Ferroplasma.thermophilium L1的培养与其胞内磁性颗粒的分离及鉴定(三号宋体加粗)*
×××1△ ×××1 ×××2 ××2 ××(小四号楷体)3
（1中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院 湖南（小五号楷体） 长沙（小五号楷体） 410083；2广西医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室 广西 南宁 530021；3温州医学院生物与天然药物研究院 浙江 温州 325027）(小五号宋体)
摘要(五号黑体加粗)： 目的(小五号黑体加粗)：生物合成的磁小体为一种有潜在应用价值的理想磁性材料，可被广泛应用于信息存储与传感，药物靶向治疗，酶和基因载体等领域。基于在生物冶金的两种主要菌种Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidansYN-3和Leptospirillum ferriphilum YSK中分离到了磁性颗粒，本课题主要探索F.thermophiliumL1中是否有磁性颗粒的存在以及合成的磁性颗粒的特性。方法：通过实验探索可以获得较大生物量的该菌的培养条件，并且从该菌中分离磁性颗粒并且进行相关的检测。结果：该菌在亚铁浓度40g/L,酵母浸出液浓度400μL/100mL,200mL的装液量，45℃，170rpm条件下培养的生物量较大；该菌在外加磁场下有一定的趋磁性；根据TEM图像显示，每个F.thermophiliumL1细胞内含有1-3颗散生的磁性颗粒，颗粒呈近圆形或立方六面体形；X射线能谱分析得出这些颗粒的主要组成元素为铁和氧；AFM图像显示，磁性颗粒的粒径在70-100nm,具有磁性，但磁矩不规则，故该菌不能表现明显的趋磁性。结论：基于F.thermophiliumL1为自养好氧菌，能源简单廉价，较易培养，且证实其可以产生磁性颗粒，故可以经条件优化而得到高的磁性颗粒产率，以满足其广泛的应用领域（小五号楷体）。
关键词(五号黑体加粗)：F.thermophiliumL1；磁性颗粒；正交实验（小五号楷体）；MFM；TEM 中图分类号：Q-93-33文献标识码：A 文章编号：16673-6273（2012）(五号黑体加粗)
The culture of F.thermophiliumL1 and the isolation and identification of the magnetotactical particles（三号Times
New Roman加粗）*
×××1△, ×××1, ×××2, ×××2, ×××3（小五号Times New Roman，斜体）
(1 Pharmacy college of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China ; 2 Dept. of Histology and * 基金项目：国家重点基础发展规划项目（973项目）（G199954204）
作者简介：刘华钢（1956-），女，博士生导师，教授，主要研究方向：新制剂及药理作用机制
△通讯作者：刘华钢，电话：0771-2650426，E-mail: [email protected]
（收稿日期：2012-xx-xx 接受日期：2012-xx-xx） (小五号宋体)
Embryology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning,530021, China; 3 Institute of Biology and Nature Medicine,
Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China) （小五号Times New Roman，斜体）
ABSTRACT（五号Times New Roman粗体）： Objective（小五号Times New Roman粗体）:The
magnetosome synthesized by organisms is a potential magnetic materials which may be used extensively in the
realms such as the memory of information and biosensor，drugs targeting, enzyme carrier and gene et al. Based on
the discovery of magnetic particles in two kinds of bio-leaching bacteria Acidthiobacillus.ferrooxidans YN-3 and
Leptospirillum.ferriphilum YSK, our study focused on F.thermophiliumL1 to determine whether there exist
magnetic particles and their characteristics. The optimal culture conditions are pH1.0, temperature45 ℃, aerobic
and yeast extract required (小五号Times New Roman).
Methods:Some experiments have been carried on to exploit a better culture condition so as to attain mass cells,
which is essential to extract the magnetic particles and other researches. The particles isolated from the bacteria
had been identified.Results: The strain L1 showed weak magnetotaxis in the artificial magnetic field; the image
of TEM showed that each cell contained about 1-3 magnetic particles which were round-like or hexahedral and not
in chain; the result of Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these particles indicated that the main composition are
iron and oxygen; the image of AFM displayed that the diameter of these particles ranging from 70 nm to 100 nm, though they had magnetism, the magnetic moment was irregular which led to the weak magnetotaxis of the
strain.Conclusions: F.thermophiliumL1, an easy cultured strain, is an autotrophic aerobic bacteria, of which the
sources are simple and cheap. It had proved that the bacteria were able to create magnetic particles. In order to
satisfy to the widely applications, it would be worthy of optimizing the culture conditions so as to obtain a higher
production of these particles (小五号Times New Roman).
Keyword（五号Times New Roman粗体）: F.thermophiliumL1；Magnetic particles； Orthogonal design
experiment；MFM； TEM
Chinese Library Classification: Q-93-33 Document code : A（五号Times New Roman粗
体）
Article ID: 16673-6273(2012) （五号Times New Roman粗体）
前言(四号黑体)
生物矿化是有机物质在生物作用下分解，释放能量，转化为简单无机物质的过程。该作
用被分为两个基本形式：一种是生物诱导矿化作用（BIM），是生物通过改造和调节周围环
境的物化条件而导致生物体外发生无机矿物沉淀。一部分非趋磁性的异化铁还原菌和硫还原
菌能够在细胞外生成大量磁性矿物颗粒，但细菌对矿物结晶过程控制作用较弱，而且通常先有晶核，再在细胞外通过组织新陈代谢活动或者与新陈代谢副产物相关的化学反应而逐渐形成，与细胞表面和胞外多聚物表面的性质有密切关系，生成颗粒结晶形态和粒度差异较大。这种矿化形式有主动与被动之分。另一种是生物控制矿化作用（BCM），是生物通过严格的生物化学过程控制，生物在成核和矿物粒子的生长过程中起重要作用，最终在体内结晶生成无机矿物。。。。BIM和BCM的不同之处主要表现在晶体类型和生物矿化途径上。一般认为BIM不是生物代谢有目的控制的结果[1]。
1 材料与方法(四号黑体)
1.1实验材料(小四号黑体)
1.1.1 实验菌种(五号黑体) 该菌株是由周洪波等利用液体稀释分离技术从 45℃的浸矿反应器中分离得到一株中度嗜热嗜酸的古菌菌株。以上菌种都保存于中南大学生物冶金教育部重点实验室(五号宋体)。
1.2.2培养基9K培养基稍作改进。9K培养基组成：（NH）2SO4 3.0 g/L， KCl 0.1 g/L，MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L，Ca(NO3)0.01 g/L，K2HPO4 0.5 g/L，用1:1的H2SO4将pH值调至0.9。121℃灭菌30 min. FeSO4·7H2O 30 g/L，采用过滤除菌后加入到己灭菌的培养基中， 酵母粉0.2 g/L。
......
2 结果
3.1 F.thermophiliumL1的生长特性
3.1.1生长曲线测定结果 生长曲线的测定采用的是亚铁30 g/L,酵母浸出液200 μL100 mL45 ℃，170 rpm培养。由图可以看出，最初细菌有个短暂的适应期，在此期间甚至有部分不适应新生长环境的菌株会死亡......
图3-1未经优化的F.thermophilium 菌株L1生长曲线（小五号宋体）
Fig3-1 F．thermophiliumL1 growth curve without orthogonal design experiment
*注释也必须有中英文对照，用小五号楷体和Times New Roman
3.1.2正交优化实验结果 正交实验的因素和水平选择是基于单因素实验的，本文主要罗列了有关亚铁、酵母浸出液浓度的单因素实验......
表3-2 正交实验的方差分析
Table3-2 Square variance analysis for orthogonal design of experiments
Factor
A
B
C
Error Q 6.5229 20.3221 8.8399 1.6417 f 1 1 1 2 M 6.5229 20.3221 8.8399 0.82085 F 7.946 24.756 10.768
*注：A,B,C分别代表亚铁离子浓度、酵母浸出液浓度和培养液体积
*Note:A,B,C represents the concentration of ferrous iron and yeast extract,as well as volumns of culture.
3 讨论
本文研究了以亚铁为能源生长的浸矿细菌F. thermophiliumL1是否可以产生磁性颗粒。首先设计正交实验来实现探索F. thermophiliumL1的较高的生物量的培养条件，先进行单因素实验，找到较理想的单因素条件，从而确定正交实验的因素与水平。以优化结果为对象，
进行了趋磁性研究。当获得大量的菌株后，采用超声波破碎细胞壁以释放细胞内的磁性颗粒，利用永磁铁的吸引作用，汇集提取的磁性颗粒，除去其他杂质后进行一系列的测定，如AFM、ESEM、TEM、XRD等，观察这些颗粒的外貌，分析其组成，确定晶型、大小、磁矩等参数特征，以确定其确实为生物诱导作用产生的磁小体，从而为其进一步的研究和应用而奠定基础。通过实验，得出一下结论：。。。。。。
致谢：采用五号黑体和Times New Roman字体。
参考文献(References)（五号黑体，需要中英文对照）
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[2] Andrews S C, Robinson A K, Rodriguez-Quinones F. Bacterial iron homeostasis [R]. Europe: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008: 15-37
[3] Schüler D. Molecular analysis of a subcellular compartment: The magnetosome membrane in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense [J]. Arch Microbio, 2004, 181(1): 1-7
[4] Sakaguchi T, Burgess J G, Matsunaga T. Magnetite formation by a sulphate-reducing bacterium [J]. Nature, 1993, 365: 47-49.
[5] Blakemore R P, Maratea D, Wolfe R S. Isolation and pure culture of a freshwater magneticspirillum in chemically defined medium [J]. Journal of bacteriology, 1979, 140(2): 720-729
[6] Amann R. Peplies, J. Schu¨ler, D. Magnetoreception and magnetosomes in bacteria [M]. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007: 25-27.
[7] Li Jinhua, Ge Xin, Pan Yongxin. Recover vigorous cells of Magnetospirillum magneticurn AMB-1 by capillary magnetic separation [J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2010, 28(4): 826-831
[8] Fangfang Guo,Yang Liu, Jilun Li. A novel rapid and continuo us procedure for large-scale purification of magnetosomes from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense [J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011, 90(4): 1277-1283
[9] Scheffel A, Gruska M, Faivre D, et al. An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria [J]. Nature, 2006, 440(7080): 110-114
[10] Komeili A, Li Z, Newman D K, et al. Magnetosomes are cell membrane invaginations organized by the actin-like protein MamK [J]. Science, 2006, 311(5758): 242-245
[11] Jogler C, Lin W, Meyerdierks A, et al. Toward Cloning of the Magnetotactic Metagenome: Identification of Magnetosome Island Gene Clusters in Uncultivated Magnetotactic Bacteria from Different Aquatic Sediments [J]. Appl Environ Microbiol. ,2009, 75(12): 3972-3979
[12] Graumann PL. Cytoskeletal elements in bacteria [J]. Annu Rev Microbiol, 2007, 61: 589-618
[13] Pradel N, Santini CL, Bernadac A, et al. Biogenesis of actin-like bacterial cytoskeletal filaments destined for positioning prokaryotic magnetic organelles [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006, 103(46): 17485-17489
[14] Schubbe S, Wurdemann C, Peplies J, et al. Transcriptional organization and regulation of magnetosome operns in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense [J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2006, 72(9): 5757-5765
[15] Taoka A, Asada R, Sasaki H, et al. Spatial localizations of Mam22 and Mam12 in the magnetosomes of Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum [J]. Bacteriol, 2006, 188(11): 3805-3812
[16] Murat D, Quinlan A, Valli H, et al.Coprehensive genetic dissection of the magnetosome gene island reveals the step wise assembly of a prokaryotic organelle [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(12): 5593-5598
[17] Grass G, Otto M, Fricke B,et al. FieF (YiiP) from Escherichia coli mediates decreased cellular accumulation of iron and relieves iron stress [J]. Arch Microbiol, 2005, 183(1): 9-18
[18] Christian Jogler, Dirk Schüler. Genetic Analysis of Magnetosome Biomineralization [J]. Microbiol Monogr, 2006, 3(2007): 133-161
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Ferroplasma.thermophilium L1的培养与其胞内磁性颗粒的分离及鉴定(三号宋体加粗)*
×××1△ ×××1 ×××2 ××2 ××(小四号楷体)3
（1中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院 湖南（小五号楷体） 长沙（小五号楷体） 410083；2广西医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室 广西 南宁 530021；3温州医学院生物与天然药物研究院 浙江 温州 325027）(小五号宋体)
摘要(五号黑体加粗)： 目的(小五号黑体加粗)：生物合成的磁小体为一种有潜在应用价值的理想磁性材料，可被广泛应用于信息存储与传感，药物靶向治疗，酶和基因载体等领域。基于在生物冶金的两种主要菌种Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidansYN-3和Leptospirillum ferriphilum YSK中分离到了磁性颗粒，本课题主要探索F.thermophiliumL1中是否有磁性颗粒的存在以及合成的磁性颗粒的特性。方法：通过实验探索可以获得较大生物量的该菌的培养条件，并且从该菌中分离磁性颗粒并且进行相关的检测。结果：该菌在亚铁浓度40g/L,酵母浸出液浓度400μL/100mL,200mL的装液量，45℃，170rpm条件下培养的生物量较大；该菌在外加磁场下有一定的趋磁性；根据TEM图像显示，每个F.thermophiliumL1细胞内含有1-3颗散生的磁性颗粒，颗粒呈近圆形或立方六面体形；X射线能谱分析得出这些颗粒的主要组成元素为铁和氧；AFM图像显示，磁性颗粒的粒径在70-100nm,具有磁性，但磁矩不规则，故该菌不能表现明显的趋磁性。结论：基于F.thermophiliumL1为自养好氧菌，能源简单廉价，较易培养，且证实其可以产生磁性颗粒，故可以经条件优化而得到高的磁性颗粒产率，以满足其广泛的应用领域（小五号楷体）。
关键词(五号黑体加粗)：F.thermophiliumL1；磁性颗粒；正交实验（小五号楷体）；MFM；TEM 中图分类号：Q-93-33文献标识码：A 文章编号：16673-6273（2012）(五号黑体加粗)
The culture of F.thermophiliumL1 and the isolation and identification of the magnetotactical particles（三号Times
New Roman加粗）*
×××1△, ×××1, ×××2, ×××2, ×××3（小五号Times New Roman，斜体）
(1 Pharmacy college of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China ; 2 Dept. of Histology and * 基金项目：国家重点基础发展规划项目（973项目）（G199954204）
作者简介：刘华钢（1956-），女，博士生导师，教授，主要研究方向：新制剂及药理作用机制
△通讯作者：刘华钢，电话：0771-2650426，E-mail: [email protected]
（收稿日期：2012-xx-xx 接受日期：2012-xx-xx） (小五号宋体)
Embryology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning,530021, China; 3 Institute of Biology and Nature Medicine,
Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325027, China) （小五号Times New Roman，斜体）
ABSTRACT（五号Times New Roman粗体）： Objective（小五号Times New Roman粗体）:The
magnetosome synthesized by organisms is a potential magnetic materials which may be used extensively in the
realms such as the memory of information and biosensor，drugs targeting, enzyme carrier and gene et al. Based on
the discovery of magnetic particles in two kinds of bio-leaching bacteria Acidthiobacillus.ferrooxidans YN-3 and
Leptospirillum.ferriphilum YSK, our study focused on F.thermophiliumL1 to determine whether there exist
magnetic particles and their characteristics. The optimal culture conditions are pH1.0, temperature45 ℃, aerobic
and yeast extract required (小五号Times New Roman).
Methods:Some experiments have been carried on to exploit a better culture condition so as to attain mass cells,
which is essential to extract the magnetic particles and other researches. The particles isolated from the bacteria
had been identified.Results: The strain L1 showed weak magnetotaxis in the artificial magnetic field; the image
of TEM showed that each cell contained about 1-3 magnetic particles which were round-like or hexahedral and not
in chain; the result of Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these particles indicated that the main composition are
iron and oxygen; the image of AFM displayed that the diameter of these particles ranging from 70 nm to 100 nm, though they had magnetism, the magnetic moment was irregular which led to the weak magnetotaxis of the
strain.Conclusions: F.thermophiliumL1, an easy cultured strain, is an autotrophic aerobic bacteria, of which the
sources are simple and cheap. It had proved that the bacteria were able to create magnetic particles. In order to
satisfy to the widely applications, it would be worthy of optimizing the culture conditions so as to obtain a higher
production of these particles (小五号Times New Roman).
Keyword（五号Times New Roman粗体）: F.thermophiliumL1；Magnetic particles； Orthogonal design
experiment；MFM； TEM
Chinese Library Classification: Q-93-33 Document code : A（五号Times New Roman粗
体）
Article ID: 16673-6273(2012) （五号Times New Roman粗体）
前言(四号黑体)
生物矿化是有机物质在生物作用下分解，释放能量，转化为简单无机物质的过程。该作
用被分为两个基本形式：一种是生物诱导矿化作用（BIM），是生物通过改造和调节周围环
境的物化条件而导致生物体外发生无机矿物沉淀。一部分非趋磁性的异化铁还原菌和硫还原
菌能够在细胞外生成大量磁性矿物颗粒，但细菌对矿物结晶过程控制作用较弱，而且通常先有晶核，再在细胞外通过组织新陈代谢活动或者与新陈代谢副产物相关的化学反应而逐渐形成，与细胞表面和胞外多聚物表面的性质有密切关系，生成颗粒结晶形态和粒度差异较大。这种矿化形式有主动与被动之分。另一种是生物控制矿化作用（BCM），是生物通过严格的生物化学过程控制，生物在成核和矿物粒子的生长过程中起重要作用，最终在体内结晶生成无机矿物。。。。BIM和BCM的不同之处主要表现在晶体类型和生物矿化途径上。一般认为BIM不是生物代谢有目的控制的结果[1]。
1 材料与方法(四号黑体)
1.1实验材料(小四号黑体)
1.1.1 实验菌种(五号黑体) 该菌株是由周洪波等利用液体稀释分离技术从 45℃的浸矿反应器中分离得到一株中度嗜热嗜酸的古菌菌株。以上菌种都保存于中南大学生物冶金教育部重点实验室(五号宋体)。
1.2.2培养基9K培养基稍作改进。9K培养基组成：（NH）2SO4 3.0 g/L， KCl 0.1 g/L，MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L，Ca(NO3)0.01 g/L，K2HPO4 0.5 g/L，用1:1的H2SO4将pH值调至0.9。121℃灭菌30 min. FeSO4·7H2O 30 g/L，采用过滤除菌后加入到己灭菌的培养基中， 酵母粉0.2 g/L。
......
2 结果
3.1 F.thermophiliumL1的生长特性
3.1.1生长曲线测定结果 生长曲线的测定采用的是亚铁30 g/L,酵母浸出液200 μL100 mL45 ℃，170 rpm培养。由图可以看出，最初细菌有个短暂的适应期，在此期间甚至有部分不适应新生长环境的菌株会死亡......
图3-1未经优化的F.thermophilium 菌株L1生长曲线（小五号宋体）
Fig3-1 F．thermophiliumL1 growth curve without orthogonal design experiment
*注释也必须有中英文对照，用小五号楷体和Times New Roman
3.1.2正交优化实验结果 正交实验的因素和水平选择是基于单因素实验的，本文主要罗列了有关亚铁、酵母浸出液浓度的单因素实验......
表3-2 正交实验的方差分析
Table3-2 Square variance analysis for orthogonal design of experiments
Factor
A
B
C
Error Q 6.5229 20.3221 8.8399 1.6417 f 1 1 1 2 M 6.5229 20.3221 8.8399 0.82085 F 7.946 24.756 10.768
*注：A,B,C分别代表亚铁离子浓度、酵母浸出液浓度和培养液体积
*Note:A,B,C represents the concentration of ferrous iron and yeast extract,as well as volumns of culture.
3 讨论
本文研究了以亚铁为能源生长的浸矿细菌F. thermophiliumL1是否可以产生磁性颗粒。首先设计正交实验来实现探索F. thermophiliumL1的较高的生物量的培养条件，先进行单因素实验，找到较理想的单因素条件，从而确定正交实验的因素与水平。以优化结果为对象，
进行了趋磁性研究。当获得大量的菌株后，采用超声波破碎细胞壁以释放细胞内的磁性颗粒，利用永磁铁的吸引作用，汇集提取的磁性颗粒，除去其他杂质后进行一系列的测定，如AFM、ESEM、TEM、XRD等，观察这些颗粒的外貌，分析其组成，确定晶型、大小、磁矩等参数特征，以确定其确实为生物诱导作用产生的磁小体，从而为其进一步的研究和应用而奠定基础。通过实验，得出一下结论：。。。。。。
致谢：采用五号黑体和Times New Roman字体。
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