2014年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类B级）
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义 最为接近的选项。
1. The majority of people around here are decent.
A. real B. honest C. normal D. wealthy
2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
A. hidden B. traditional C. inflexible D. official
3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.
A. furnish B. copy C. publish D. summarize
4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let down.
A. excitement B. disappointment C. anger D. calm
5. Several windows had been smashed.
A. cleaned B. replaced C. fixed D. broken
6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.
A. pains B. parts C. aspects D. results
7. London quickly became a flourishing port.
A. major B. large C. successful D. commercial
8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.
A. homework B. justice C. model D. act
9. He led a very moral life.
A. human B. intelligent C. natural D. honorable
10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
A. sincere B. respectful C. empty D. terrible
11. It was a magic night until the spell was broken.
A. time B. charm C. space D. opportunity
12. His professional career spanned 16 years.
A. started B. changed C. moved D. lasted
13. They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.
A. discover B. prove C. consider D. imagine
14. His knowledge of French is fair.
A. very useful B. very limited C. quite good D. rather special
15. The group does not advocate the use of violence.
A. limit B. regulate C. oppose D. support
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句
提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信 息文中没有提及，请选择C。
So Many “Earths”
The Milky Way contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life that's the
finding of a new study. It draws on date that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.
The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the Nationa of
sciences, conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars, wi a mass and temperature similar to the Sun, may host a planet that could support life know it.
The estimate is rough, the authors adm o the solar system, it would define
as habitable a zone starting as close to the us and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike (although e ght have been in the distant past). Using tighter
limits, the researchers estimate that 4 and 8 out of every 100 Sunlike stars could host
an Earth-sized world. These are o hat would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.
The new estimate of how many planets might fit the ns comes from studying
more than 42,000 stars and identifying suitable w biting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate to the rest of the st elescope could not see .
Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earthe zone. That's, but no more than twice
that big. The planet also would have to orbit in a star's hab 's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as a liq id
A mechanical failure recently put that Kepler space telescope out of service. Kepler had
played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its data have
been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. T pe
focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.
16. The Kep ace telescope has been in service for 15 years.
17. n task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth s.
Four out of 00 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean, however, that the M y could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a change for life.
B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. The Earth is planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars in the Milky Way.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate. 2014 职称英语网络精品课程第2 页，共10
页
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定 段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定 一个最佳选项。
Climate Change: The Long Reach
1 Earth is warming. Sea levels are rising. There's more carbon in the air, and Arctic ice is
melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientists who study the environment to better
gauge (评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long
time.
2 People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a
colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth’s surface. And the more carbon dioxide
released, the more the planet warms. If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn’t slow, the
long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years — and be more severe than scientists had
been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this
conclusion in a new paper.
3 Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so. During
that time, changes in the planet's environment could nudge (推动) global warming even higher.
For example: Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now
reach — and warm — the exposed ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more,
causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a “fast
feedback.”.
4 Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks. However, he adds, they're limited. From a
climate change perspective.
generations,” he told Science News. “But the world is not ending in 2100.” For his new study,
Zeebe now focuses on “slow feedbacks”. While fast feedback events unfold over decades or
centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and the
migration of plant life — as they relocate to more comfortable areas — are two examples of slow
feedbacks.
5 Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then
he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius (8.1
degree Fahrenheit) change by the year 3000. But slow feedbacks added another 1.5 °
C — for
a 6° total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that stow feedback events will cause global
warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.
A. Impact of burning fossil fuels
B. Slow feedbacks
C. A prediction of future climate change
D. Fast feedbacks
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Unpredictability of feedback processes
23. Paragraph 2 ____A_____
24. Paragraph 3 ____D____
25. Paragraph 4 ____B_____
26. Paragraph 5 ____C_____
27. Arctic ice has never been melting so fast in ____B_____.
28. Melting of snow and ice enables sunlight to reach ____E____.
29. Zeebe came up with his future climate prediction by analyzing ___F_____.
30. After fossil fuels are used up, global warming will continue for ___A_____.
A. a very long time
B. recorded history
C. rapid exaggeration of impacts
D. the extra heat
E. the exposed ground
F. previously published studies
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选 项。
第一篇 Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
(本次考试理工A阅读其中一篇)
It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but
you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general
intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These
psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind
of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or
pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly
on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of
intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher
intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence
result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He
believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although
Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a
person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in
life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose
of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is
injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can
still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of
intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal,
body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that ______.
A. children have different intelligences.
B. all children are alike.
C. children should take one intelligence test.
D. there is no general intelligence.
34. According to Gardner, schools should ______.
A. test students’ IQs.
B. train students who do poorly on tests.
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students.
D. promote development of all intelligences.
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a ______.
A. musical foundation.
B. biological foundation.
C. intrapersonal foundation.
D. linguistic foundation.
第二篇 The Mir Space Station
The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering
the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human
space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.
During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.
The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on
February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom
were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62
people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took
turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the
station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.
The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only
kept Mir
operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project
valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.
A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the
laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80
million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the
first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in
space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and
work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days
that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev
accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was
that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.
Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an
oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to
drift several times and there were power failures.
Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s
reputation as a space station was ruined.
Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir
was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the
space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move
on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a
great debt to Mir.
(出处：2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子 第八篇The Mir Space Station)
36. We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space Station
A. was designed to last over 5 years.
B. played host to 7 astronauts from different countries.
C. was visited only by Americans.
D. was built by Russians.
37. One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that it
A. help astronauts get close to Mars.
B. enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment.
C. sets a record of the longest single human stay in space.
D. shows that multinational operations in space are less expensive.
38. What happened to Mir in 1997?
A. it ran out its fund.
B. it was completely damaged by fire.
C. its reputation was ruined due to power failures.
D. its main computer system broke out.
39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
A. space exploration will not experience setbacks.
B. it is difficult for other space stations exceed Mir’s success.
C. Mir is the best long-term human habitation in space in history.
D. multinational space operation are getting more accomplishments.
40. What is the author’s attitude toward Mir?
A. indifferent. B. ironic. C. favorable. D. negative
第三篇 Eye-tracker Lets You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance
（2014职称英语理工A考试真题中的阅读理解）
Bored of using a mouse? Soon you'll be able to change stuff on your computer screen—and
then move it directly onto your smartphone or tablet – with nothing more than a glance.
A system called EyeDrop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your
field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen. Gazing at an object—a photo, say –
and then pressing a key, selects that object. It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or
smartphone just by glancing at the second device, as long as the two are connected wirelessly.
want to acquire,
University, UK.
Turner believes EyeDrop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smartphone or for sharing photos.
A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at otherwise you end up with
the
says Turner.
Christian Holz, a researcher in human-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunnyvale,
California, says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using
gaze-tracking to interact.
touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching
mechanism,
in a very natural manner.
While current eye-trackers are rather bulky, mainstream consumer devices are not too far
away. Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops
and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year. And the Google Glass headset is
expected to include eye-tracking in the future.
Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touchscreen. The system was presented at the Conference on
Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Lule, Sweden, last week.
41. The eye-tracker technology enables us to
A. change our computer screen.
B. focus on anything that interests us.
C. get a smartphone connected wirelessly.
D. move an object from screen with a glance.
42. Why is a button needed?
A. To minimize the cost of EyeDrop.
B. To choose as many objects as possible.
C. To make EyeDrop different from others.
D. To select what we want.
43. The word “this” in Paragraph 6 refers to
A. application of gaze-tracking in human-computer interaction.
B. interaction between human and computer.
C. combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices.
D. generalization of EyeDrop system.
44. Which of the following statements is true of eye-trackers for consumer users?
A. They are costly.
B. They are available.
C. They are installed in Google Glass headset.
D. They are expected to come out soon.
45. What is Turner likely to study next?
A. How to drag and drop with gaze and taps.
B. How to present the system in public.
C. How to get touch screen involved.
D. How to cut and paste content from a public display.
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容 将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
The Day a Language Died
（2014职称英语综合B考试真题中的补全短文）
When Carlos Westez died at the age of 76, a language died, too. Carlos Westez, more commonly
known as Red Thunder Cloud, was the last speaker of the Native American language Catawba.
Anyone who wants to hear various songs of the Catawba can contact the Smithsonian
Institution
in Washington, D.C., where, back in the 1940s. Red Thunder Cloud recorded a series of songs for
future generations. Some people might even try to learn some of these songs by hearts. (46 F)
They are all that is left of the Catawba language. The language that people used to speak is gone
forever.
We are all aware of the danger that modern industry can do to the world’s ecology（生态）.
46. F. Some people might want to learn some of these songs by heart.
However, few people are aware of the impact that widely spoken languages have on other languages and ways of life. English has spread all over the world. Chinese, Spanish, Russian, and
Hindi have become powerful languages as well. As these languages become more powerful, their
use as tools of business and culture increases.（47 D）When this happens, hundreds of languages
that are spoken by only a few people die out.
Scholars believe there are around 6,000 languages around the world, but more than half of them
could die out within the next 100 years. There are many examples. Araki is a native language of
the island of Vanuatu, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is spoken by only a few adults, so like
Catawba, Araki will soon disappear. Many languages of Ethiopian will have the same fate because
icas,
Red Thunder Cloud was one of the first to recognize the threat of language dea each one has only a few speakers. Papua New Guinea is an extremely rich sourc nt language, but more than 100 of them are in danger of extinction （灭绝）. （48 C）In
100 languages, each of which has fewer than 300 speakers, also are dying out. nd to try to do
something about it. He was not actually born into the Catawba tribe, and th guage was not his
mother tongue. However, he was a frequent visitor to the Catawba reservation in South Carolina,
What does it mean for the rest of us when a language disappto make Native American music popular. Now he is gone, and the l
where he learned the language. （49 A）The songs he sang for t hsonian Institution helped
age is dead.
a plant, insect, or animal
species dies, it is easy to understand what we’ve lost appreciate what this means for the
balance of the natural world. However, languag roduct of the mind. To be the last remaining speaker of a language, like Red T must be a lonely destiny, almost as strange and terrible as being the last survivin f a dying species. For the rest of us, when
a language dies, we lose the possibilit way of seeing and describing the world.（50 B）
48. C. Papua New an extremely rich source of different language, but more than 100 of
them are in danger on（灭绝）.
49. A. How e was a frequent visitor to the Catawba reservation in South Carolina, where he
learned the
50. e rest of us, when a language dies, we lose the possibility of a unique way of seeing
and ing the world.
47. D. As these languages bec more powerful, their use as tools of business and culture increases.
【E. These languages don’t have many native speakers. 】
第6 部分：完形填空（第61—65 题，每题1 分，共15 分）
Underground Coal Fires
Coal burning deep underground in China, India and Indonesia is threatening the environment
and human life, scientists have warned, these large-scale underground (51) blazes cause the
ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can
even (52) ignite ( 点燃) forest first, a panel of scientists told the annual meeting of the American
Association For the Advancement of Science in Denver. The resulting release (53) of poisonous
elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned.
“Coal fires are a global catastrophe,” said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East
Georgia College in Swainsboro, USA, But surprisingly (54) few people know about them.
Coal can heat up on its own, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous
oxygen supply. The heat produced is not cause to disappear (55) and, under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen, can trigger spontaneous (白发的) catching fire and burning.
This can occur underground, in coal stockpiles, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported.
Such (56) fires in China consume up to 200 million tons of coal per year, delegates were told. In
comparison (57), the U.S. economy consumes about one billion tons of coal annually, said
Stracher, whose (58) analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in
the International Journal of Coal Ecology. Once (59) underway, coal fires can burn for decades,
even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes (60) of greenhouse gases poisonous
fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.
The members of the panel discussed the impact (61) these fires may be having on global and
regional climate change, and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult
to detect (62).
Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate (63)
how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method (64) of containing the
fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a
heat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be
pumped into the coal fire to cut off (65) the oxygen supply.
(出处：2014年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解 第二十四篇Underground Coal Fires – a Looming Catastrophe)
2014年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类B级）
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义 最为接近的选项。
1. The majority of people around here are decent.
A. real B. honest C. normal D. wealthy
2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
A. hidden B. traditional C. inflexible D. official
3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.
A. furnish B. copy C. publish D. summarize
4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let down.
A. excitement B. disappointment C. anger D. calm
5. Several windows had been smashed.
A. cleaned B. replaced C. fixed D. broken
6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.
A. pains B. parts C. aspects D. results
7. London quickly became a flourishing port.
A. major B. large C. successful D. commercial
8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.
A. homework B. justice C. model D. act
9. He led a very moral life.
A. human B. intelligent C. natural D. honorable
10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
A. sincere B. respectful C. empty D. terrible
11. It was a magic night until the spell was broken.
A. time B. charm C. space D. opportunity
12. His professional career spanned 16 years.
A. started B. changed C. moved D. lasted
13. They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.
A. discover B. prove C. consider D. imagine
14. His knowledge of French is fair.
A. very useful B. very limited C. quite good D. rather special
15. The group does not advocate the use of violence.
A. limit B. regulate C. oppose D. support
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句
提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信 息文中没有提及，请选择C。
So Many “Earths”
The Milky Way contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life that's the
finding of a new study. It draws on date that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.
The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the Nationa of
sciences, conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars, wi a mass and temperature similar to the Sun, may host a planet that could support life know it.
The estimate is rough, the authors adm o the solar system, it would define
as habitable a zone starting as close to the us and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike (although e ght have been in the distant past). Using tighter
limits, the researchers estimate that 4 and 8 out of every 100 Sunlike stars could host
an Earth-sized world. These are o hat would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.
The new estimate of how many planets might fit the ns comes from studying
more than 42,000 stars and identifying suitable w biting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate to the rest of the st elescope could not see .
Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earthe zone. That's, but no more than twice
that big. The planet also would have to orbit in a star's hab 's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as a liq id
A mechanical failure recently put that Kepler space telescope out of service. Kepler had
played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its data have
been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. T pe
focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.
16. The Kep ace telescope has been in service for 15 years.
17. n task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth s.
Four out of 00 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean, however, that the M y could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a change for life.
B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. The Earth is planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars in the Milky Way.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate. 2014 职称英语网络精品课程第2 页，共10
页
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定 段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定 一个最佳选项。
Climate Change: The Long Reach
1 Earth is warming. Sea levels are rising. There's more carbon in the air, and Arctic ice is
melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientists who study the environment to better
gauge (评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long
time.
2 People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a
colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth’s surface. And the more carbon dioxide
released, the more the planet warms. If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn’t slow, the
long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years — and be more severe than scientists had
been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this
conclusion in a new paper.
3 Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so. During
that time, changes in the planet's environment could nudge (推动) global warming even higher.
For example: Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now
reach — and warm — the exposed ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more,
causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a “fast
feedback.”.
4 Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks. However, he adds, they're limited. From a
climate change perspective.
generations,” he told Science News. “But the world is not ending in 2100.” For his new study,
Zeebe now focuses on “slow feedbacks”. While fast feedback events unfold over decades or
centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and the
migration of plant life — as they relocate to more comfortable areas — are two examples of slow
feedbacks.
5 Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then
he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius (8.1
degree Fahrenheit) change by the year 3000. But slow feedbacks added another 1.5 °
C — for
a 6° total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that stow feedback events will cause global
warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.
A. Impact of burning fossil fuels
B. Slow feedbacks
C. A prediction of future climate change
D. Fast feedbacks
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Unpredictability of feedback processes
23. Paragraph 2 ____A_____
24. Paragraph 3 ____D____
25. Paragraph 4 ____B_____
26. Paragraph 5 ____C_____
27. Arctic ice has never been melting so fast in ____B_____.
28. Melting of snow and ice enables sunlight to reach ____E____.
29. Zeebe came up with his future climate prediction by analyzing ___F_____.
30. After fossil fuels are used up, global warming will continue for ___A_____.
A. a very long time
B. recorded history
C. rapid exaggeration of impacts
D. the extra heat
E. the exposed ground
F. previously published studies
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选 项。
第一篇 Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
(本次考试理工A阅读其中一篇)
It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but
you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general
intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These
psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind
of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or
pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly
on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of
intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher
intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence
result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He
believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although
Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a
person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in
life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose
of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is
injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can
still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of
intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal,
body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that ______.
A. children have different intelligences.
B. all children are alike.
C. children should take one intelligence test.
D. there is no general intelligence.
34. According to Gardner, schools should ______.
A. test students’ IQs.
B. train students who do poorly on tests.
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students.
D. promote development of all intelligences.
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a ______.
A. musical foundation.
B. biological foundation.
C. intrapersonal foundation.
D. linguistic foundation.
第二篇 The Mir Space Station
The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering
the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human
space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.
During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.
The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on
February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom
were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62
people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took
turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the
station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.
The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only
kept Mir
operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project
valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.
A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the
laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80
million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the
first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in
space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and
work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days
that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev
accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was
that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.
Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an
oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to
drift several times and there were power failures.
Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s
reputation as a space station was ruined.
Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir
was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the
space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move
on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a
great debt to Mir.
(出处：2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子 第八篇The Mir Space Station)
36. We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space Station
A. was designed to last over 5 years.
B. played host to 7 astronauts from different countries.
C. was visited only by Americans.
D. was built by Russians.
37. One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that it
A. help astronauts get close to Mars.
B. enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment.
C. sets a record of the longest single human stay in space.
D. shows that multinational operations in space are less expensive.
38. What happened to Mir in 1997?
A. it ran out its fund.
B. it was completely damaged by fire.
C. its reputation was ruined due to power failures.
D. its main computer system broke out.
39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
A. space exploration will not experience setbacks.
B. it is difficult for other space stations exceed Mir’s success.
C. Mir is the best long-term human habitation in space in history.
D. multinational space operation are getting more accomplishments.
40. What is the author’s attitude toward Mir?
A. indifferent. B. ironic. C. favorable. D. negative
第三篇 Eye-tracker Lets You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance
（2014职称英语理工A考试真题中的阅读理解）
Bored of using a mouse? Soon you'll be able to change stuff on your computer screen—and
then move it directly onto your smartphone or tablet – with nothing more than a glance.
A system called EyeDrop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your
field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen. Gazing at an object—a photo, say –
and then pressing a key, selects that object. It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or
smartphone just by glancing at the second device, as long as the two are connected wirelessly.
want to acquire,
University, UK.
Turner believes EyeDrop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smartphone or for sharing photos.
A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at otherwise you end up with
the
says Turner.
Christian Holz, a researcher in human-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunnyvale,
California, says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using
gaze-tracking to interact.
touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching
mechanism,
in a very natural manner.
While current eye-trackers are rather bulky, mainstream consumer devices are not too far
away. Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops
and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year. And the Google Glass headset is
expected to include eye-tracking in the future.
Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touchscreen. The system was presented at the Conference on
Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Lule, Sweden, last week.
41. The eye-tracker technology enables us to
A. change our computer screen.
B. focus on anything that interests us.
C. get a smartphone connected wirelessly.
D. move an object from screen with a glance.
42. Why is a button needed?
A. To minimize the cost of EyeDrop.
B. To choose as many objects as possible.
C. To make EyeDrop different from others.
D. To select what we want.
43. The word “this” in Paragraph 6 refers to
A. application of gaze-tracking in human-computer interaction.
B. interaction between human and computer.
C. combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices.
D. generalization of EyeDrop system.
44. Which of the following statements is true of eye-trackers for consumer users?
A. They are costly.
B. They are available.
C. They are installed in Google Glass headset.
D. They are expected to come out soon.
45. What is Turner likely to study next?
A. How to drag and drop with gaze and taps.
B. How to present the system in public.
C. How to get touch screen involved.
D. How to cut and paste content from a public display.
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容 将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
The Day a Language Died
（2014职称英语综合B考试真题中的补全短文）
When Carlos Westez died at the age of 76, a language died, too. Carlos Westez, more commonly
known as Red Thunder Cloud, was the last speaker of the Native American language Catawba.
Anyone who wants to hear various songs of the Catawba can contact the Smithsonian
Institution
in Washington, D.C., where, back in the 1940s. Red Thunder Cloud recorded a series of songs for
future generations. Some people might even try to learn some of these songs by hearts. (46 F)
They are all that is left of the Catawba language. The language that people used to speak is gone
forever.
We are all aware of the danger that modern industry can do to the world’s ecology（生态）.
46. F. Some people might want to learn some of these songs by heart.
However, few people are aware of the impact that widely spoken languages have on other languages and ways of life. English has spread all over the world. Chinese, Spanish, Russian, and
Hindi have become powerful languages as well. As these languages become more powerful, their
use as tools of business and culture increases.（47 D）When this happens, hundreds of languages
that are spoken by only a few people die out.
Scholars believe there are around 6,000 languages around the world, but more than half of them
could die out within the next 100 years. There are many examples. Araki is a native language of
the island of Vanuatu, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is spoken by only a few adults, so like
Catawba, Araki will soon disappear. Many languages of Ethiopian will have the same fate because
icas,
Red Thunder Cloud was one of the first to recognize the threat of language dea each one has only a few speakers. Papua New Guinea is an extremely rich sourc nt language, but more than 100 of them are in danger of extinction （灭绝）. （48 C）In
100 languages, each of which has fewer than 300 speakers, also are dying out. nd to try to do
something about it. He was not actually born into the Catawba tribe, and th guage was not his
mother tongue. However, he was a frequent visitor to the Catawba reservation in South Carolina,
What does it mean for the rest of us when a language disappto make Native American music popular. Now he is gone, and the l
where he learned the language. （49 A）The songs he sang for t hsonian Institution helped
age is dead.
a plant, insect, or animal
species dies, it is easy to understand what we’ve lost appreciate what this means for the
balance of the natural world. However, languag roduct of the mind. To be the last remaining speaker of a language, like Red T must be a lonely destiny, almost as strange and terrible as being the last survivin f a dying species. For the rest of us, when
a language dies, we lose the possibilit way of seeing and describing the world.（50 B）
48. C. Papua New an extremely rich source of different language, but more than 100 of
them are in danger on（灭绝）.
49. A. How e was a frequent visitor to the Catawba reservation in South Carolina, where he
learned the
50. e rest of us, when a language dies, we lose the possibility of a unique way of seeing
and ing the world.
47. D. As these languages bec more powerful, their use as tools of business and culture increases.
【E. These languages don’t have many native speakers. 】
第6 部分：完形填空（第61—65 题，每题1 分，共15 分）
Underground Coal Fires
Coal burning deep underground in China, India and Indonesia is threatening the environment
and human life, scientists have warned, these large-scale underground (51) blazes cause the
ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can
even (52) ignite ( 点燃) forest first, a panel of scientists told the annual meeting of the American
Association For the Advancement of Science in Denver. The resulting release (53) of poisonous
elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned.
“Coal fires are a global catastrophe,” said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East
Georgia College in Swainsboro, USA, But surprisingly (54) few people know about them.
Coal can heat up on its own, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous
oxygen supply. The heat produced is not cause to disappear (55) and, under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen, can trigger spontaneous (白发的) catching fire and burning.
This can occur underground, in coal stockpiles, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported.
Such (56) fires in China consume up to 200 million tons of coal per year, delegates were told. In
comparison (57), the U.S. economy consumes about one billion tons of coal annually, said
Stracher, whose (58) analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in
the International Journal of Coal Ecology. Once (59) underway, coal fires can burn for decades,
even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes (60) of greenhouse gases poisonous
fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.
The members of the panel discussed the impact (61) these fires may be having on global and
regional climate change, and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult
to detect (62).
Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate (63)
how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method (64) of containing the
fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a
heat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be
pumped into the coal fire to cut off (65) the oxygen supply.
(出处：2014年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解 第二十四篇Underground Coal Fires – a Looming Catastrophe)