四、动词★★★★★
考察方式:1、动词短语固定搭配2、非谓语动词在句子中所能充当的成分3、主谓一致4、情态动词
5、结合时态及从句
在英语的学习过程中，动词为整个句子的核心，而动词分为两类：谓语动词和非谓语动词，担当谓语的为谓语动词。
以下哪些为谓语动词哪些为非谓语动词？
Doing, Having done, being done, to have done, is being done, broken, learned
什么是谓语动词?
在英文当中谓语=谓语动词，谓语动词也就是我们通常所说的动词，英语句子【含从句】中有且只有一个谓语动词【除并列：看连词，并列结构前后结构要一致】
过去分词：-ed 过去分词不具有名词性，不能作只有名词才能充当的成分【主语和宾语)
不定式：to do，to have done, to be doing 【未发生的动作，是主观想法，对过去分词的陈述用现在分词】
如何区分谓语动词及非谓语动词?
凭肉眼看, 一个动词，如果不是非谓语动词的形式之一，则为谓语; 能说出时态的，必是谓语动词; 情态动词加原形，必是谓语动词; 原形动词，必是谓语动词【除特殊动宾补的情形】
提示:在单项选择及短文改错时, 必须时刻提醒自己:每个句子中必须有且只有一个谓语动词.
把握住句子中的谓语动词及非谓语动词也就把握住了句子的基本核心意思, 所谓“句子”包括从
句，即一个从句亦必有且只有一个谓语动词。阅读中当用此招，迅速找到句子主干，不管有无生词。写作中当明此理，见动词则小心其形式，谓语非谓，形式上泾渭分明。
解题技巧：
【一】分析句子结构, 辨别“谓语与非谓语”
1、______many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2、______many times , he still couldn't understand it .
A. Having been told B. Being told
C. He had been told D.Though he was told
【二】找逻辑主语
非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。
1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.
2.She is reading a book found on the way.
3. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
4. Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it.
作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；作宾补的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语； 作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。
【三】分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被
动关系。
1、“You can’t catch me !” Jane shouted, _______ away.
A. run B. running C.to run D. ran
2. _____ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
【四】分析时态
1. The building ____now will be a restaurant .
2. The building ____ next year will be a restaurant .
3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.
A.having been built B.to be built C.being built D. built
原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式
1．When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.
A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained
2. _____ this cake，you’ll need 2 eggs，175 g sugar and 175 g flour.
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
原则二： 用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.
3.As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _____， and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved
－ing 形式作伴随状语与 to do作目的状语的区别：
原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing 或不定式，其原则区别是，一般用-ing ，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。
5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day. 【2007天津卷】
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
6. He hurried to the station, only ______ that the train had left. 【2005广东卷】
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的结果。
原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing 的被动式.
7.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____. 【2007浙江卷】
A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
8. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
原则五：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式【根据情况可用不定式的完成式或—ing 的完成式】
9._____ from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. 【2005湖北卷】
A.Being separated B. Having separated C.Having been separated D. to be separated 原则七：用于名词后作定语时，用不定式，表示动作尚未发生; 用-ing ，表示动作正在进行; 用过去分词，表示动作被动、完成。当名词与定语有同位关系时只能用不定式做定语
10.There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
原则八：在easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, heavy, light, nice等形容词构成的复合宾语时用不定时做状语
真题复现
01、【 山东卷】Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house.
A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead
02、【 江苏卷】Recently a survey _____ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared
03、【 浙江】Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some____ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
04、【 浙江】Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words.
A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost
05、【 浙江】If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters.
A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered
06、【 福建】Tsinghua University, ____ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded
07、【 福建】The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ____.
A.held B. holding C.be held D.to hold
08、【 天津卷】Passengers are permitted _____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried
09、【 天津卷】______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated
10、【 安徽卷】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _____ into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
11、【辽宁卷】_____around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering
12、【 北京卷】It’s important for the figures _________ regularly.
A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated
13、【 北京卷】Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ________ on your feet.
A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept
14、【 湖南卷】The ability _____an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed
15、【 湖南卷】The players______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .
A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected
16、【 湖南卷】Do you wake up every morning __________ energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
17、【 陕西卷】Claire had luggage _______ an hour before her plane left.
A.check B. checking C. to check D. checked
18、【 陕西卷】More highways have been built in China, ___________it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
19、【 江西卷】On receiving a phone call from his wife _____ she had a fall, Mr Gordon immediately rushed home from office.
A. says B. said C. saying D. to say
20、【 全国卷I 】The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen
四、动词★★★★★
考察方式:1、动词短语固定搭配2、非谓语动词在句子中所能充当的成分3、主谓一致4、情态动词
5、结合时态及从句
在英语的学习过程中，动词为整个句子的核心，而动词分为两类：谓语动词和非谓语动词，担当谓语的为谓语动词。
以下哪些为谓语动词哪些为非谓语动词？
Doing, Having done, being done, to have done, is being done, broken, learned
什么是谓语动词?
在英文当中谓语=谓语动词，谓语动词也就是我们通常所说的动词，英语句子【含从句】中有且只有一个谓语动词【除并列：看连词，并列结构前后结构要一致】
过去分词：-ed 过去分词不具有名词性，不能作只有名词才能充当的成分【主语和宾语)
不定式：to do，to have done, to be doing 【未发生的动作，是主观想法，对过去分词的陈述用现在分词】
如何区分谓语动词及非谓语动词?
凭肉眼看, 一个动词，如果不是非谓语动词的形式之一，则为谓语; 能说出时态的，必是谓语动词; 情态动词加原形，必是谓语动词; 原形动词，必是谓语动词【除特殊动宾补的情形】
提示:在单项选择及短文改错时, 必须时刻提醒自己:每个句子中必须有且只有一个谓语动词.
把握住句子中的谓语动词及非谓语动词也就把握住了句子的基本核心意思, 所谓“句子”包括从
句，即一个从句亦必有且只有一个谓语动词。阅读中当用此招，迅速找到句子主干，不管有无生词。写作中当明此理，见动词则小心其形式，谓语非谓，形式上泾渭分明。
解题技巧：
【一】分析句子结构, 辨别“谓语与非谓语”
1、______many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2、______many times , he still couldn't understand it .
A. Having been told B. Being told
C. He had been told D.Though he was told
【二】找逻辑主语
非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。
1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.
2.She is reading a book found on the way.
3. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
4. Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it.
作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；作宾补的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语； 作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。
【三】分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被
动关系。
1、“You can’t catch me !” Jane shouted, _______ away.
A. run B. running C.to run D. ran
2. _____ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
【四】分析时态
1. The building ____now will be a restaurant .
2. The building ____ next year will be a restaurant .
3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.
A.having been built B.to be built C.being built D. built
原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式
1．When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.
A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained
2. _____ this cake，you’ll need 2 eggs，175 g sugar and 175 g flour.
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
原则二： 用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.
3.As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _____， and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved
－ing 形式作伴随状语与 to do作目的状语的区别：
原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing 或不定式，其原则区别是，一般用-ing ，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。
5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day. 【2007天津卷】
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
6. He hurried to the station, only ______ that the train had left. 【2005广东卷】
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的结果。
原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing 的被动式.
7.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____. 【2007浙江卷】
A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
8. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
原则五：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式【根据情况可用不定式的完成式或—ing 的完成式】
9._____ from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. 【2005湖北卷】
A.Being separated B. Having separated C.Having been separated D. to be separated 原则七：用于名词后作定语时，用不定式，表示动作尚未发生; 用-ing ，表示动作正在进行; 用过去分词，表示动作被动、完成。当名词与定语有同位关系时只能用不定式做定语
10.There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
原则八：在easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, heavy, light, nice等形容词构成的复合宾语时用不定时做状语
真题复现
01、【 山东卷】Look over there—there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house.
A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead
02、【 江苏卷】Recently a survey _____ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared
03、【 浙江】Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some____ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
04、【 浙江】Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words.
A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost
05、【 浙江】If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters.
A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered
06、【 福建】Tsinghua University, ____ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded
07、【 福建】The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable ____.
A.held B. holding C.be held D.to hold
08、【 天津卷】Passengers are permitted _____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried
09、【 天津卷】______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated
10、【 安徽卷】Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _____ into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
11、【辽宁卷】_____around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering
12、【 北京卷】It’s important for the figures _________ regularly.
A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated
13、【 北京卷】Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ________ on your feet.
A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept
14、【 湖南卷】The ability _____an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed
15、【 湖南卷】The players______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .
A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected
16、【 湖南卷】Do you wake up every morning __________ energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
17、【 陕西卷】Claire had luggage _______ an hour before her plane left.
A.check B. checking C. to check D. checked
18、【 陕西卷】More highways have been built in China, ___________it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
19、【 江西卷】On receiving a phone call from his wife _____ she had a fall, Mr Gordon immediately rushed home from office.
A. says B. said C. saying D. to say
20、【 全国卷I 】The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen