定语从句
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起定语的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主语的全部内容。通常在被修饰的词语（即先行词）之后，由“关系词”引导。定语从句的三种功能： 1.连接功能：连接从句，引导一个定语从句 2.指代功能：指代先行词
3.语法功能：在定语从句中充当句子成分
(定语从句中的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种) that which who whom whose when where why
注: 关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。 关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略
① A plane is a machine which / that can fly . (作主语) The dog which / that was lost has been found . (作主语) ② The number of people who / that lost homes reached 250,000 . Here comes the girl who / that wants to see you . 关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略
① The noodles that / which I cooked were delicious .（作宾语） This is the book that / which I want to read .
The letter that / which I received yesterday was from my father . ② The girl who / that we saw yesterday is Mary .
Mr Li is a man whom / who / that we should lear from . Do you know the man whom / who / that is talking to ? 关系代词在从句中做定语
① The novel whose cover was broken blongs to me .
② Henery is the boy whose mother is our English teacher . I know the person whose company produces computers .
This is the person whose story surprised everybody . 关系代词在句中作表语时可省略（只能用that） She is not the girl that she was .
定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择
明确关系代词，关系副词在定语从句中的不同作用
关系代词which , that , who在定语从句中作主语或在及物动词或介词后作宾语
关系副词when , where, why在定语从句中作状语，即定语从句中不缺主语、宾语，只缺时间、地点或原因状语 分析句子结构，明确句法成分
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语，关键取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果定语从句中谓语动词是及物动词，应观察其后有无宾语。如果没宾语，则应考虑使用能充当宾语的关系代词which或that。如果句子中有宾语，就考虑关系副词when或where等
关系副词（when , where , why ） When的用法（在定语从句中做时间状语）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing .
We will never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm . He came at a time when (at which ) we needed help . where的用法（在定语从句中做地点状语） This is the house where we lived last year .
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city .
After living in Pairs for fifty years , he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child . 3. why的用法（在定语从句中做原因状语）
There are several reasons why we can’t do that .
He couldn’t give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school . Is this the reason why ( for which ) he refused our offer ?
The reason why ( for which ) she was ill is that she had eaten bad meat . 4. 比较
I’ll never forget the days that / which I spent with my teacher . I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you .
It is the house that / which was built two years ago . It is the house where / in which I was born .
The reason which / that he gave was an excuse . The reason why he was late was the rain . Do you know the reason why he didn’t turn up ?
只能用that的定语从句
1. 先行词为不定代词all everying nothing anything little much none时或被这些词修饰时 ，关系代词只用that
All that can be done has been done . 2. 当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只用that
This is the most beautiful park that I have visited .
The Titanic is the most dangerous film that I’ve ever seen . The best one that I’ll choose will be you .
3. 当先行词被序数词the first , the second , the last等修饰时，只用that The first lesson that we have learned will never be easily forgotten .
This is the last class that we will have this term . 当先行词被the only , the very , the last修饰时，只用that ( some any few much no very only )
The only student that may be elected is in our class . I have no question that will be asked .
There was little that interested him at the meeting . This is the very book that I am looking for . 当先行词既指人又指物时
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember .
The characters and the animals that are in the picture are very native . The train ran over a boy and his dog that were just crossing the railroad . 当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that Who is the girl that is standing there ?
Who is the boy that shook hands with you just now ？ Which is the hotel that you stayed at last month ?
当way做先行词时，关系代词可以有三种形式 ①that ②in which ③×
I don’t like the way that / in which / × you speak to your mother like that . 先行词在句中作表语
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be . EX：
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？ -Yes， he’s our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river _____I can swim？ A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？ A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree
6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who
7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister. A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was 9. I love places ______the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world ______ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in
Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。 1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _____we live in is very old.
5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now？ 定语从句练习：
1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday. A. that A. whom A. that
B. who
C. whom
D. this
D. /
2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.
B. which
B. whose
C. who
3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary.
C. which
D. as
4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one A. which A. which A. which A. who A. was A. whom
B. which C. who B. that
D. whom
D. it
6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.
C. /
7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.
B. in which B. whom B. whom B. were
C. that C. whose
D. all
9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.
D. this
10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.
C. which C. is
D. /
D. are
11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him. 12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.
B. who
C. /
D. he
13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door
B. which lives next door D. that lives next door C. that
D. who
C. whom lives next door A. which
14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.
B. whom
15. The farm _____ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday. A. when B. where C. that D. at that 16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know. A. what
B. which
C. as
D. ./
D. there
D. which
17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in that A. where A. when A. that A. when A. which
B. when B. in that
C. where
18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
C. that
19. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.
B. where
C. that C. what
D. which
D. on that
D. in which D. in which
20. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
B. when B. that B. when
21. October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.
C. where C. where
22. October 1, 1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
23. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing? A. which A. what
B. where
C. in which
D. what
25. I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
B. which
C. that
D. where
26. Have you seen the girl _____?
A. that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told D. I told of 28. Finally the thief handed in everything _____ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. that C. what D. whatever
29. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _____ were known to us all. A. which B. that C. who D. what
30. I can still remember the sitting room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 32. The only question _____ is to find our way home. A. that mattered A. with which 参考答案：
I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD
Ⅱ. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that Keys：1-5ACABA 6-10BCCAD 11-15CBDDB 16-20DCABB 21-25.BBADD 26-30.BDBBD 31-34ABDB
定语从句中关系代词的选用往往是很多同学难以掌握的，我们就复习过程中的难点以及关系代词的一些特殊用法加以举例分析：
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句。
1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
2)关系副词：when , where , why 等。在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。
定语从句的作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词或代词，即先行词。定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 一、 限定性定语从句
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that (for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that (on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 一.who与that指人时的区别：
1.非限制性定语从句中，只能用who不能用that。例如： His mother,who was tired,gave him a lesson. 2.指人的代词those习惯用who。例如：
B. that matters C. which mattered
D. which
D. matter
34. The farmers used wood to build a house _____ grain can be stored.
B. where C. in that
Those who are against put up your hands. 二.which和that的区别： 1 只用which,不用that的情况。
1)which可用在非限制性定语从句中。例如：
The project,which lasted four years,cost one billion dollars.这项工程历时四年，耗资十亿美元。 2)which可用前置介词宾语。例如：
This is the house in which we lived three years ago.这是我们三年前住过的那所房子。 2 只用that，不用which的情况。
1)that相当于关系副词when,where,why,in the way＝in which。例如：
I'll never forget the Monday that /when you first arrived.我将永远不会忘记你初到的那个星期一！ Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit? 你知道我能在哪里买到水果吗？
I like the place for the very reason that/why you dislike it.我喜欢那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。 He doesn't see things the way that /in which we see them.他看问题跟我们不一样。 2)that既可指物，也可指人。例如：
The people that worked on the project made a good effort.从事那项工程的人们做了很大努力。 3)当主句以here,there开头时，常用that。例如：
Here is the place that you've been looking for.这就是你一直找的地方。
4)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，常用that。例如： The first(thing)that should bed one is to get the book.应该做的第一件事是弄到那本书。 This is the best place that I've ever visit-ed.这是我曾参观过的最好的地方。
5)当先行词是all,anything,nothing(something除外),none,little,much时，常用that。例如： Is this all that's left?这就是剩下的所有东西吗？
Have you got anything that belongs tome?你有没有拿过属于我的东西？ 6)当先行词被no,little,only,very,the last等修饰时，常用that。例如： The only thing that could be done is to find
our way home.唯一能做的事情就是要找到回家的路。
7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that。例如：
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校。 8)在以which，who开头的句子中常用that。例如：
Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆？
9)time是先行词时，前面如有序数词或last修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导或省略。例如： This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter. The first time(that)I saw him was last year.
三.as用在such...as,the same...as,so/as...as结构中，as从句后可用省略形式。例如： Here is so big a stone as I can't carry it.这个石头太大了，我搬不动它。 My hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了。 He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代。
注：在the same...as ,the same...that中，当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时，as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物"相似"，即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是"同一的"即指同一事物。例如：
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。 This is the same(＝the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。 四.which,as的异同：
1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语，指整个主句或主句的一部分。例如： The meeting was put off,which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。
This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇，任何人都能看得出这一点。 2.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作表语，指代主句中的表语。例如：
She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心，她妹妹很少有耐心。 3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词，而which不受此限制。例如： I watched the TV play yesterday,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧，这使我很高兴。 The president died,as /which seemed true.那位总统死了，这好像是真的。
4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾。例如：
众所周知，并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。 As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold. All that glitters,as everyone knows，is not gold. All that glitters is not gold，as everyone knows.
5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined /
pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式，或usually happen,be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时，常用as，而不宜用which。例如：
The Chinese are working-hard,as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的，这是众所周知的。 Kate was late for school,as often happened.凯特上学迟到了，这是她常发生的事。 6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语，而as则不行。例如：
My father asked her to send for a doctor right away,which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫，她采纳了这个建议。
7.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语，而as则不行。例如：
I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他道了歉。 8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词，而as则不可以。例如： The problem,which was discussed just now，put us in a difficult situation. The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵。 五.which与whose作定语时的区别：
which与whose均可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，仅指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；"whose＋名词"与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。例如： He is studying Chinese,which knowledge is very important now. Peter spent three years in France,during which time he learnt French. The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. It was an island whose name I have forgotten.
注：定语从句中whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of whom /which。例如： 坐在那边的那个男孩，他哥哥是个教师。
The boy，whose brother is a teacher,is sitting over there. ＝The boy,the brother of whom is a teacher,is sitting over there. 我们住在那间房里，房间的窗户破了。 We live in the room,whose window is broken. ＝We live in the room,the window of which is broken. 强调句型：
It is (was) +被强调部分+ that (who)+ 句子其他部分。 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语、宾语、表语和状语。
一、强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调，如果把“It is (was)...that ”去掉，该句应该意思完整，不缺任何句子成分. 1.Is it _____ who wants to see you?（B）
A. him B. he C. his D. himself
2.It was _____ who respected all their teachers.（C） A. them B. their C. they D. themselves 3.--- What is Mary ?
--- Was it ____that you were referred to ?（C）
A. he B. she C. her D. they 强调部分如果是人称代词，应根据句子需要选择它的主格 或宾格形式
It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .（A） A. was B. are C. were D. had been
It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.（C） A. must have B. will be C. might have been D. may have had 注意谓语动词形式与整个句子语境的一致性 二、强调部分为疑问词时：
1._____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life ?（B） A. Why was it that B. Why is it that
C. Why is it D. Why it is that
2.Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now ?（A）
A. that B. who C. when D. when 3._____ you met the foreigner from Canada ?（C） A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that
强调部分为疑问代词或疑问副词时，该强调句句型结构 与特殊疑问句句型相 同，即：“疑问词 + 一般疑问句” 三、强调部分为 " not ... until " 句型：
1.It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home .（C） A. which B. when C. that D. how
2.It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.（C） A. which B. when C. that D. since 3.It was not _____ she took off her dark
glasses _____I realized she was a famous film star.（B） A. when ; that B. until ; that C. until ; when D. when ; then 注意 " not ... until " 句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor. 四、强调部分为介词短语：
It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .（D） A. who B. whom C. how D. that
It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .（D） A. which B. when C. as D. that Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died ?（A） A. that B. in which
C. in where D. which
It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class .（C） A. that B. which C. where D. why
强调部分为介词短语时，表示时间或地点时，应注意与定语从句的区别 It is + 被强调部分 + that ...
该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后，被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语，强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子；这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ...
该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语 “直到…才…＂，可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....
该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为”清楚(显然, 真的, 肯定…)”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear. 强调句型的形近句型。
(1) It be +被强调部分+that+… 是强调句型。去掉it，be，that后，剩余部分仍能组成一个完整的句子。如： 31．It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. 本句去掉it，be，that后可转化成：Probably due to these skills they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
(2) It+ be+ adj. / n. / 过去分词+that从句句型。该句型中的It是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语从句。如：
32． It is important that he (should) learn English well. 33． It is a fact that he can speak both English and Japanese. 34． It is suggested that he leave his office right now.
(3) “It be +时间段+since……”句型。如果since和延续性动词连用，则意为“某人不做某事已有多久了”；如和短暂动词连用，则为“某人做某事已有多久了”。如： 35． It is two months since he fell ill. 他病了两个月了。 36． It is two months since he was ill. 他病好已经两个月了。 （4）It be+时间段+before……句型 表示“……多久后某事发生”。 37． It was a long time before they met again. 很长时间后他们才见面。 38． It was not long before he came back. 时间过不久他们就回来了。 （5）“It be…when……”句型 表示“某事发生时正是……时候” 39． It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. 试比较强调句型句：
40． It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded. (去掉it，was，that后仍是一个完整的句子)
高考常用句型：
形式主语 为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。 1. It is certain that he will succeed. 2. It is not known whether he will go there.
3. It has not been decided yet when they’ll start the project.
It’s likely / possible / important / necessary / clear that… 很可能/重要的是……/必要的是……/很清楚…… It’s said / reported that… 据说/据报道……
It seems / appears / happens that… 似乎/好像/碰巧...... It’s been announced / declared that…已经通知/宣布…… It’s no wonder that… 并不奇怪/无疑……
It’s a pity / a fact / common knowledge (众所周知)/ a common saying (俗话说) that… 主语从句
1 That he will succeed is certain. 2 Whether he will go there is not known. 3 What he said is not true.
4 Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5 Whoever comes is welcome.
6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7 When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.
定语从句
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起定语的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主语的全部内容。通常在被修饰的词语（即先行词）之后，由“关系词”引导。定语从句的三种功能： 1.连接功能：连接从句，引导一个定语从句 2.指代功能：指代先行词
3.语法功能：在定语从句中充当句子成分
(定语从句中的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种) that which who whom whose when where why
注: 关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。 关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略
① A plane is a machine which / that can fly . (作主语) The dog which / that was lost has been found . (作主语) ② The number of people who / that lost homes reached 250,000 . Here comes the girl who / that wants to see you . 关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略
① The noodles that / which I cooked were delicious .（作宾语） This is the book that / which I want to read .
The letter that / which I received yesterday was from my father . ② The girl who / that we saw yesterday is Mary .
Mr Li is a man whom / who / that we should lear from . Do you know the man whom / who / that is talking to ? 关系代词在从句中做定语
① The novel whose cover was broken blongs to me .
② Henery is the boy whose mother is our English teacher . I know the person whose company produces computers .
This is the person whose story surprised everybody . 关系代词在句中作表语时可省略（只能用that） She is not the girl that she was .
定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择
明确关系代词，关系副词在定语从句中的不同作用
关系代词which , that , who在定语从句中作主语或在及物动词或介词后作宾语
关系副词when , where, why在定语从句中作状语，即定语从句中不缺主语、宾语，只缺时间、地点或原因状语 分析句子结构，明确句法成分
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语，关键取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果定语从句中谓语动词是及物动词，应观察其后有无宾语。如果没宾语，则应考虑使用能充当宾语的关系代词which或that。如果句子中有宾语，就考虑关系副词when或where等
关系副词（when , where , why ） When的用法（在定语从句中做时间状语）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing .
We will never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm . He came at a time when (at which ) we needed help . where的用法（在定语从句中做地点状语） This is the house where we lived last year .
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city .
After living in Pairs for fifty years , he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child . 3. why的用法（在定语从句中做原因状语）
There are several reasons why we can’t do that .
He couldn’t give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school . Is this the reason why ( for which ) he refused our offer ?
The reason why ( for which ) she was ill is that she had eaten bad meat . 4. 比较
I’ll never forget the days that / which I spent with my teacher . I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you .
It is the house that / which was built two years ago . It is the house where / in which I was born .
The reason which / that he gave was an excuse . The reason why he was late was the rain . Do you know the reason why he didn’t turn up ?
只能用that的定语从句
1. 先行词为不定代词all everying nothing anything little much none时或被这些词修饰时 ，关系代词只用that
All that can be done has been done . 2. 当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只用that
This is the most beautiful park that I have visited .
The Titanic is the most dangerous film that I’ve ever seen . The best one that I’ll choose will be you .
3. 当先行词被序数词the first , the second , the last等修饰时，只用that The first lesson that we have learned will never be easily forgotten .
This is the last class that we will have this term . 当先行词被the only , the very , the last修饰时，只用that ( some any few much no very only )
The only student that may be elected is in our class . I have no question that will be asked .
There was little that interested him at the meeting . This is the very book that I am looking for . 当先行词既指人又指物时
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember .
The characters and the animals that are in the picture are very native . The train ran over a boy and his dog that were just crossing the railroad . 当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that Who is the girl that is standing there ?
Who is the boy that shook hands with you just now ？ Which is the hotel that you stayed at last month ?
当way做先行词时，关系代词可以有三种形式 ①that ②in which ③×
I don’t like the way that / in which / × you speak to your mother like that . 先行词在句中作表语
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be . EX：
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？ -Yes， he’s our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river _____I can swim？ A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？ A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree
6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who
7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister. A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was 9. I love places ______the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world ______ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in
Ⅱ. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。 1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _____we live in is very old.
5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now？ 定语从句练习：
1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday. A. that A. whom A. that
B. who
C. whom
D. this
D. /
2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.
B. which
B. whose
C. who
3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary.
C. which
D. as
4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one A. which A. which A. which A. who A. was A. whom
B. which C. who B. that
D. whom
D. it
6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.
C. /
7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.
B. in which B. whom B. whom B. were
C. that C. whose
D. all
9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.
D. this
10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year.
C. which C. is
D. /
D. are
11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him. 12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.
B. who
C. /
D. he
13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door
B. which lives next door D. that lives next door C. that
D. who
C. whom lives next door A. which
14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.
B. whom
15. The farm _____ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday. A. when B. where C. that D. at that 16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know. A. what
B. which
C. as
D. ./
D. there
D. which
17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in that A. where A. when A. that A. when A. which
B. when B. in that
C. where
18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?
C. that
19. The factory _____ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.
B. where
C. that C. what
D. which
D. on that
D. in which D. in which
20. Do you still remember the day _____ we first met?
B. when B. that B. when
21. October 1,1949 is the day _____ we’ll never forget.
C. where C. where
22. October 1, 1949 was the day _____ the People’s Republic of China was founded.
23. Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing? A. which A. what
B. where
C. in which
D. what
25. I still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
B. which
C. that
D. where
26. Have you seen the girl _____?
A. that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told D. I told of 28. Finally the thief handed in everything _____ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. that C. what D. whatever
29. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _____ were known to us all. A. which B. that C. who D. what
30. I can still remember the sitting room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where 32. The only question _____ is to find our way home. A. that mattered A. with which 参考答案：
I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD
Ⅱ. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that Keys：1-5ACABA 6-10BCCAD 11-15CBDDB 16-20DCABB 21-25.BBADD 26-30.BDBBD 31-34ABDB
定语从句中关系代词的选用往往是很多同学难以掌握的，我们就复习过程中的难点以及关系代词的一些特殊用法加以举例分析：
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句。
1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
2)关系副词：when , where , why 等。在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。
定语从句的作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词或代词，即先行词。定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。 一、 限定性定语从句
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that (for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that (on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 一.who与that指人时的区别：
1.非限制性定语从句中，只能用who不能用that。例如： His mother,who was tired,gave him a lesson. 2.指人的代词those习惯用who。例如：
B. that matters C. which mattered
D. which
D. matter
34. The farmers used wood to build a house _____ grain can be stored.
B. where C. in that
Those who are against put up your hands. 二.which和that的区别： 1 只用which,不用that的情况。
1)which可用在非限制性定语从句中。例如：
The project,which lasted four years,cost one billion dollars.这项工程历时四年，耗资十亿美元。 2)which可用前置介词宾语。例如：
This is the house in which we lived three years ago.这是我们三年前住过的那所房子。 2 只用that，不用which的情况。
1)that相当于关系副词when,where,why,in the way＝in which。例如：
I'll never forget the Monday that /when you first arrived.我将永远不会忘记你初到的那个星期一！ Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit? 你知道我能在哪里买到水果吗？
I like the place for the very reason that/why you dislike it.我喜欢那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。 He doesn't see things the way that /in which we see them.他看问题跟我们不一样。 2)that既可指物，也可指人。例如：
The people that worked on the project made a good effort.从事那项工程的人们做了很大努力。 3)当主句以here,there开头时，常用that。例如：
Here is the place that you've been looking for.这就是你一直找的地方。
4)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，常用that。例如： The first(thing)that should bed one is to get the book.应该做的第一件事是弄到那本书。 This is the best place that I've ever visit-ed.这是我曾参观过的最好的地方。
5)当先行词是all,anything,nothing(something除外),none,little,much时，常用that。例如： Is this all that's left?这就是剩下的所有东西吗？
Have you got anything that belongs tome?你有没有拿过属于我的东西？ 6)当先行词被no,little,only,very,the last等修饰时，常用that。例如： The only thing that could be done is to find
our way home.唯一能做的事情就是要找到回家的路。
7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that。例如：
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校。 8)在以which，who开头的句子中常用that。例如：
Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆？
9)time是先行词时，前面如有序数词或last修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导或省略。例如： This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter. The first time(that)I saw him was last year.
三.as用在such...as,the same...as,so/as...as结构中，as从句后可用省略形式。例如： Here is so big a stone as I can't carry it.这个石头太大了，我搬不动它。 My hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了。 He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代。
注：在the same...as ,the same...that中，当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时，as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物"相似"，即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是"同一的"即指同一事物。例如：
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。 This is the same(＝the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。 四.which,as的异同：
1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语，指整个主句或主句的一部分。例如： The meeting was put off,which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。
This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇，任何人都能看得出这一点。 2.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作表语，指代主句中的表语。例如：
She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心，她妹妹很少有耐心。 3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词，而which不受此限制。例如： I watched the TV play yesterday,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧，这使我很高兴。 The president died,as /which seemed true.那位总统死了，这好像是真的。
4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾。例如：
众所周知，并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。 As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold. All that glitters,as everyone knows，is not gold. All that glitters is not gold，as everyone knows.
5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined /
pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式，或usually happen,be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时，常用as，而不宜用which。例如：
The Chinese are working-hard,as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的，这是众所周知的。 Kate was late for school,as often happened.凯特上学迟到了，这是她常发生的事。 6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语，而as则不行。例如：
My father asked her to send for a doctor right away,which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫，她采纳了这个建议。
7.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语，而as则不行。例如：
I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他道了歉。 8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词，而as则不可以。例如： The problem,which was discussed just now，put us in a difficult situation. The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵。 五.which与whose作定语时的区别：
which与whose均可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，仅指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；"whose＋名词"与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。例如： He is studying Chinese,which knowledge is very important now. Peter spent three years in France,during which time he learnt French. The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. It was an island whose name I have forgotten.
注：定语从句中whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of whom /which。例如： 坐在那边的那个男孩，他哥哥是个教师。
The boy，whose brother is a teacher,is sitting over there. ＝The boy,the brother of whom is a teacher,is sitting over there. 我们住在那间房里，房间的窗户破了。 We live in the room,whose window is broken. ＝We live in the room,the window of which is broken. 强调句型：
It is (was) +被强调部分+ that (who)+ 句子其他部分。 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语、宾语、表语和状语。
一、强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调，如果把“It is (was)...that ”去掉，该句应该意思完整，不缺任何句子成分. 1.Is it _____ who wants to see you?（B）
A. him B. he C. his D. himself
2.It was _____ who respected all their teachers.（C） A. them B. their C. they D. themselves 3.--- What is Mary ?
--- Was it ____that you were referred to ?（C）
A. he B. she C. her D. they 强调部分如果是人称代词，应根据句子需要选择它的主格 或宾格形式
It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .（A） A. was B. are C. were D. had been
It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.（C） A. must have B. will be C. might have been D. may have had 注意谓语动词形式与整个句子语境的一致性 二、强调部分为疑问词时：
1._____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life ?（B） A. Why was it that B. Why is it that
C. Why is it D. Why it is that
2.Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now ?（A）
A. that B. who C. when D. when 3._____ you met the foreigner from Canada ?（C） A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that
强调部分为疑问代词或疑问副词时，该强调句句型结构 与特殊疑问句句型相 同，即：“疑问词 + 一般疑问句” 三、强调部分为 " not ... until " 句型：
1.It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home .（C） A. which B. when C. that D. how
2.It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began.（C） A. which B. when C. that D. since 3.It was not _____ she took off her dark
glasses _____I realized she was a famous film star.（B） A. when ; that B. until ; that C. until ; when D. when ; then 注意 " not ... until " 句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor. 四、强调部分为介词短语：
It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .（D） A. who B. whom C. how D. that
It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .（D） A. which B. when C. as D. that Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died ?（A） A. that B. in which
C. in where D. which
It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class .（C） A. that B. which C. where D. why
强调部分为介词短语时，表示时间或地点时，应注意与定语从句的区别 It is + 被强调部分 + that ...
该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后，被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语，强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子；这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ...
该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语 “直到…才…＂，可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....
该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为”清楚(显然, 真的, 肯定…)”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear. 强调句型的形近句型。
(1) It be +被强调部分+that+… 是强调句型。去掉it，be，that后，剩余部分仍能组成一个完整的句子。如： 31．It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. 本句去掉it，be，that后可转化成：Probably due to these skills they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
(2) It+ be+ adj. / n. / 过去分词+that从句句型。该句型中的It是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语从句。如：
32． It is important that he (should) learn English well. 33． It is a fact that he can speak both English and Japanese. 34． It is suggested that he leave his office right now.
(3) “It be +时间段+since……”句型。如果since和延续性动词连用，则意为“某人不做某事已有多久了”；如和短暂动词连用，则为“某人做某事已有多久了”。如： 35． It is two months since he fell ill. 他病了两个月了。 36． It is two months since he was ill. 他病好已经两个月了。 （4）It be+时间段+before……句型 表示“……多久后某事发生”。 37． It was a long time before they met again. 很长时间后他们才见面。 38． It was not long before he came back. 时间过不久他们就回来了。 （5）“It be…when……”句型 表示“某事发生时正是……时候” 39． It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. 试比较强调句型句：
40． It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded. (去掉it，was，that后仍是一个完整的句子)
高考常用句型：
形式主语 为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。 1. It is certain that he will succeed. 2. It is not known whether he will go there.
3. It has not been decided yet when they’ll start the project.
It’s likely / possible / important / necessary / clear that… 很可能/重要的是……/必要的是……/很清楚…… It’s said / reported that… 据说/据报道……
It seems / appears / happens that… 似乎/好像/碰巧...... It’s been announced / declared that…已经通知/宣布…… It’s no wonder that… 并不奇怪/无疑……
It’s a pity / a fact / common knowledge (众所周知)/ a common saying (俗话说) that… 主语从句
1 That he will succeed is certain. 2 Whether he will go there is not known. 3 What he said is not true.
4 Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5 Whoever comes is welcome.
6 How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 7 When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.