高考英语阅读之理解细节理解题
细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例，其主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how 等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。
一：常见的设问方式有：
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
All the statements are true except…
二．常见题型
1.wh 类细节题；2. 数据计算题；3. 排序题；4. 是非题；5. 图标题
三、设题方式
1．语意转换。细节理解题设题时为了避免出现原文中所用的词汇，常常使用一些同义词、近义词或反义词(双重否定) 。因而在解题时要注意语意转换。
2．设题顺序。一般来说，题序与其相关信息在文中的顺序一致，如某题的答案信息往往会在下一小题的答案信息之前。
3．设题干扰项。
(1)正误并存：部分正确，部分错误。
(2)扩大或缩小范围：是原文信息，但不是题干要求。
(3)偷换概念：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
(4)以偏概全：与原句的内容极其相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动。
(5)无中生有：明显不是文章的信息，与文章事实不符或相反。
四、解题步骤
1．迅速定位，缩小范围。通过寻读法(scanning)，用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。
2．理解其意，对照选项。在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。
3．排除干扰，选出答案。在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案。
五、典例精析
1.wh 类细节题
1) Not long ago, my wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet—not to lose a little weight but to answer an annoying question about climate change.
Q: Why did the author and his wife try a new diet?
A. To take special kinds of food B. To respond to climate change.
C. To lose weight D. To improve their health
2).Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline. Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
Q: How do people of higher income see their future?
A. They will earn less money. B. They will become pessimistic.
C. They will suffer mental illness. D. They will have less time to enjoy life.
3)(2012全国Ⅰ卷C 篇) Last night I was driving from Harrisburg to Lewisburg，distance of about
eighty miles. It was late. Several times I got stuck behind a slow-moving truck on a narrow road with a solid white line on my left,and I becoming increasingly impatient.
Q: Why did the author get impatient while driving?
A.He was lonely on the road. B.He was slowed down by a truck.
C. He got tired of driving too long. D. He came across too many traffic lights.
4)Software Trainer
If you are aged 24-45 and have experience in teaching and training, you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing. You will be allowed to make you own
decisions, and to design courses as well as present them. Pay upwards of 15,000 pounds for the right person. Please apply by sending you CV(简历) to Mrs. R. Lglivie, Palmlace Limited.
Q:What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?
A. One with GCSE grade C level. B. One with some office experience.
C. One having good computer knowledge. D. One trained in producing music programme.
5) (2015全国Ⅰ,B)
Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part-particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables-was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.
Q: What made the author’s getting up early worthwhile?
A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air
C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers’ market.
2. 是非题
1)Enlisted （征募）in the army in 1997, Liu was an experienced pilot with 1,680 hours of flying experience and the deputy head of a flight unit of the PLA’s Air Force before being enlisted into China’s second group of prospective astronauts in May 2010. She is now an air force major.
Q: Which of the following is TRUE about Liu Yang from the passage?
A.Liu once was head of a flight unit of the PLA’s Air Force.
B.Liu has become an air force major in 1997.
C.She was enlisted into China’s second group of prospective astronauts in 2010.
D.After three years of training Liu was selected as a candidate.
2) Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food when poisoned can make people sick. B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious.
3)The new technology has produced various options for students. College Booksellers, which operates 636 campus bookstores nationwide, is now marketing its new software application, which allows students to read e-textbooks on PCs. The company introduced the free application last summer in the hope of attracting more students to buy its electronic textbooks. “Now the biggest barrier is getting them to try it.” said the company’s vice president.
Q: Which of the following is NOT true according to this paragraph?
A. College Booksellers operates more than 600 bookstores in campus.
B. The free application was introduced to increase sales of elctronic textbooks.
C. Campus students now fancy a try of the free software application.
D. The company’s management still has to do more to sell the e-textbooks.
4)In a world with limited land，water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually，the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words ，we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ________．
A ．it makes the world warmer B ．it consumes natural resources
C ．it brings severe damage to forests D ．it makes growth hard to continue
3. 数字计算题
1)Tuition Fees(学费)
Tuition fees are different from department to department ，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year.For further information ：[email protected].
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat，which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person.For further information：[email protected].
You have to pay at least ________a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A ．$5，250 B ．$8，000
C ．$9，000 D ．$11，000
2) （2010·四川高考）The three ships—the MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14—had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing，pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors.
Q ： How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report?
A. 228. B. 77. C. 383. D. 305.
3)The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1℃. The number of calories people need per day is
Q1) ____ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃.
A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275
4)Finally, a cell phone
That's ... a phone
With rates as low as $3.75 per week!
“Well, I finally did it. I finally decided to enter the digital age and get a cell phone. My kids have been annoying me and the last straw was when my car broke down，and I was stuck by the highway for an hour before someone stopped to help. But when I went to the cell phone store, I almost changed my mind. The phones all have cameras, computers and a "global-positioning" something or other that's supposed to spot me from space. Goodness, all I want to do is to be able to talk to my grandkids! The people at the store weren't much help. They couldn't understand why someone wouldn't want a phone the size of a postage stamp. And the rate plans! They were confusing, and expensive ... and the contract (合同）lasted for two years! I'd almost given up until a friend told me about her new Jitterbug phone.
Now, I have the
Friendly Return Policy 30 days 30 days Call now and receive a FREE gift when you order. Try Jitterbug for 30 days and if you don't love it, just return it! Why wait, the Jitterbug comes ready to use right out of the box. If you aren't as happy with it as I am, you can return it and get your money back. Call now, the Jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions. Call 1-888-809-8794 or visit www. jitterbugdirect.com.
64.On the monthly basis of 100 minutes, the Jitterbug weekly rate is about ____.
A. $3.75 B. $4.99 C. $14. 99 D. $19.99
4. 排列顺序题
1)People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists.Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system(系统)that will organize the trip around the store.If you're looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them. The devices also keeps a record of what you buy.When you've finished，the device figures out your bill.Then you go to the checker or place your card into a self-checkout stand and pay.
Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card?
a ．Start the system.
b ．Make a shopping list.
c ．Find the things you want.
d ．Go to a self-checkout stand.
A ．abdc B ．bacd C ．acbd D ．Bcad
2）Back in the fifteenth century, in a tiny village near Nuremberg, lived a family with eighteen children．In spite of the hopeless condition, two of the children, Albrecht Durer and Albert, had a dream．They both wanted to pursue their talent for art．After many long discussions, the two boys finally worked out an agreement．They would toss a coin．The loser would go down into the nearby mines and, with his earnings, support his brother who attended the academy．Then, when that brother who won the toss completed his studies, in four years, he would support the other brother at the academy． Tossing a coin, Albrecht Durer won and went off to Nuremberg．Albert went down into the dangerous mines and, for the next four years, supported his brother, whose work at the academy was almost an immediate sensation（轰动）．By the time he graduated, he had earned considerable fees for his outstanding works．
When the young artist returned to his village, the Durer family held a festive dinner to celebrate lbrecht’s triumphant（胜利的）homecoming ．Albrecht drank a toast to his beloved brother for the years of sacrifice that had enabled him to complete his dream．“And now, Albert, blessed brother of mine, now it is your turn．Now you can go to Nuremberg to look for your dream, and I will take care of you．”
„„
To show thanks to Albert for all that he had sacrificed, Albrecht Durer painstakingly drew his brother’s injured hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skyward．He called his powerful drawing simply “Hands ”, but the entire world almost immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and renamed it “The Praying Hands”． Q1 Which of the following is the correct order of the story？
a ．Albrecht went to Nuremberg．
b ．Albert supported his brother．
c ．The Durer family held a festive dinner．
d ．Albrecht drew his brother’s injured hands．
e ．The brothers tossed a coin．
A ．b, a, c, d, e B ．a, e, c, d, b C ．e, a, c, b, d D ．e, a, b, c, d
5. 图表图画题
（2007·江苏高考）
Visit the skywalk at the Grand Canyon West Today!
For Booking Call: 1-866-944-7263
Package Fee:
$289 Per Adult; $274 Per Child.
All Fee’s Included. No Hidden Cost.
Book Now!
Experience the newly opened Grand Canyon(大峡谷) West Skywalk in Colorado. Departing from Grand Canyon’s South Rim by Airplane to Grand Canyon’s West rim, you will land an take a ground tour to the sky walk! Walk on air for 70 feet over the edge of Grand Canyon West.
This Skywalk has been open since March 28, 2007. Daily visitorship to the Skywalk has been over 4,000 people. Please be patient to enjoy your moment on the Skywalk.
After you have experienced the one and only Grand Canyon Skywalk Glass Bridge, you will return to the Grand Canyon West Airport an take your Airplane for a flight back to the South Rim of the Canyon. This is a tour never to be forgotten as you will have walked on air over the Grand Canyon. 65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _______.
（2009·安徽高考）
Q ：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008，______.
A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points
B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged
C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease
D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase
高考英语阅读之理解细节理解题
细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例，其主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how 等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。
一：常见的设问方式有：
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
All the statements are true except…
二．常见题型
1.wh 类细节题；2. 数据计算题；3. 排序题；4. 是非题；5. 图标题
三、设题方式
1．语意转换。细节理解题设题时为了避免出现原文中所用的词汇，常常使用一些同义词、近义词或反义词(双重否定) 。因而在解题时要注意语意转换。
2．设题顺序。一般来说，题序与其相关信息在文中的顺序一致，如某题的答案信息往往会在下一小题的答案信息之前。
3．设题干扰项。
(1)正误并存：部分正确，部分错误。
(2)扩大或缩小范围：是原文信息，但不是题干要求。
(3)偷换概念：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
(4)以偏概全：与原句的内容极其相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动。
(5)无中生有：明显不是文章的信息，与文章事实不符或相反。
四、解题步骤
1．迅速定位，缩小范围。通过寻读法(scanning)，用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。
2．理解其意，对照选项。在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。
3．排除干扰，选出答案。在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案。
五、典例精析
1.wh 类细节题
1) Not long ago, my wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet—not to lose a little weight but to answer an annoying question about climate change.
Q: Why did the author and his wife try a new diet?
A. To take special kinds of food B. To respond to climate change.
C. To lose weight D. To improve their health
2).Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline. Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
Q: How do people of higher income see their future?
A. They will earn less money. B. They will become pessimistic.
C. They will suffer mental illness. D. They will have less time to enjoy life.
3)(2012全国Ⅰ卷C 篇) Last night I was driving from Harrisburg to Lewisburg，distance of about
eighty miles. It was late. Several times I got stuck behind a slow-moving truck on a narrow road with a solid white line on my left,and I becoming increasingly impatient.
Q: Why did the author get impatient while driving?
A.He was lonely on the road. B.He was slowed down by a truck.
C. He got tired of driving too long. D. He came across too many traffic lights.
4)Software Trainer
If you are aged 24-45 and have experience in teaching and training, you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing. You will be allowed to make you own
decisions, and to design courses as well as present them. Pay upwards of 15,000 pounds for the right person. Please apply by sending you CV(简历) to Mrs. R. Lglivie, Palmlace Limited.
Q:What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?
A. One with GCSE grade C level. B. One with some office experience.
C. One having good computer knowledge. D. One trained in producing music programme.
5) (2015全国Ⅰ,B)
Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part-particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables-was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.
Q: What made the author’s getting up early worthwhile?
A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air
C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers’ market.
2. 是非题
1)Enlisted （征募）in the army in 1997, Liu was an experienced pilot with 1,680 hours of flying experience and the deputy head of a flight unit of the PLA’s Air Force before being enlisted into China’s second group of prospective astronauts in May 2010. She is now an air force major.
Q: Which of the following is TRUE about Liu Yang from the passage?
A.Liu once was head of a flight unit of the PLA’s Air Force.
B.Liu has become an air force major in 1997.
C.She was enlisted into China’s second group of prospective astronauts in 2010.
D.After three years of training Liu was selected as a candidate.
2) Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food when poisoned can make people sick. B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious.
3)The new technology has produced various options for students. College Booksellers, which operates 636 campus bookstores nationwide, is now marketing its new software application, which allows students to read e-textbooks on PCs. The company introduced the free application last summer in the hope of attracting more students to buy its electronic textbooks. “Now the biggest barrier is getting them to try it.” said the company’s vice president.
Q: Which of the following is NOT true according to this paragraph?
A. College Booksellers operates more than 600 bookstores in campus.
B. The free application was introduced to increase sales of elctronic textbooks.
C. Campus students now fancy a try of the free software application.
D. The company’s management still has to do more to sell the e-textbooks.
4)In a world with limited land，water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise.Actually，the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways.That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products.In other words ，we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ________．
A ．it makes the world warmer B ．it consumes natural resources
C ．it brings severe damage to forests D ．it makes growth hard to continue
3. 数字计算题
1)Tuition Fees(学费)
Tuition fees are different from department to department ，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year.For further information ：[email protected].
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat，which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person.For further information：[email protected].
You have to pay at least ________a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A ．$5，250 B ．$8，000
C ．$9，000 D ．$11，000
2) （2010·四川高考）The three ships—the MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14—had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing，pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors.
Q ： How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report?
A. 228. B. 77. C. 383. D. 305.
3)The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1℃. The number of calories people need per day is
Q1) ____ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃.
A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275
4)Finally, a cell phone
That's ... a phone
With rates as low as $3.75 per week!
“Well, I finally did it. I finally decided to enter the digital age and get a cell phone. My kids have been annoying me and the last straw was when my car broke down，and I was stuck by the highway for an hour before someone stopped to help. But when I went to the cell phone store, I almost changed my mind. The phones all have cameras, computers and a "global-positioning" something or other that's supposed to spot me from space. Goodness, all I want to do is to be able to talk to my grandkids! The people at the store weren't much help. They couldn't understand why someone wouldn't want a phone the size of a postage stamp. And the rate plans! They were confusing, and expensive ... and the contract (合同）lasted for two years! I'd almost given up until a friend told me about her new Jitterbug phone.
Now, I have the
Friendly Return Policy 30 days 30 days Call now and receive a FREE gift when you order. Try Jitterbug for 30 days and if you don't love it, just return it! Why wait, the Jitterbug comes ready to use right out of the box. If you aren't as happy with it as I am, you can return it and get your money back. Call now, the Jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions. Call 1-888-809-8794 or visit www. jitterbugdirect.com.
64.On the monthly basis of 100 minutes, the Jitterbug weekly rate is about ____.
A. $3.75 B. $4.99 C. $14. 99 D. $19.99
4. 排列顺序题
1)People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists.Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system(系统)that will organize the trip around the store.If you're looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them. The devices also keeps a record of what you buy.When you've finished，the device figures out your bill.Then you go to the checker or place your card into a self-checkout stand and pay.
Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card?
a ．Start the system.
b ．Make a shopping list.
c ．Find the things you want.
d ．Go to a self-checkout stand.
A ．abdc B ．bacd C ．acbd D ．Bcad
2）Back in the fifteenth century, in a tiny village near Nuremberg, lived a family with eighteen children．In spite of the hopeless condition, two of the children, Albrecht Durer and Albert, had a dream．They both wanted to pursue their talent for art．After many long discussions, the two boys finally worked out an agreement．They would toss a coin．The loser would go down into the nearby mines and, with his earnings, support his brother who attended the academy．Then, when that brother who won the toss completed his studies, in four years, he would support the other brother at the academy． Tossing a coin, Albrecht Durer won and went off to Nuremberg．Albert went down into the dangerous mines and, for the next four years, supported his brother, whose work at the academy was almost an immediate sensation（轰动）．By the time he graduated, he had earned considerable fees for his outstanding works．
When the young artist returned to his village, the Durer family held a festive dinner to celebrate lbrecht’s triumphant（胜利的）homecoming ．Albrecht drank a toast to his beloved brother for the years of sacrifice that had enabled him to complete his dream．“And now, Albert, blessed brother of mine, now it is your turn．Now you can go to Nuremberg to look for your dream, and I will take care of you．”
„„
To show thanks to Albert for all that he had sacrificed, Albrecht Durer painstakingly drew his brother’s injured hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skyward．He called his powerful drawing simply “Hands ”, but the entire world almost immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and renamed it “The Praying Hands”． Q1 Which of the following is the correct order of the story？
a ．Albrecht went to Nuremberg．
b ．Albert supported his brother．
c ．The Durer family held a festive dinner．
d ．Albrecht drew his brother’s injured hands．
e ．The brothers tossed a coin．
A ．b, a, c, d, e B ．a, e, c, d, b C ．e, a, c, b, d D ．e, a, b, c, d
5. 图表图画题
（2007·江苏高考）
Visit the skywalk at the Grand Canyon West Today!
For Booking Call: 1-866-944-7263
Package Fee:
$289 Per Adult; $274 Per Child.
All Fee’s Included. No Hidden Cost.
Book Now!
Experience the newly opened Grand Canyon(大峡谷) West Skywalk in Colorado. Departing from Grand Canyon’s South Rim by Airplane to Grand Canyon’s West rim, you will land an take a ground tour to the sky walk! Walk on air for 70 feet over the edge of Grand Canyon West.
This Skywalk has been open since March 28, 2007. Daily visitorship to the Skywalk has been over 4,000 people. Please be patient to enjoy your moment on the Skywalk.
After you have experienced the one and only Grand Canyon Skywalk Glass Bridge, you will return to the Grand Canyon West Airport an take your Airplane for a flight back to the South Rim of the Canyon. This is a tour never to be forgotten as you will have walked on air over the Grand Canyon. 65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _______.
（2009·安徽高考）
Q ：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008，______.
A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points
B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged
C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease
D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase