智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料
GRE阅读文章结构视频讲解-智课教育旗下智课教育轻松分析阅读文章结构——全文论证一个观点，新观点推翻旧观点考生在做GRE阅读题的时候首先需要搞清楚GRE阅读文章结构。下面，小编为大家带来的是视频讲解的两种GRE阅读文章结构，分别是全文论证一个观点，新观点推翻旧观点。
注意：
不管文章属于什么类型，作者都会通过文中的一句话Topic
Sentence来表达他写作的中心意图，它通常包括两方面：
一、作者的观点是什么
二、作者对此观点的态度是什么
全文论证一个观点：
结构特征：
1. TS一般在第一段中;
2. 除去第一段每一段的第一句话往往是该段的一个概括总结
判断方法：
首段阐述了一个作者的观点(很多时候是一个判断句/强调句，句中作者冠以表明肯定或否定态度的词)，首段观点之后和第二段首句均没有对此观点进行转折
结构：
a. 观点
b. 观点的进一步阐述
C. 结尾总结或者是对观点的小让步(也可能没有)
范文：
Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek tomystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evilwhatever differs from good. /Great comic artists assume thattruth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate
contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend themby appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic
purpose, or laws of nature. /The moment of transcendence ingreat comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction
that we are human, even though we try to be gods. /The comiccommunity to which artists address themselves is a communityof reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are
willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. /Withoutinvoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage inreason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beingscan do as humans.
Which of the following is the most accurate description ofthe organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the
beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific
examples
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general答案(C)
分析：这篇文章是典型的presentation.而且，前后观点是一致的(主要标志是中间没有任何的转折词)，也就是说第一句和最后一句的含义是没有改变的。都是讲喜剧艺术是现实的而不是非现实的。本文是结构题，本文属于理论性的presentation，没有事例论证，只有一而再再而三的反复断言。
Whether the languages of the ancient American peopleswere used for expressing abstract universal concepts can beclearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek andGerman, is a language that allows the formation of extensivecompounds. By the combination of radicals or semanticelements, single compound words can express complex
conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
The tlamatinime ("those who know") were able to use thisrich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of theirthought. They also availed themselves of other forms of
expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original,some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the mostcharacteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that,because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries,complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used asmetaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essentialtraits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry asan almost habitual form of expression.
翻译：古代美洲民族的语言是否被用来表达抽象普遍的概念，可在纳瓦特尔语言(Nahuatle)这一实例中得到明确的回答。纳瓦特尔语，犹如希腊文和德文一样，是一种可允许形成大量复合词(compound)的语言。通过对词根(radical)或语义要素(semantic element)的组合，单个的复合词可表达复杂的概念关系，通常具有一种抽象普遍之特征。
那些(tlamatinime)(饱学之士) 得以利用这个由抽象语汇构成的丰富宝库来表达其思想的精妙内涵。此外，他们亦利用了其它带有隐喻含义的表达方式，某些可能是原创的，某些则是从托尔特克语(Toltec)的杜撰中派生而来的。在这些表达方式中，纳瓦特尔语中最独特的是将两个词语的并置(juxtaposition)，由于这两个词语是同义词、关联词、或甚至是反义词，所以彼此补足，唤起一个单独的概念。并置的词语被作为隐喻使用，可表达出它们所指代事物的具体或本质的特征，从而引入诗歌的模式作为一种几乎是习以为常的表达方式。
1. A main purpose of the passage is to
(A) delineate the function of the tlamatinime in Nahuatlsociety
(B) explain the abstract philosophy of the Nahuatl thinkers
(C) argue against a theory of poetic expression by citingevidence about the Nahuatl
(D) explore the rich metaphorical heritage the Nahuatl
received from the Toltecs
(E) describe some conceptual and aesthetic resources of theNahuatl language
分析：本文也是一个全文论证一个观点的文章。文章第二段中可以讲述文章的主题，美州古代语言是怎样来表达复杂意思的，所以答案选E。
2. In the context in which it appears, “coinages ” mostnearly means:
(A) Adaptations
(B) Creations
(C) Idiosyncrasies
(D) pronunciation
(E) currencies
分析：coin有“铸造”的意思，由此可以联想，coinages对应B 选项。
新观点推翻旧观点
a. 开头有两种标志词：
1. 首句有表示过去的时间词，如initially, historically,
traditionally; Once thought to be…等。
2. 有表示多数人、一般人看法的词：usually， typically,
regularly, some historians, the dominant view, the common belief
b. 首段后半部分或者二段首句出现转折句、让步句以推出作者支持的新观点，如：however，but，yet，nevertheless，unfortunately等引导的句子。
结构：
A 旧观点
B 旧观点特征及缺陷的论述(也可能没有)
C 新观点
D 对新观点的论述
E 对新观点的让步(也可能没有)
范文：
Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism has beenthe notion that every true generalization must be confirmable byspecific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of All ballsare red, for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any
observation of a non red ball refutes unequivocally the proposedgeneralization.
For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly narrowconception of empiricism. All balls are red, he maintains, formsone strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge);individual observations can be referred only to this web as a
whole. As new observations are collected, he explains, they mustbe integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a
contradiction develops between a new observation, say, That ballis blue, and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues,any statement or combination of statements (not merely theoffending generalization, as in classical empiricism) can be
altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free ofcontradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists oflabeling the new observation a hallucination.
翻译：
从历史的角度看，古典经验主义的奠基石是这样一种观念，即每一个正确的推论都必须能被具体的观察所验证。例如，在古典经验主义中，“所有的球都是红色的”这一断言的真理性，就是通过检验所有的球而得以评估的;任何观察，只要发现一个非红色的球，即断然推翻所提出的那一推论。
但是，对于W.V.O.奎因(Quine)而言，这对经验主义构成了一种过于“狭隘”的理解。他坚持认为，“所有的球都是红色的”在整张陈述之网(我们的知识)中仅构成一股网绳; 单项的观察只能参照这一整体网络。他解释道，随着新的观察被收集到，它们必须被综合到这一网络中。只有当新的观察，如“那个球是蓝色的”，与既存的陈述之间发生矛盾时，问题才会发生。在那种情况下，他论辩道，任何一项陈述或一组陈述(而不是象在古典经验主义中那样仅仅是那个“背悖的”理论)，可予以改变，以实现那种根本的要求，即一个不含有矛盾的系统，即使在某些情形中，这种改变涉及到将新的观察归作一种“幻觉”。
分析：本文中的旧观点是第一句话，在第二段首段有一个转折，描述了旧观点的缺陷，然后提出了新观点，后面就是对新观点的解释说明
。
以上就是GRE阅读文章结构讲解的全部内容，希望对考生理解这两种文章结构有帮助。
智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料
GRE阅读文章结构视频讲解-智课教育旗下智课教育轻松分析阅读文章结构——全文论证一个观点，新观点推翻旧观点考生在做GRE阅读题的时候首先需要搞清楚GRE阅读文章结构。下面，小编为大家带来的是视频讲解的两种GRE阅读文章结构，分别是全文论证一个观点，新观点推翻旧观点。
注意：
不管文章属于什么类型，作者都会通过文中的一句话Topic
Sentence来表达他写作的中心意图，它通常包括两方面：
一、作者的观点是什么
二、作者对此观点的态度是什么
全文论证一个观点：
结构特征：
1. TS一般在第一段中;
2. 除去第一段每一段的第一句话往往是该段的一个概括总结
判断方法：
首段阐述了一个作者的观点(很多时候是一个判断句/强调句，句中作者冠以表明肯定或否定态度的词)，首段观点之后和第二段首句均没有对此观点进行转折
结构：
a. 观点
b. 观点的进一步阐述
C. 结尾总结或者是对观点的小让步(也可能没有)
范文：
Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek tomystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evilwhatever differs from good. /Great comic artists assume thattruth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate
contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend themby appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic
purpose, or laws of nature. /The moment of transcendence ingreat comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction
that we are human, even though we try to be gods. /The comiccommunity to which artists address themselves is a communityof reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are
willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. /Withoutinvoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage inreason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beingscan do as humans.
Which of the following is the most accurate description ofthe organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the
beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific
examples
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general答案(C)
分析：这篇文章是典型的presentation.而且，前后观点是一致的(主要标志是中间没有任何的转折词)，也就是说第一句和最后一句的含义是没有改变的。都是讲喜剧艺术是现实的而不是非现实的。本文是结构题，本文属于理论性的presentation，没有事例论证，只有一而再再而三的反复断言。
Whether the languages of the ancient American peopleswere used for expressing abstract universal concepts can beclearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek andGerman, is a language that allows the formation of extensivecompounds. By the combination of radicals or semanticelements, single compound words can express complex
conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
The tlamatinime ("those who know") were able to use thisrich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of theirthought. They also availed themselves of other forms of
expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original,some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the mostcharacteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that,because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries,complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used asmetaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essentialtraits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry asan almost habitual form of expression.
翻译：古代美洲民族的语言是否被用来表达抽象普遍的概念，可在纳瓦特尔语言(Nahuatle)这一实例中得到明确的回答。纳瓦特尔语，犹如希腊文和德文一样，是一种可允许形成大量复合词(compound)的语言。通过对词根(radical)或语义要素(semantic element)的组合，单个的复合词可表达复杂的概念关系，通常具有一种抽象普遍之特征。
那些(tlamatinime)(饱学之士) 得以利用这个由抽象语汇构成的丰富宝库来表达其思想的精妙内涵。此外，他们亦利用了其它带有隐喻含义的表达方式，某些可能是原创的，某些则是从托尔特克语(Toltec)的杜撰中派生而来的。在这些表达方式中，纳瓦特尔语中最独特的是将两个词语的并置(juxtaposition)，由于这两个词语是同义词、关联词、或甚至是反义词，所以彼此补足，唤起一个单独的概念。并置的词语被作为隐喻使用，可表达出它们所指代事物的具体或本质的特征，从而引入诗歌的模式作为一种几乎是习以为常的表达方式。
1. A main purpose of the passage is to
(A) delineate the function of the tlamatinime in Nahuatlsociety
(B) explain the abstract philosophy of the Nahuatl thinkers
(C) argue against a theory of poetic expression by citingevidence about the Nahuatl
(D) explore the rich metaphorical heritage the Nahuatl
received from the Toltecs
(E) describe some conceptual and aesthetic resources of theNahuatl language
分析：本文也是一个全文论证一个观点的文章。文章第二段中可以讲述文章的主题，美州古代语言是怎样来表达复杂意思的，所以答案选E。
2. In the context in which it appears, “coinages ” mostnearly means:
(A) Adaptations
(B) Creations
(C) Idiosyncrasies
(D) pronunciation
(E) currencies
分析：coin有“铸造”的意思，由此可以联想，coinages对应B 选项。
新观点推翻旧观点
a. 开头有两种标志词：
1. 首句有表示过去的时间词，如initially, historically,
traditionally; Once thought to be…等。
2. 有表示多数人、一般人看法的词：usually， typically,
regularly, some historians, the dominant view, the common belief
b. 首段后半部分或者二段首句出现转折句、让步句以推出作者支持的新观点，如：however，but，yet，nevertheless，unfortunately等引导的句子。
结构：
A 旧观点
B 旧观点特征及缺陷的论述(也可能没有)
C 新观点
D 对新观点的论述
E 对新观点的让步(也可能没有)
范文：
Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism has beenthe notion that every true generalization must be confirmable byspecific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of All ballsare red, for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any
observation of a non red ball refutes unequivocally the proposedgeneralization.
For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly narrowconception of empiricism. All balls are red, he maintains, formsone strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge);individual observations can be referred only to this web as a
whole. As new observations are collected, he explains, they mustbe integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a
contradiction develops between a new observation, say, That ballis blue, and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues,any statement or combination of statements (not merely theoffending generalization, as in classical empiricism) can be
altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free ofcontradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists oflabeling the new observation a hallucination.
翻译：
从历史的角度看，古典经验主义的奠基石是这样一种观念，即每一个正确的推论都必须能被具体的观察所验证。例如，在古典经验主义中，“所有的球都是红色的”这一断言的真理性，就是通过检验所有的球而得以评估的;任何观察，只要发现一个非红色的球，即断然推翻所提出的那一推论。
但是，对于W.V.O.奎因(Quine)而言，这对经验主义构成了一种过于“狭隘”的理解。他坚持认为，“所有的球都是红色的”在整张陈述之网(我们的知识)中仅构成一股网绳; 单项的观察只能参照这一整体网络。他解释道，随着新的观察被收集到，它们必须被综合到这一网络中。只有当新的观察，如“那个球是蓝色的”，与既存的陈述之间发生矛盾时，问题才会发生。在那种情况下，他论辩道，任何一项陈述或一组陈述(而不是象在古典经验主义中那样仅仅是那个“背悖的”理论)，可予以改变，以实现那种根本的要求，即一个不含有矛盾的系统，即使在某些情形中，这种改变涉及到将新的观察归作一种“幻觉”。
分析：本文中的旧观点是第一句话，在第二段首段有一个转折，描述了旧观点的缺陷，然后提出了新观点，后面就是对新观点的解释说明
。
以上就是GRE阅读文章结构讲解的全部内容，希望对考生理解这两种文章结构有帮助。