过去完成时
构成：
过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成， had通常用于任何人称
过去完成时 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词
否定式：主语 +had + not + 过去分词
疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词
基本用法： 在过去某一时刻之前就已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
强调“过去的过去”。 要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间，即它相对于一个过去时间而言，并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语)体现出来，有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现：
①The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。
②Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。
③I arrived late; I hadn’t expected the road to be so icy.
④The young man, when questioned why he had broken the law, just looked at the policeman and said nothing.
⑤He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.
⑥The little girl cried her heart out because she had lost her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it.
⑦The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
⑧I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups.
⑨The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She hadn’t flown before.
⑩ Father had left for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。
根据上下文的时间关系来确定。如：
①John and I have been friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we had seen each other a couple of times before that. ② She felt anxious about her son as she hadn’t heard form him for quite a long time.
③ When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He had never seen her before
④A: Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
B: Yes, he did. He hadn’t seen his old friends for a long time.
⑤A: Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
B: Oh! I thought they had gone without me.
⑥A: Have you seen Michael recently?
B: Yes, in fact I saw him this morning. I hadn’t seen him for two years. ⑦A: Are you glad that you came to Washington?
B: Yes, indeed. I had considered going to New York or Boston, but I’v never regretted my decision.
⑧A: Did you know any French before you arrives in Washington?
B: Never had I learned it, actually.
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静，大家都睡觉了。 "Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在，
主语＋过去完成时＋by短语
①I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning.
②We had learned four thousand new words by the end of last year.
③By the end of last month, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. ④The new suspension bridge had been designed by the end of last week. By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时
主语＋过去完成时＋by the time引导的从句
①He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。
②I had finished this work by the time you came back.
③By the time you arrived in Beijing, I had stayed there for two days
用在含有when的主从复合句中
由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如：
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如：
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。 He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
用在含有after的主从复合句中
在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如：After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
用在含有before的主从复合句中
用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如： Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较： We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。
We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前我们就已经到了车站。
像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如： Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。
用于并列句：一个并列句用的是过去式，如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作，这时需用过去完成时。例如：
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。
与一般过去时弄混：
例：She lived (live) in New York for eight years before he came to China.答案：had lived
解析：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
而过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两动作先后有别，即比过去发生的某动作还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的是过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。
1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.
A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent
2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.
A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned
3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.
A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had
4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.
A have been B have C had been D will
5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come
6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.
A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got 二、1 When I returned home, he _____ (leave).
2 By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.
3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.
4 It ____ _____ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.
5 I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.
6 She said she____ (be) born in 1992.
7 When he _____(come) to China two years ago he found people didn't
understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country. 8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____(not see) each other since leftBeijing. 9 When I got to his home, he_____(go) to bed.
10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____(come) back.
答案：１D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C
答案：1 had left 2 had finished 3 had studied 4 had stopped 5 didn't
read 6 was 7 came had learned 8 hadn't seen 9 had gone 10 had come 专项练习：
1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.
A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent
2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.
A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned
3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.
A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had
4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.
A have been B have C had been D will
5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come 6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.
A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got 答案：１D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C
The pupils talked about the film they (watch) . 2. I was late for work because I (miss) the bus. 3. We lived in the house that my father (build) . 4. We admired the picture that Lucy (paint) . 5. They watered the trees that they (plant) . 6. The teacher corrected the tests that the pupils (write) .
7. I received a good mark in my test because I (practise) on ego4u.
8. The mail order house did not send me the shirt that I (order) . 9. I had to clean the floor because my cats (knock) over the flower pots. 10. My friend was in hospital because she (slip) on a banana skin.
11. In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I (see / not) for ages.
12. The thief could walk right into the house because you (lock / not) the door. 13. We lost the match because we (practise / not) the days before. 14. At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he (do / not) . 15. We ate at a restaurant last night because I (buy / not) anything for dinner.
16. When we came back, it was cold in the house because Alice (close / not) the windows.
17. All day long, Phil was angry with me just because I (greet / not) him first.
18. When I met Jane at eleven o’clock, she (have / not) breakfast yet.
19. I couldn’t go to the cinema with my friends last night because I (finish / not) my homework yet. 20. Fred answered my question although I (ask / not) him. 21. (what / Bob / do) that he was kept in after school? 22. (you / eat) anything before you went to the theatre? 23 (he / live) in London before he moved to Glasgow? 24. (she / find) a new job by that time? 25. (they / book) a room before they went to Dublin?
26. (how often / you / ring) the bell before he answered the door? 27. (why / they / have) dinner before they came to the party? 28. (Carly / wash) the dishes when her mum came home? 29. (you / read) the contract before you signed it? 30. (who / live) in the house before we moved in?
汉译英1.到上学期你们学会了多少首歌？
2.到昨天晚上，他把这篇课文读了三遍。
3.十点钟前，我们到达了车站。
4.在他上中学之前，已学会了两百多个英语单词。
5.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始五分钟了。
6.昨天找看见李平了。自从我们离开北京，就一直没有见面。
7.我昨天没有给魏华那本书，因为她已经为自己买了一本。
8.他问李先生是否已经回来了
9.我听说他住那五年了。
过去完成时
构成：
过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成， had通常用于任何人称
过去完成时 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词
否定式：主语 +had + not + 过去分词
疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词
基本用法： 在过去某一时刻之前就已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
强调“过去的过去”。 要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间，即它相对于一个过去时间而言，并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语)体现出来，有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现：
①The pen I thought I had lost is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。
②Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。
③I arrived late; I hadn’t expected the road to be so icy.
④The young man, when questioned why he had broken the law, just looked at the policeman and said nothing.
⑤He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.
⑥The little girl cried her heart out because she had lost her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it.
⑦The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
⑧I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups.
⑨The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She hadn’t flown before.
⑩ Father had left for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。
根据上下文的时间关系来确定。如：
①John and I have been friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we had seen each other a couple of times before that. ② She felt anxious about her son as she hadn’t heard form him for quite a long time.
③ When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He had never seen her before
④A: Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
B: Yes, he did. He hadn’t seen his old friends for a long time.
⑤A: Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
B: Oh! I thought they had gone without me.
⑥A: Have you seen Michael recently?
B: Yes, in fact I saw him this morning. I hadn’t seen him for two years. ⑦A: Are you glad that you came to Washington?
B: Yes, indeed. I had considered going to New York or Boston, but I’v never regretted my decision.
⑧A: Did you know any French before you arrives in Washington?
B: Never had I learned it, actually.
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静，大家都睡觉了。 "Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在，
主语＋过去完成时＋by短语
①I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning.
②We had learned four thousand new words by the end of last year.
③By the end of last month, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. ④The new suspension bridge had been designed by the end of last week. By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时
主语＋过去完成时＋by the time引导的从句
①He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。
②I had finished this work by the time you came back.
③By the time you arrived in Beijing, I had stayed there for two days
用在含有when的主从复合句中
由于when本身不能明确表示时间的先后关系，故先发生的动作应用过去完成时，后发生的动作只需用一般过去时。这样用过去完成时的可能是主句，也可能是从句。例如：
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 有时，主句和从句的谓语动词的先后关系十分明确，两个动作紧接着发生，前一动作导致后一动作，这时两者均用一般过去时即可。例如：
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散会后，我们就离开了大厅。 He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
用在含有after的主从复合句中
在含有after的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用过去完成时，主句中使用一般过去时。例如：After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因连词after本身能明确表示时间的先后关系，因而多数的主句和从句均使用一般过去时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
用在含有before的主从复合句中
用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如： Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较： We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。
We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前我们就已经到了车站。
像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如： Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。
用于并列句：一个并列句用的是过去式，如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作，这时需用过去完成时。例如：
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家，他的父亲却已经去世了。
与一般过去时弄混：
例：She lived (live) in New York for eight years before he came to China.答案：had lived
解析：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
而过去完成时主要体现过去发生的两动作先后有别，即比过去发生的某动作还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的是过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。
1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.
A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent
2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.
A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned
3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.
A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had
4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.
A have been B have C had been D will
5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come
6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.
A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got 二、1 When I returned home, he _____ (leave).
2 By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.
3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.
4 It ____ _____ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.
5 I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.
6 She said she____ (be) born in 1992.
7 When he _____(come) to China two years ago he found people didn't
understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country. 8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____(not see) each other since leftBeijing. 9 When I got to his home, he_____(go) to bed.
10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____(come) back.
答案：１D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C
答案：1 had left 2 had finished 3 had studied 4 had stopped 5 didn't
read 6 was 7 came had learned 8 hadn't seen 9 had gone 10 had come 专项练习：
1 When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already____to hospital.
A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent
2 We ____five English songs by the end of last term.
A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned
3 Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.
A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had
4 By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.
A have been B have C had been D will
5 She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come 6 He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
7 The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.
A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got 答案：１D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C
The pupils talked about the film they (watch) . 2. I was late for work because I (miss) the bus. 3. We lived in the house that my father (build) . 4. We admired the picture that Lucy (paint) . 5. They watered the trees that they (plant) . 6. The teacher corrected the tests that the pupils (write) .
7. I received a good mark in my test because I (practise) on ego4u.
8. The mail order house did not send me the shirt that I (order) . 9. I had to clean the floor because my cats (knock) over the flower pots. 10. My friend was in hospital because she (slip) on a banana skin.
11. In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I (see / not) for ages.
12. The thief could walk right into the house because you (lock / not) the door. 13. We lost the match because we (practise / not) the days before. 14. At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he (do / not) . 15. We ate at a restaurant last night because I (buy / not) anything for dinner.
16. When we came back, it was cold in the house because Alice (close / not) the windows.
17. All day long, Phil was angry with me just because I (greet / not) him first.
18. When I met Jane at eleven o’clock, she (have / not) breakfast yet.
19. I couldn’t go to the cinema with my friends last night because I (finish / not) my homework yet. 20. Fred answered my question although I (ask / not) him. 21. (what / Bob / do) that he was kept in after school? 22. (you / eat) anything before you went to the theatre? 23 (he / live) in London before he moved to Glasgow? 24. (she / find) a new job by that time? 25. (they / book) a room before they went to Dublin?
26. (how often / you / ring) the bell before he answered the door? 27. (why / they / have) dinner before they came to the party? 28. (Carly / wash) the dishes when her mum came home? 29. (you / read) the contract before you signed it? 30. (who / live) in the house before we moved in?
汉译英1.到上学期你们学会了多少首歌？
2.到昨天晚上，他把这篇课文读了三遍。
3.十点钟前，我们到达了车站。
4.在他上中学之前，已学会了两百多个英语单词。
5.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始五分钟了。
6.昨天找看见李平了。自从我们离开北京，就一直没有见面。
7.我昨天没有给魏华那本书，因为她已经为自己买了一本。
8.他问李先生是否已经回来了
9.我听说他住那五年了。