时态：
【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。 时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式（即时），动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式（即体）。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下
英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种， 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 可以看出“时”的变化体现在助动词上，“体”的变化体现在助动词及动词上。 （1）一般现在时
基本形式（以do 为例）：
第三人称单数：does （主语为非第三人称单数）； 肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他； He works for us.
否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn't＋动词原形＋其他； He doesn't work for us.
一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。
肯定回答：Yes ，（＋ 主语＋do/does）． 否定回答：No ，（＋主语＋don't/doesn't.） 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语 Does he work for us? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't
What does he do for us? He works for us.
（2）一般过去时
否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词，或was ／were ＋not ； was 或were 放于句首；用助动词do 的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词 例如： Did he work for us? He didn't work for us. He worked for u s.
（3）一般将来时
am ／are ／is ＋going to ＋do 或 will ／shall ＋do am/is/are/about to + do am/is/are to + do; 一般将来时的表达方法 be going to +动词原形
be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形 be able to +不定式 be about to+动词原形 will + 动词原形；
例如：He is going to work for us. He will work for us ；
He is coming. 这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子！！
(4)过去将来时
be （was ，were ）going to+动词原形 be （was ，were ）about to+动词原形 be （was ，were ）to+动词原形
肯定句：主语+be（was ，were ）going to+动词原形～. 否定句：主语+be（was ，were ）not going to+动词原形～. 疑问句：Be （Was ，Were ）+主语+going to+动词原形～？ 肯定句：主语+would（should ）+动词原形～.
否定句：主语+would（should ）not+动词原形～. 疑问句：Would （Should ）+主语+动词原形～？ He would work for us.
(5)现在进行时
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v 表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。 例如：I am buying a book. 第一人称+am+doing+sth
第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing 是泛指所有的v-ing 形式） 第三人称+is+doing+sth 例：He is working.
(6)过去进行时
肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ；答语：Yes,I 主语+was/were./No,I主语+wasn't/weren't.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 He was working when he was alive.
(7)将来进行时
主语+will + be +现在分词
He will be working for us.=He will work for us.
(8)过去将来进行时
should(would)+be+现在分词
He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for u s.
(9)现在完成时
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\ He has worked for us for ten years.
Has he worked for us for ten years.
(10)过去完成时
基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+had 否定回答：No, 主语+hadn't
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他） 语法判定:
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(11)将来完成时
（shall ）will+have+动词过去分词 before+将来时间或by+将来时间
before 或by the time 引导的现在时的从句
He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.
(12)过去将来完成时
should / would have done sth.
He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(13)现在完成进行时
基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念 have/has been +-ing 分词
He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten yea rs.
(14)过去完成进行时
had been +-ing 分词
He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.
(15)将来完成进行时
主语+ shall/will have been doing
He will have been working for us.=He will work for us.
翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）
(16)过去将来完成进行时
should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称 would have been+现在分词用于其他人称
He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would wor k for us.
语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 一、
被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees ov er there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed
in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,
remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her. 6、主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wea r, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve 后 的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见 /理解自己) ，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事) 。
三、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce ever y week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was men ded by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by hi m so far.
四、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to 的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passe d by.→My wallet was seen to dr op by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物) 作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every d ay.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken ca re of by the nurse.
形容词的比较级与最高级
1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) (比较级) (最高级)
3) 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble 结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。
4) 以 -y 结尾, 但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉, 加上 -ier 和-e st 构成.
5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er 和-est 。
6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级) (比较级) (比较级) difficult (原级) (最高级) (最高级)
7) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: good------better------best many------more------most much------more------most bad------worse------worst far------farther, furth er------farthest, furthest
8) 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示" 较不" 和" 最不" important 重要 less important 较不重要 least important 最不重要
副词的比较级与最高级
副词的比较级和最高级与形容词的比较级及最高级的构成方法相同，1）单音节和部分双音节副词在词尾加“er ”、加“est ”构成比较级和最高级；
2）多音节副词在副词之前加more 和most 构成比较级和最高级； 3）以后缀ly 结尾的副词要用more 和most 。 比如fast – faster – fastest early – earlier – earliest late – later – latest
beautifully – more beautifully – most beautifully slowly – more slowly – most slowly quickly – more quickly – most quickly 另外还有不规则副词的比较级和最高级： 比如well – better – best badly – worse – worst much – more – most little – less – least far – farther – farthest
时态：
【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。 时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式（即时），动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式（即体）。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下
英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种， 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 可以看出“时”的变化体现在助动词上，“体”的变化体现在助动词及动词上。 （1）一般现在时
基本形式（以do 为例）：
第三人称单数：does （主语为非第三人称单数）； 肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他； He works for us.
否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn't＋动词原形＋其他； He doesn't work for us.
一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。
肯定回答：Yes ，（＋ 主语＋do/does）． 否定回答：No ，（＋主语＋don't/doesn't.） 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语 Does he work for us? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't
What does he do for us? He works for us.
（2）一般过去时
否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词，或was ／were ＋not ； was 或were 放于句首；用助动词do 的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词 例如： Did he work for us? He didn't work for us. He worked for u s.
（3）一般将来时
am ／are ／is ＋going to ＋do 或 will ／shall ＋do am/is/are/about to + do am/is/are to + do; 一般将来时的表达方法 be going to +动词原形
be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形 be able to +不定式 be about to+动词原形 will + 动词原形；
例如：He is going to work for us. He will work for us ；
He is coming. 这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子！！
(4)过去将来时
be （was ，were ）going to+动词原形 be （was ，were ）about to+动词原形 be （was ，were ）to+动词原形
肯定句：主语+be（was ，were ）going to+动词原形～. 否定句：主语+be（was ，were ）not going to+动词原形～. 疑问句：Be （Was ，Were ）+主语+going to+动词原形～？ 肯定句：主语+would（should ）+动词原形～.
否定句：主语+would（should ）not+动词原形～. 疑问句：Would （Should ）+主语+动词原形～？ He would work for us.
(5)现在进行时
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v 表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。 例如：I am buying a book. 第一人称+am+doing+sth
第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing 是泛指所有的v-ing 形式） 第三人称+is+doing+sth 例：He is working.
(6)过去进行时
肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ；答语：Yes,I 主语+was/were./No,I主语+wasn't/weren't.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 He was working when he was alive.
(7)将来进行时
主语+will + be +现在分词
He will be working for us.=He will work for us.
(8)过去将来进行时
should(would)+be+现在分词
He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for u s.
(9)现在完成时
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\ He has worked for us for ten years.
Has he worked for us for ten years.
(10)过去完成时
基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+had 否定回答：No, 主语+hadn't
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他） 语法判定:
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(11)将来完成时
（shall ）will+have+动词过去分词 before+将来时间或by+将来时间
before 或by the time 引导的现在时的从句
He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.
(12)过去将来完成时
should / would have done sth.
He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.
(13)现在完成进行时
基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念 have/has been +-ing 分词
He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten yea rs.
(14)过去完成进行时
had been +-ing 分词
He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.
(15)将来完成进行时
主语+ shall/will have been doing
He will have been working for us.=He will work for us.
翻译为：他最近一直在为我们工作（过去在工作，现在在工作，将来还会工作）
(16)过去将来完成进行时
should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称 would have been+现在分词用于其他人称
He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would wor k for us.
语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 一、
被动语态的用法：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees ov er there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
二、不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed
in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,
remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her. 6、主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wea r, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve 后 的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见 /理解自己) ，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事) 。
三、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce ever y week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was men ded by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by hi m so far.
四、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to 的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passe d by.→My wallet was seen to dr op by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物) 作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every d ay.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken ca re of by the nurse.
形容词的比较级与最高级
1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。
2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) (比较级) (最高级)
3) 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble 结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。
4) 以 -y 结尾, 但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉, 加上 -ier 和-e st 构成.
5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er 和-est 。
6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级) (比较级) (比较级) difficult (原级) (最高级) (最高级)
7) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: good------better------best many------more------most much------more------most bad------worse------worst far------farther, furth er------farthest, furthest
8) 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示" 较不" 和" 最不" important 重要 less important 较不重要 least important 最不重要
副词的比较级与最高级
副词的比较级和最高级与形容词的比较级及最高级的构成方法相同，1）单音节和部分双音节副词在词尾加“er ”、加“est ”构成比较级和最高级；
2）多音节副词在副词之前加more 和most 构成比较级和最高级； 3）以后缀ly 结尾的副词要用more 和most 。 比如fast – faster – fastest early – earlier – earliest late – later – latest
beautifully – more beautifully – most beautifully slowly – more slowly – most slowly quickly – more quickly – most quickly 另外还有不规则副词的比较级和最高级： 比如well – better – best badly – worse – worst much – more – most little – less – least far – farther – farthest