英语句子基本成分与基本句型结构
(理解明白句子是阅读与写作的基础所在!)
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾补等。
一、主语（subject ）: 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
二、谓语（predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
I love you. We like English. He is asleep. She seems happy.
三、表语（predicative ）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. (名词) Seventy-four! You don‟t look it . (代词) Five and five is ten . (数词) He is asleep . (形容词)
His father is in . (副词) The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say “I‟m poor, I can‟t buy a ring. ” (不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来) ， look(看起来) ， feel(摸起来) ，
smell(闻起来) ，taste(尝、吃起来) ， remain(保持，仍是) ， feel(感觉) ….
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
四、宾语：1) 动作的承受者——动宾
I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two . (数词)
We should help the old and the poor. （形容词）
I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)
2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 双宾语——间宾(指人) 和直宾(指物)
五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
. (名词)
that she didn‟t come here. (名)
. (形容词)
副词)
介词短语)
Don‟t 省to 不定式)
the lazy boy a lesson. (带to 不定式)
Don ‟t 现在分词)
I‟ll过去分词)
六、主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor .
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
We got home tired and hungry.
七、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
I am an English teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
八、状语：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、
程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)
I will go there tomorrow .
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn‟t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
基本句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
主谓结构 S 十V 主系表结构 S 十V 十F
主谓宾结构 S 十V 十O 主谓双宾结构 S 十V 十O1十O2
主谓宾补结构 S 十V 十O 十C
说明：S ＝主语；V ＝谓语；P ＝表语；O ＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；
C ＝宾语补足语
1．S 十V 句式 在此句式中，V 是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．) 。 例如：He runs quickly. 他跑得快。
They listened carefully. 他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country. 中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out. 煤气用完了。
My ink has run out. 我的钢笔水用完了。
2．S 十V 十P 句式 在此句式中，V 是系动词(link v．) ，常见的系动词有： look ，seem ，appear ，sound ，feel ，taste ，smell ，grow ，get ，fall ill/asleep，
stand/sit still，become ，turn 等。例如：
He is older than he looks. 他比看上去要老。
He seems interested in the book. 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard. 书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice. 饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before. 你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill. 他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still. 他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up. 他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country. 他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO 句式，例如：
He looked me up and down. 他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant. 他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish. 他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town. 他们在家乡种水稻。
He„s got a chair to sit on. 他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English. 请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S 十V 十O 句式 在此句式中，V 是及物动词(vt．) ，因此有宾语。例如： I saw a film yesterday. 我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily. 他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year. 他们去年建了一所房子。
They„ve put up a factory in the village. 他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children. 这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well. 你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4．S 十V 十O1十O2句式 在此句式中，V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。
常见的须带双宾语的动词有give ，ask ，bring ，offer ，send ，pay ，lend ，show ，tell ，buy ，get, rob，warn 等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me. 他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me. 他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me. 他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me. 他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me. 请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me. 他问我个问题。
注意，下边动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。
He„s warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease. 医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the rats. 我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak. 他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5．S 十V 十O 十C 句式 在此句式中，V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry. 他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day. 他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out. 我发现他出去了。
I saw him in. 我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand. 他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie. 他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out. 我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast. 他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now. 我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him. 他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
9. They pushed the door open.
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
12. All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like.
16. We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come. That is why he didn't know.
18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany.
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him.
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month.
24. Go back where you came from.
25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.
27. Would you please pass me the cup?
28. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
29. Do you know the latest news about him?
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语、补语～：
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
英语句子基本成分与基本句型结构
(理解明白句子是阅读与写作的基础所在!)
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾补等。
一、主语（subject ）: 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)
二、谓语（predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
I love you. We like English. He is asleep. She seems happy.
三、表语（predicative ）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. (名词) Seventy-four! You don‟t look it . (代词) Five and five is ten . (数词) He is asleep . (形容词)
His father is in . (副词) The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say “I‟m poor, I can‟t buy a ring. ” (不定式)
The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来) ， look(看起来) ， feel(摸起来) ，
smell(闻起来) ，taste(尝、吃起来) ， remain(保持，仍是) ， feel(感觉) ….
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
四、宾语：1) 动作的承受者——动宾
I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two . (数词)
We should help the old and the poor. （形容词）
I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)
2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 双宾语——间宾(指人) 和直宾(指物)
五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
. (名词)
that she didn‟t come here. (名)
. (形容词)
副词)
介词短语)
Don‟t 省to 不定式)
the lazy boy a lesson. (带to 不定式)
Don ‟t 现在分词)
I‟ll过去分词)
六、主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor .
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
We got home tired and hungry.
七、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
I am an English teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
八、状语：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、
程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)
I will go there tomorrow .
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn‟t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
基本句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
主谓结构 S 十V 主系表结构 S 十V 十F
主谓宾结构 S 十V 十O 主谓双宾结构 S 十V 十O1十O2
主谓宾补结构 S 十V 十O 十C
说明：S ＝主语；V ＝谓语；P ＝表语；O ＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；
C ＝宾语补足语
1．S 十V 句式 在此句式中，V 是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．) 。 例如：He runs quickly. 他跑得快。
They listened carefully. 他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger. 他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country. 中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out. 煤气用完了。
My ink has run out. 我的钢笔水用完了。
2．S 十V 十P 句式 在此句式中，V 是系动词(link v．) ，常见的系动词有： look ，seem ，appear ，sound ，feel ，taste ，smell ，grow ，get ，fall ill/asleep，
stand/sit still，become ，turn 等。例如：
He is older than he looks. 他比看上去要老。
He seems interested in the book. 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard. 书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice. 饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nice. 花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before. 你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill. 他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still. 他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up. 他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country. 他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO 句式，例如：
He looked me up and down. 他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant. 他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish. 他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town. 他们在家乡种水稻。
He„s got a chair to sit on. 他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English. 请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S 十V 十O 句式 在此句式中，V 是及物动词(vt．) ，因此有宾语。例如： I saw a film yesterday. 我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily. 他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year. 他们去年建了一所房子。
They„ve put up a factory in the village. 他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children. 这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well. 你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4．S 十V 十O1十O2句式 在此句式中，V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。
常见的须带双宾语的动词有give ，ask ，bring ，offer ，send ，pay ，lend ，show ，tell ，buy ，get, rob，warn 等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me. 他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me. 他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me. 他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me. 他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me. 请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me. 他问我个问题。
注意，下边动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。
He„s warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease. 医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the rats. 我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak. 他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5．S 十V 十O 十C 句式 在此句式中，V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry. 他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day. 他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out. 我发现他出去了。
I saw him in. 我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand. 他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie. 他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out. 我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast. 他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now. 我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him. 他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
9. They pushed the door open.
10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.
12. All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.
14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like.
16. We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come. That is why he didn't know.
18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany.
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him.
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month.
24. Go back where you came from.
25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.
27. Would you please pass me the cup?
28. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
29. Do you know the latest news about him?
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语、补语～：
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.