定语从句。
I，概念。一个含有引导词的句子修饰一个名词或代词，这个含有引导词的句子叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导词不担起引导定语从句的作用，同时替代了前面的先行词并在定语从句中充当定语从句的某个句子成份。选择引导词的关键要看引导词在定语从句中充当的成份，即定语从句缺什么成份补什么成份。当然，选择引导词还要与先行词结合起来考虑。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;
关系副词有：when, where, why.
II.选择定语从句引导词的一些规则。
如果定语从句缺sb，用 who / that引导，who/that在从句中作主语
如果定语从句缺sth 用which/ that 引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语
如果定语从句缺sb and sth，用 that引导
Do you know the things and persons 如果定语从句缺sb（宾语），用 whom /that引导
The man we have just seen is a famous writer.
如果定语从句缺sb's，或sth’s, 用 whose引导
They came to a houseback wall had broken down.
Mr Tailor daughter is a famous film star lives next to the door .
如果先行词是the reason， 一般用 why引导
This is the chief reason we did it. （也可用for which 引导）
如果先行词是the way，用 (that/ in which)引导
I don’t like the wayhe talks to others .
如果定语从句缺of sb , 用of whom引导
如果定语从句缺of sth, 用 of which引导
He’s written a book I’ve completely forgotten. (也可用whose name引导)
如果定语从句缺时间状语，用when引导，或用in which \ on which \ during which ...
I still remember the time I first became a college student. （可换成at which ） Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? (可换成on which引导)
如果定语从句缺地点状语，用where引导，或用in which\ on which\ at which…
His father works in a factory radio parts are made.
注意：当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the dayswe spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory makes radio parts.
Ⅲ.只用that 引导的情况。
1.当先行词有最高级或序数词修饰时，只用that 引导。
He is the first personI have been in love with .
2.主句已疑问词who , 或which 时，只用that 引导，以免重复。
which is the bike you lost ?
3.先行词既有人也有物时，只用that引导。
Do you know the things and persons 4.先行词是all , much , little , something , everything , anything , nothing , none , the one 等代词时或有以上词修饰时，只用that 引导。
It's all I want to say .
5.先行词前面有only , any , few , little , no , all , one of ,the same , the very 修饰时，只用that 引导。
The very thing Ⅳ. 不用that 引导的情况。
1、 介词之后不用that 引导。
2、前面已有that引导，后面不再用that引导。
3.非限制性(即有逗号隔开的)定语从句不用that 引导 。
4．先行词是one , ones , anyone 等不定代词表示人时宜用who引导。
Ⅴ.
1、以as 引导的定语从句，可以置于句首，句中或句尾。as 充当定语从句的主语，宾语，表语。
As everyone knows , Taiwan belongs to China .(as 作定语从句的宾语)
As is known to all , Taiwan belongs to China .(as 充当定语从句的主语)
2、当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as引导。
即such.....as.....,；. .....such as...... the same ......as ..... , so….as是固定搭配 你描绘的那种人现在很少了。（as 作宾语） 他和过去不同了。（as作表语） 这不是我所希望的书。（as 作宾语）
he doesn’t understand.
Let’s discuss
注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it .（结果状语从句）
3 ，
Ⅵ.
1、以which 引导的定语从句不能置于句首。
2、以way 引导的从句用that , 或in which 引导，也可省略。
二、关系词的用法：
（一）关系代词的用法：
1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如：
He is the man who/that lives next door.
The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.
2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?
注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3． 作定语用whose, （相当于Sb’s或sth’s）
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (whose 可替换成the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
4． 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
（二）关系副词的用法：
1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student. （可换成at which ） Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? (可换成on which)
注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。即 each time, every time , the first time ,the last time , the day ,the year 等词可直接引导从句。如：
Each time he came, he did his best to help us.
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.
2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
注：why时常也可以用for which 代替。
(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只 能引导限制性定语从句。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.
注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常 识性的东西，因此常译成“正如… …那样”。
（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如： She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
四．关系词的选择
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。
2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
3． 在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：
(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
(5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Which is the car that killed the boy?
4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，只用who(m)，而不用that：
(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.
注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：
He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.
Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.
注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…。如：
He that promises too much means nothing.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?
(4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：
A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.
There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:
(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which of us that knows anything does not know this?
(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：
He is the greatest man that has ever lived.
(3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类用as，表示同一事物用that。
如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
（1） 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?
7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句） This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it .（结果状语从句） 1 .David is such a good boy ___C____ all the teachers like.
2. David is such a good boy ___A____ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who
C. as D. whom
虚拟语气
简练总结：
I..记住五个句型。
1.对现在的虚拟： If sb did sth now , sb would do sth . 2.对过去的虚拟： If sb had done sth in the past , sb
would have done sth
3.对将来的虚拟： If sb did sth in the future ，sb would do sth
If sb should do sth in the future ，sb would do sth .
If sb were to do sth in the future ，sb would do sth
. 注：（would 可替换成should could ,might )
II. 记住几个单词及其派生词。这些词及其派生词所构成的虚拟语气没有时态，人称和数的变化。只用一个模式：Sb should do sth.
arrange , command , demand , desire , insist ,order , propose , proposal , request , require , suggest ，advise , idea , plan , necessary, important , natural , strange , impossible , possible, funny , surpring , pity , shame , wonder III.记住几个句型。
it is (high) time that sb did sth . 某人该做某事了
it is (high) time that sb should do sth . (should 不省略) 某人该做某事了
Sb would rather (that ) sb did sth now/ in the future . 某人宁愿。。。。
Sb would rather (that) sb had done sth in the past . 某人宁愿。。。。
Sb wish that sb did sth now/ in the future . 某人但愿。。。
Sb wish that sb had done sth in the past . 某人但愿。。。。
If only sb did sth now / in the future ! （如果/但愿。。。。就好了！）
If only sb had done sth in the past ! 如果/但愿。。。。就好了！
As if ( As though) sb did sth now / in the future .
As if (As though) sb had done sth in the past .
IV. 记住几个隐含意义单词。
Without/but for如果没有 with如果有, if only如果….. .就好了， even if , even though 尽管….. , as if , as though 似乎， If it were not for …..若不是（没有）,
If it had not been for ….若不是…..
V.注意。
be 的过去式为were , if 省略时必须倒装 , 缩写不能放置句首。
Were it not for the expense , I would go to Italy .(正确)= If it were not for the expense , I would to to Italy . Weren't it for the expense , I would go to Italy . (错误,缩写不能置于句首)
强调句
I,强调谓语。在谓语动词前面加助动词，do , does , 或did .
eg , I do like music .
He does like music .
They did finish their work in time .
II. 强调其它成分。
1、 It is /was +强调部分＋that ..... 。
2、Is /Was it +强调部分＋that..... ?
3、Wh- is /was it ....... that ....... ? (wh-对强调部分提问）
4. Not until 强调部分 ..... did sb do sth .
= it was not until +强调部分＋that.....
eg , I didn't get to sleep until the clock struck twelve .
= Not until the clock struck twelve did I get to sleep .
= It was not until the clock struck twelve that I got to sleep .
几个常考常混淆的句型：
1.There is no need to do sth .
2.There is no point (harm , hurry) + (in) doing
3. it is no good / use /fun /worth doing sth .
4．. sth need (want, require , deserve ) doing sth = sth need (want , require , deserve ) to be done Eg, The computer needs to be watered =The computer needs watering.
5. sth be(well) worth doing = sth be worthy to be done
6. There be ( some) difficulty (trouble , problem, fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time) (in) doing sth .
7． sb have( some) difficulty (trouble , problem, fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time) (in) doing sth .
倍数表达
1．A is twice as adj as B . eg:This room is 4 times as big as that one .
2 . A is twice –er/ more --- than B . eg:The output of this year will be 3.5 times greater than last year.
3. A is twice that of B . eg: The output of this year will be 3.5 times that of last year.
4. A is twice the size (length ,width ,height, weight, depth, total ,etc ) of B .
Eg:This room is 4 times the size of that one .
5. A is twice what 从句. Eg:Though it was twice what she had expected , her expression didn’t change .
6．A is twice as many/much…..as B.
如：2007年汽车的产量是97年的6倍。
1. The output of cars in 2007 is 6 times as many as that of 1997 .
2. The output of cars in 2007 was five times greater than that in 1997 .
3. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times that of 1997 .
4. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times the total of 1997 .
5. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times what it had been (what it was) in 1997.
主谓一致
一、单数情况
1、不定代词（nothing , something , everything ,somebody ,nobody）等作主语为单数。
2、each/every+单数名词作主语为单数。
3、非谓语动词作主语为单数。To see is to believe . 或 Seeing is believing .
4、从句作主语为单数。Where and when to go hasn’t been decided .
5、金钱，时间，距离，重量作主语为单数。
6、More than one +单数名词作主语为单数（表示许多....）
Eg, More than one student has gone to picnic.
7、Many a +单数名词作主语为单数。（表示许多。。。。）
8. One and a half 。。。作主语为单数。
9、maths , mathematics, physics ,politics ,news , works(著作，艺术品)作主语为单数。
10、the one / the only one / the very one of +名词/代词+单数定语从句。
Eg, Mr Smith is the one of the foreigners that is working in China .
11. Every ...and every......作主语为单数。
12、Each.....and each......作主语为单数。
13、 NO......and no.......作主语为单数。
14, Many a ........作主语为单数。
二、谓语为复数情况
1. One of +名词/代词+复数的定语从句。
Eg, Mr Smith is one of the foreigners that are working in China.
2. People , cattle , clothes , police 为复数名词，作主语谓语动词用复数。
3.Numbers of , hundreds of , thousands of , dozens of 后跟复数名词，谓语用复数。
三，看情况而定。
1、 The rest of / the part of / the half of / the most of / all of / 分数/ 百分数 of + 复数名词作主语谓语动词为复数。如果of +单数名词（不可数名词）作主语谓语动词为单数。
2、family , group , class , army , team ,crowd , crew (职员) 作主语，如果表示集体为单数，如果表示个体成员为复数。
Eg, My family were watching Tv when he knocked at the door . (表示我的家庭成员)
My family is big .
3、 trousers , shoes , boots , glasses , socks , gloves , compasses 作主语为复数， A pair of ......, This pair 但是，
of .....作主语为单数。
4、 There is + 单数名词 ， There are +复数名词
5、Chinese , Japanese , deer , sheep , fish , means , works(工厂）等是单复数同形的单词，作主语时要根据上下文判断其单复数。
Each means has been tried . All means have been tried .
6，两个职位表示同一个人，为单数，两个职位表示两个不同的人，为复数。
Eg, The scientist and professor is conducting an experiment .(科学家兼教授）表示同一个人。
The scientist and the professor are conducting an experiment .（这个科学家和那个教授，表示两个人） 7、The + 形容词 表示一类人，作主语为复数,表示个体为单数。
The old are now taken good care of in China .(表示一类人)
The wounded is my uncle .那个受伤的是我叔叔。（表示一个个体）
四、介词或连词连接两个名词或代词作主语情况。
1、with , as well as , like , together with , including , but , except , rather than , besides ，in addition to 连接两个主语时，谓语应与最前面的主语一致(就远原则)。
Eg , The mother together with her children is invited to the party .
2. or , either ...or , neither ....nor ... , not ...but ..., not only...but also..连接两个主语时，谓语动词就近原则。 Eg. Not only the mother but (also )her children are invited to the party .
whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever, however用法
一、引导状语从句
它们都可用来引导状语从句(让步状语从句)，其大意为“无论什么(是谁、哪一个、什么时候、什么地方、如何)”等，相当于英语中的 no matter what (who, which, when, where, how)。 如：Whatever [No matter what] you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
Whoever [No matter who] telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whichever [No matter which] day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。
Whenever [No matter when] you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 We found the people friendly wherever [no matter where] we went. 无论我们走到哪里，我们都发现人们很友好。
However [No matter how] much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少，他都不发胖。 注：whoever 的宾格也是 whoever, 而不是 whomever, 后者在现代英语已基本不用，有的词典已不收录此词。如：
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚，他一定要会做饭才行。
二、引导名词性从句，名词性从句不能用 No matter wh— 引导。
除引导状语从句外，whatever, whoever, whichever等还可引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句)。如：
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。(anything that) I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。(anything that)
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。(anyone who) I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。(anyone who)
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。(any team that) Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. (anyone of us that)
3
我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。
三、用于加强语气
有时用于加强语气，含有“究竟”、“到底”之义。如：
Whatever [What ever] do you mean? 你到底是什么意思?
Whenever [When ever] did you find time to do it? 你什么时候有空做这事? Wherever [Where ever] can the children be? 孩子们究竟会在哪里呢? Whoever [Who ever] told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的呢?
Whichever [Which ever] did you choose? 你到底选了哪个?
However [How ever] did you escape? 你到底是怎样逃出来的?
4
定语从句。
I，概念。一个含有引导词的句子修饰一个名词或代词，这个含有引导词的句子叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导词不担起引导定语从句的作用，同时替代了前面的先行词并在定语从句中充当定语从句的某个句子成份。选择引导词的关键要看引导词在定语从句中充当的成份，即定语从句缺什么成份补什么成份。当然，选择引导词还要与先行词结合起来考虑。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;
关系副词有：when, where, why.
II.选择定语从句引导词的一些规则。
如果定语从句缺sb，用 who / that引导，who/that在从句中作主语
如果定语从句缺sth 用which/ that 引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语
如果定语从句缺sb and sth，用 that引导
Do you know the things and persons 如果定语从句缺sb（宾语），用 whom /that引导
The man we have just seen is a famous writer.
如果定语从句缺sb's，或sth’s, 用 whose引导
They came to a houseback wall had broken down.
Mr Tailor daughter is a famous film star lives next to the door .
如果先行词是the reason， 一般用 why引导
This is the chief reason we did it. （也可用for which 引导）
如果先行词是the way，用 (that/ in which)引导
I don’t like the wayhe talks to others .
如果定语从句缺of sb , 用of whom引导
如果定语从句缺of sth, 用 of which引导
He’s written a book I’ve completely forgotten. (也可用whose name引导)
如果定语从句缺时间状语，用when引导，或用in which \ on which \ during which ...
I still remember the time I first became a college student. （可换成at which ） Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? (可换成on which引导)
如果定语从句缺地点状语，用where引导，或用in which\ on which\ at which…
His father works in a factory radio parts are made.
注意：当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the dayswe spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory makes radio parts.
Ⅲ.只用that 引导的情况。
1.当先行词有最高级或序数词修饰时，只用that 引导。
He is the first personI have been in love with .
2.主句已疑问词who , 或which 时，只用that 引导，以免重复。
which is the bike you lost ?
3.先行词既有人也有物时，只用that引导。
Do you know the things and persons 4.先行词是all , much , little , something , everything , anything , nothing , none , the one 等代词时或有以上词修饰时，只用that 引导。
It's all I want to say .
5.先行词前面有only , any , few , little , no , all , one of ,the same , the very 修饰时，只用that 引导。
The very thing Ⅳ. 不用that 引导的情况。
1、 介词之后不用that 引导。
2、前面已有that引导，后面不再用that引导。
3.非限制性(即有逗号隔开的)定语从句不用that 引导 。
4．先行词是one , ones , anyone 等不定代词表示人时宜用who引导。
Ⅴ.
1、以as 引导的定语从句，可以置于句首，句中或句尾。as 充当定语从句的主语，宾语，表语。
As everyone knows , Taiwan belongs to China .(as 作定语从句的宾语)
As is known to all , Taiwan belongs to China .(as 充当定语从句的主语)
2、当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as引导。
即such.....as.....,；. .....such as...... the same ......as ..... , so….as是固定搭配 你描绘的那种人现在很少了。（as 作宾语） 他和过去不同了。（as作表语） 这不是我所希望的书。（as 作宾语）
he doesn’t understand.
Let’s discuss
注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it .（结果状语从句）
3 ，
Ⅵ.
1、以which 引导的定语从句不能置于句首。
2、以way 引导的从句用that , 或in which 引导，也可省略。
二、关系词的用法：
（一）关系代词的用法：
1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如：
He is the man who/that lives next door.
The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.
2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?
注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3． 作定语用whose, （相当于Sb’s或sth’s）
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (whose 可替换成the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
4． 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
（二）关系副词的用法：
1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student. （可换成at which ） Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? (可换成on which)
注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。即 each time, every time , the first time ,the last time , the day ,the year 等词可直接引导从句。如：
Each time he came, he did his best to help us.
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.
2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
注：why时常也可以用for which 代替。
(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只 能引导限制性定语从句。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.
注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常 识性的东西，因此常译成“正如… …那样”。
（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，如： She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
四．关系词的选择
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。
2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
3． 在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：
(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
(5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Which is the car that killed the boy?
4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，只用who(m)，而不用that：
(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.
注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：
He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.
Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.
注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…。如：
He that promises too much means nothing.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?
(4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：
A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.
There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:
(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which of us that knows anything does not know this?
(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：
He is the greatest man that has ever lived.
(3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类用as，表示同一事物用that。
如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
（1） 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?
7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句） This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it .（结果状语从句） 1 .David is such a good boy ___C____ all the teachers like.
2. David is such a good boy ___A____ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who
C. as D. whom
虚拟语气
简练总结：
I..记住五个句型。
1.对现在的虚拟： If sb did sth now , sb would do sth . 2.对过去的虚拟： If sb had done sth in the past , sb
would have done sth
3.对将来的虚拟： If sb did sth in the future ，sb would do sth
If sb should do sth in the future ，sb would do sth .
If sb were to do sth in the future ，sb would do sth
. 注：（would 可替换成should could ,might )
II. 记住几个单词及其派生词。这些词及其派生词所构成的虚拟语气没有时态，人称和数的变化。只用一个模式：Sb should do sth.
arrange , command , demand , desire , insist ,order , propose , proposal , request , require , suggest ，advise , idea , plan , necessary, important , natural , strange , impossible , possible, funny , surpring , pity , shame , wonder III.记住几个句型。
it is (high) time that sb did sth . 某人该做某事了
it is (high) time that sb should do sth . (should 不省略) 某人该做某事了
Sb would rather (that ) sb did sth now/ in the future . 某人宁愿。。。。
Sb would rather (that) sb had done sth in the past . 某人宁愿。。。。
Sb wish that sb did sth now/ in the future . 某人但愿。。。
Sb wish that sb had done sth in the past . 某人但愿。。。。
If only sb did sth now / in the future ! （如果/但愿。。。。就好了！）
If only sb had done sth in the past ! 如果/但愿。。。。就好了！
As if ( As though) sb did sth now / in the future .
As if (As though) sb had done sth in the past .
IV. 记住几个隐含意义单词。
Without/but for如果没有 with如果有, if only如果….. .就好了， even if , even though 尽管….. , as if , as though 似乎， If it were not for …..若不是（没有）,
If it had not been for ….若不是…..
V.注意。
be 的过去式为were , if 省略时必须倒装 , 缩写不能放置句首。
Were it not for the expense , I would go to Italy .(正确)= If it were not for the expense , I would to to Italy . Weren't it for the expense , I would go to Italy . (错误,缩写不能置于句首)
强调句
I,强调谓语。在谓语动词前面加助动词，do , does , 或did .
eg , I do like music .
He does like music .
They did finish their work in time .
II. 强调其它成分。
1、 It is /was +强调部分＋that ..... 。
2、Is /Was it +强调部分＋that..... ?
3、Wh- is /was it ....... that ....... ? (wh-对强调部分提问）
4. Not until 强调部分 ..... did sb do sth .
= it was not until +强调部分＋that.....
eg , I didn't get to sleep until the clock struck twelve .
= Not until the clock struck twelve did I get to sleep .
= It was not until the clock struck twelve that I got to sleep .
几个常考常混淆的句型：
1.There is no need to do sth .
2.There is no point (harm , hurry) + (in) doing
3. it is no good / use /fun /worth doing sth .
4．. sth need (want, require , deserve ) doing sth = sth need (want , require , deserve ) to be done Eg, The computer needs to be watered =The computer needs watering.
5. sth be(well) worth doing = sth be worthy to be done
6. There be ( some) difficulty (trouble , problem, fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time) (in) doing sth .
7． sb have( some) difficulty (trouble , problem, fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time) (in) doing sth .
倍数表达
1．A is twice as adj as B . eg:This room is 4 times as big as that one .
2 . A is twice –er/ more --- than B . eg:The output of this year will be 3.5 times greater than last year.
3. A is twice that of B . eg: The output of this year will be 3.5 times that of last year.
4. A is twice the size (length ,width ,height, weight, depth, total ,etc ) of B .
Eg:This room is 4 times the size of that one .
5. A is twice what 从句. Eg:Though it was twice what she had expected , her expression didn’t change .
6．A is twice as many/much…..as B.
如：2007年汽车的产量是97年的6倍。
1. The output of cars in 2007 is 6 times as many as that of 1997 .
2. The output of cars in 2007 was five times greater than that in 1997 .
3. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times that of 1997 .
4. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times the total of 1997 .
5. The output of cars in 2007 was 6 times what it had been (what it was) in 1997.
主谓一致
一、单数情况
1、不定代词（nothing , something , everything ,somebody ,nobody）等作主语为单数。
2、each/every+单数名词作主语为单数。
3、非谓语动词作主语为单数。To see is to believe . 或 Seeing is believing .
4、从句作主语为单数。Where and when to go hasn’t been decided .
5、金钱，时间，距离，重量作主语为单数。
6、More than one +单数名词作主语为单数（表示许多....）
Eg, More than one student has gone to picnic.
7、Many a +单数名词作主语为单数。（表示许多。。。。）
8. One and a half 。。。作主语为单数。
9、maths , mathematics, physics ,politics ,news , works(著作，艺术品)作主语为单数。
10、the one / the only one / the very one of +名词/代词+单数定语从句。
Eg, Mr Smith is the one of the foreigners that is working in China .
11. Every ...and every......作主语为单数。
12、Each.....and each......作主语为单数。
13、 NO......and no.......作主语为单数。
14, Many a ........作主语为单数。
二、谓语为复数情况
1. One of +名词/代词+复数的定语从句。
Eg, Mr Smith is one of the foreigners that are working in China.
2. People , cattle , clothes , police 为复数名词，作主语谓语动词用复数。
3.Numbers of , hundreds of , thousands of , dozens of 后跟复数名词，谓语用复数。
三，看情况而定。
1、 The rest of / the part of / the half of / the most of / all of / 分数/ 百分数 of + 复数名词作主语谓语动词为复数。如果of +单数名词（不可数名词）作主语谓语动词为单数。
2、family , group , class , army , team ,crowd , crew (职员) 作主语，如果表示集体为单数，如果表示个体成员为复数。
Eg, My family were watching Tv when he knocked at the door . (表示我的家庭成员)
My family is big .
3、 trousers , shoes , boots , glasses , socks , gloves , compasses 作主语为复数， A pair of ......, This pair 但是，
of .....作主语为单数。
4、 There is + 单数名词 ， There are +复数名词
5、Chinese , Japanese , deer , sheep , fish , means , works(工厂）等是单复数同形的单词，作主语时要根据上下文判断其单复数。
Each means has been tried . All means have been tried .
6，两个职位表示同一个人，为单数，两个职位表示两个不同的人，为复数。
Eg, The scientist and professor is conducting an experiment .(科学家兼教授）表示同一个人。
The scientist and the professor are conducting an experiment .（这个科学家和那个教授，表示两个人） 7、The + 形容词 表示一类人，作主语为复数,表示个体为单数。
The old are now taken good care of in China .(表示一类人)
The wounded is my uncle .那个受伤的是我叔叔。（表示一个个体）
四、介词或连词连接两个名词或代词作主语情况。
1、with , as well as , like , together with , including , but , except , rather than , besides ，in addition to 连接两个主语时，谓语应与最前面的主语一致(就远原则)。
Eg , The mother together with her children is invited to the party .
2. or , either ...or , neither ....nor ... , not ...but ..., not only...but also..连接两个主语时，谓语动词就近原则。 Eg. Not only the mother but (also )her children are invited to the party .
whatever，whoever，whichever，whenever，wherever, however用法
一、引导状语从句
它们都可用来引导状语从句(让步状语从句)，其大意为“无论什么(是谁、哪一个、什么时候、什么地方、如何)”等，相当于英语中的 no matter what (who, which, when, where, how)。 如：Whatever [No matter what] you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。
Whoever [No matter who] telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whichever [No matter which] day you come, I’ll be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。
Whenever [No matter when] you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 We found the people friendly wherever [no matter where] we went. 无论我们走到哪里，我们都发现人们很友好。
However [No matter how] much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少，他都不发胖。 注：whoever 的宾格也是 whoever, 而不是 whomever, 后者在现代英语已基本不用，有的词典已不收录此词。如：
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚，他一定要会做饭才行。
二、引导名词性从句，名词性从句不能用 No matter wh— 引导。
除引导状语从句外，whatever, whoever, whichever等还可引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句)。如：
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。(anything that) I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。(anything that)
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。(anyone who) I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。(anyone who)
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。(any team that) Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. (anyone of us that)
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我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。
三、用于加强语气
有时用于加强语气，含有“究竟”、“到底”之义。如：
Whatever [What ever] do you mean? 你到底是什么意思?
Whenever [When ever] did you find time to do it? 你什么时候有空做这事? Wherever [Where ever] can the children be? 孩子们究竟会在哪里呢? Whoever [Who ever] told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的呢?
Whichever [Which ever] did you choose? 你到底选了哪个?
However [How ever] did you escape? 你到底是怎样逃出来的?
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