治疗）和placed(置放），都与上下文的意思接不上。
8. D实例中的新加坡人用了抗癌药后的一个副作用是指纹消失，这是一种不良反应。所以，选good, main, normal (正常的）都不符合上下文的意思，只有side才是答案。side effect意为“副作用”。
9. B前面句子提及的服抗癌药是因，本段最后一句是果，连接词应该用Hence。而However 表示转折关系，Moreover和Furthermore表示“进一步”的关系，与上文连接不上。
10.A 本段表达的意思是: 由于癌症病人服用卡培他滨后指纹何时开始消失还不清楚，所以主治医生要提前为病人开具指纹可能会消失的证明单。to take place(发生）之前填上like, decide或have都与上下文的意思接不上，只有begin最合适。
11. D参阅上一题的题解。本题四个选项中的英语词的前三个字母都是pre-，只要知道 prescribe的词义是“开处方'就会选D。
12. C第五段的意思是,那位病人已经拿到医生开具的指纹消失证明单，现在他出门旅行不会不带上它。本题without是答案。
13. D哪一个政府机构许可（approved) 使用该类抗癌药？就是本段第一句提到的the Food and Drug Administration。四个选项中，只有关系代词which能指代the Food and Drug Administration，它是approved动作的发出者。
14. A最后一段表达的意思是:过去该药列出的不良反应只包括呕吐等，没有列出指纹消失这一副作用，现在应该补上这一条。所以,updating(更新)是答案。
15. B最后一段最后一句中，为了强调no where,将它移到句首，这时，原句的“it doesnot mention the potential for loss of fingerprints” 就要写成强调句形式的 “no wheredoes it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints”。所以，答案是B。
第九篇 指纹消失事件
一种非常有效的抗癌药物能够清除箩状指纹和其他使指纹与众不同的标志。失去指纹可是会有很大麻烦。一个被肿瘤学年报在网上公布的信件中说明了失去指纹会带来多大麻烦。 Eng-HuatTan, 一个新加坡籍的医学博士描述了一位用卡培他滨治疗鼻咽癌62岁老人的经历。 经过这个药物三年的治疗后，这位病人去年十月份决定去美国拜访亲戚。在他进入这个国家后， 他被美国海关人员拦截了四小时之久，因为这些官员无法从他身上获取指纹。因为在他的食指上没有旋涡状的指纹标记。
美国海关数年以来一直都会采集来访外国人的指纹，Tan说。他们的食指指纹被采集并且和那些坏人的指纹进行数字化资料档案比对——我们的联邦卫士的职责是要把那些恐怖分子和疑似罪犯档在国门之外。不幸的是，对于这位新加坡旅行者来说，药物治疗的一个潜在的副作用就是会使指尖上的肉垫组织变光滑，也就是说没有指纹。“对于服用卡培他滨的病人来说，指纹何时会消失是不确定的。” Tan指出。所以他警告每位医师在给病人开药时要给病人开具他们的药物可能会使指纹消失的证明单。最终，那位新加坡旅客终于进入了美国。我猜想他护照上的名字没有带有任何危险信号。但是他同样要带有医师开的证明单——并且要随身携带。
顺便提一下，美国食品和药物局已经准许这一药物的使用有 11年之久了，应该考虑更新该药物的副作用清单。现有的副作用清单中确实列出病人会经历呕吐、胃痛和其他副作用，但是却没有提及失去指纹的潜在危险。
第十四篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more __1(likely)__ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service whowere born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the __2(result)__ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.
The study shows a clear link __3(between)_ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test, The strongest links are for __4(logical)__ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a __5(role)__ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung __6(capacity)_ and that your brain gets plenty of __7(oxygen)__ ，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons __8(why)__ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular __9(strength)__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”
By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been __10(able)_ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a__11(higher)__ IQ.
“We have also shown that those youngsters who __12(improve)__ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at A by health centre. “This being the case6,physical __13(education)__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests __14(during)__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in __15(life)__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.
词汇：
proceedings n.学报，论文集 comprehension n.理解 Swedish adj.瑞典的
muscular adj.肌肉的
注释：
1. IQ:智商。IQ 是 intelligence quotient 的缩写。
2. reveals a major new study： 一项主要的新研究显示。这是一个倒装句，主语是amajor new study，谓语是reveals。第三段出现的“says Michael Nilsson”和第五段出现的“says Maria Aberg”也是同一类型的倒装句。
3. Sahlgrenska Academy：瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院
4. the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)：美国国家科学院学报
5. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test： “it is„that”是强调式句子结构，被强调的部分是only fitness。强调前的句子是But only fitness plays a rolein the results for the IQ test.” 。 第四段中出现的“it is primarily environmental factors andnot genes that explain the link between fitness... ”也属强调式句子结构。
6. This being the case:倘若情况果真如此，因此
7. must:用作名词，意思是“必须”。
8. national service:兵役，国民服役
练习：
1. A. carefully. B. secretly. C. likely. D. happily
2. A. answers. B. works. C. scores. D. results
3. A. behind. B. between. C. among. D. without
4. A. logical. B. critical. C. typical. D. positive
5. A. place. B. game. C. role. D. trick
6. A. capacity. B. disease. C. shape. D. treatment
7. A. change. B. hydrogen. C. oxygen. D. memory
8. A. what. B. why. C. how. D. where
9. A. exercise. B. training. C. strength. D. movement
10. A. able. B. clever. C. lucky. D. clear
11. A. moderate. B. average. C. lower. D. higher
12. A. ignore. B. improve. C. like. D. determine13. A. examination. B. labor.
C. movement. D. education14. A. before. B. after. C. without. D. during
15. A. marriage. B. life. C. residence. D. service
答案与题解：
1. C本文第一句就将主题和盘托出:Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ (身体健康的年轻人智商也高）。根据此论断可以推断，智商高的人进入大学学习的可能性也高。读完全文便可知这个推断是对的。所以，本题的答案只能是likely。
2. D第二段第二句说明，该项研究的样本是1950—1976年之间入伍的120万新兵。新兵们 报到时接受了体格测试和智商测试。研究人员对这两类测试的数据进行了分析。四个选项只有results符合这层意思。answers (答案）、works (作品）、scores(分数)都不合适。
3. B上文多次论及身体健康与智商之间的关系。本句又重述两者的联系。四个选项中有个between，答案非它莫属。among是“在„„之中”，数量超过2个人或2件事时才用among。本句只说两者的关系，所以不能选among。选项behind和without的意思与上下文搭配不上。
4. A填词所在的句子的意思是，身体健康与某种思维和语言理解能力有关。某种思维是哪一种思维呢?我们可能会想到科学思维、逻辑思维、抽象思维等等。一查四个选项，发现有logical,它就是答案了。其他三个选项critical (临界的，评论的）、typical(典型的）和 positive(正面的）与上下文的意思相去甚远,不会是答案。
5. C play a role是固定词组,填入所在句子后；上下文的意思连贯，所以是答案。playa place 没有这种搭配。play a game (玩游戏）和play a trick (恶作剧)与上下文的意思搭不上。
6. A 由于 “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung„” 说的是，健康意味着心肺功能好，所以选项disease(疾病)和treatment(治疗）可以排除，而good heart andlung后接shape(形状），意思是“好的心肺形状”，这与健康的关系也远了一些。本题只有capacity (能力)才是答案。
7. C如前所述，身体健康意味着心肺好，这与大脑有什么关系呢？常识告诉我们，呼吸顺畅，通过肺部进入血液的氧气也多;心功能良好，就能有效地将带有氧气的新鲜血液源源不断地输送到大脑，大脑就能活跃地工作。所以，选项oxygen是答案。
8. B reason(s)后面的定语从句中的关系副词要用why。
9. C第三段第二句给本题的答案提供了线索:“But it is only fitness that plays a role inthe results for the IQ test, and not strength. (是健康，而不是力量，对智商测试的结果起了作用）”。本题的句子重复了上述论断，所以，缺失的词应该是strength。这一次作者把 strength说得更清楚,指的是muscular strength (肌肉力量）。本题的答案C。
10. A本句的意思是，研究人员分析双胞胎智商上的差异来说明智商差异不会来自基因，因为 双胞胎的基因是相同的;智商差异来自后天的环境因素。填入本句最适合的词是able。 clever, lucky和dear都不合适，因为研究人员只有通过分析数据才能够得出结论,而不是靠幸运、聪明等。
11. D文章反复论述，一个人身体健康，其智商也高。本句前面用的是fitness (健壮体魄），后面出现的是IQ，修饰它的形容词就一定是higher。
12. B根据全文的主要论点进行判断，本题的句子表达的意思一定是增强体质与提高智商成 正比。所以，填入句子的动词的词义一定与提高和改善认知能力（cognitiveperformance)有关。根据这一推论，入选的选项只有improve。
13. D 研究一下句子“This being the case, physical is a subject... ”，就知道 physical 加上要填人空格中的词应该是一门学科(subject) 士名称。四个选项中，只有 physicaleducation (体育)是门学科，所以，答案是D。
14. D第二段曾说到新兵报到入伍时，接受了体格测试，本题的句子用的是复数形式的 tests, 说明他们在服兵役期间可能接受多次体格检查，所以要选 during (nationalservice)，而before、after、without都与上述意思不配合。
15. B研究人员将新兵报到入伍时体格测试和智商测试的结果和他们后来的社会经济地位进行了比较。比较的是哪方面的社会经济地位呢？最合理的选择是later in life (后来的生活中）。而later in marriage (后来的婚姻中）、later in residence (后来的居住中）或later in service (后来的服务中）与社会经济地位搭配，显得十分勉强，所以不会是答案。
参考译文
第十四篇 运动的年轻人智商更高
瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商 更高，进人大学学习的可能性也更高。
研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。这项研究的取样样本是1950—1976年人伍的120万新兵。这些新兵们报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的智能测试结果之间的联系很明显。最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充足的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典哥德堡大学健康科学 研究院教授和哥德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师迈克尔•尼尔森如是说，“也许这 就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。我们还发现 生长因子也很重要。”
通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因,身体越健康，智商越高。
“ 我们还发现，在15 ~ 18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强哥德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师玛利亚•阿伯格说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的
研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会 经济地位进行了比较。那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更髙，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。