学位英语词汇和语法常考词汇

第一节 动词的时态 一、一般现在时: 1、 由 when 、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till 、until 等引起的时间状语从句, 以及由 if 、unless 、provided that 等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将 来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。 例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams. 2、 当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。 例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。 二、一般过去时: 区分三个短语的用法: 1、 used to do sth:过去常常做某事。 2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。 3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。 三、一般将来时: 1、 be to+动词原形: 表示安排或计划好了的动作。 The Third-Ring Road is to be open 例: to traffic before National Day. 2、 be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座 即将开始。 3、 一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常 常用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情, 这类动词常见的有如: start, go, leave, come, arrive 等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去 北京。 四、进行时态: 重点区分 when 和 while 引起的时间状语的用法。 When 表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时…” ,主句多 用进行时态;while 引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当…时” ,该从句用进行时态。 例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry. I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. 五、现在完成时: 重点区分 have(has)been to: 某人去过某地, 表示一种经历, 强调状态, 可以和 once, twice, often, never, ever 连用; Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时 间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。 六、过去完成时: 1、强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时。 2、It was the first/second/last time that…,在该句型,that 从句用过去完成时态。 七、将来完成时: 常常标志性地由 by 、by the time、by the end of 引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语, 主句用将来完成时态。 第二节 感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构 一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一感觉” (see 、 watch 、look 、notice 、observe ;hear 、listen to;feel ) ,在主动语态中用动词原形或现在 分词作宾补,如 see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加 to ,如 sb be seen to do sth。 二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有 make 、let 、have ,在主 动语态中用动词原形做宾补, make sb do sth, 如 改为被动语态时则要加 to , sb be made 如 to do sth, 两种形式都表示使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我 们被要求努力学习。 三 、 英 语 中 常 考 的 句 式 结 构 一 : sth need/ want/ require doing 某 物 需 要 … ( =sth need/want/require to be done)(此句式主语为物) 例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理). 四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get 后接宾语为物) 例:I have taken many photos. I’m going to get the filmdeveloped. 五、 情态动词的被动语态, 其构成为: 情态动词+be +过去动词。 The work must be finished 例: before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 第三节 情态动词 常见的情态动词有 can 、could ;may 、might ;must 、need ;should ;ought to,对于情态动词 常考其两方面的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部 分的讲解放在虚拟语气) 一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有: 1、Can/may do sth:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。 二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型: 1、can/may have done sth:表示对过去内容的可能性; 2、must have done sth:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。 例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied. 2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. 第四节 虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示与客

观事实相反的假设,由 if 虚拟条件从句和主句构成。 一、虚拟语气的基本内容 根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的 if 虚拟条件从句与主 句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式: 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实可能相反 If 虚拟条件从句 Did/were Had done Were to do/did/should do 主句 Would/should do Would/should have done Would/should do 例:1、I wouldn’t talk that way if I were Peter. 2、 the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would If have been lost 3、Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. 4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. 5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language. 6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time. 二、.if 的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构) 在 if 虚拟条件从句中,如果谓语部分包含 were ,should ,had 等词,则可以把这些词放 到主语前,省略 if ,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。 三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成 当虚拟语气的 if 虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表示的 时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。 例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now. 四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成 在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的 that 宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。这类常见的主 观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五要求” ,分别是: 一坚持:insist 二命令:order 、command 三建议:suggest 、advise (n advice) 、propose (提议、建议) 五要求:ask 、demand 、require 、request 、desire 例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life. 2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. 同时, 如果在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词形式, 题干中从句部 分的谓语动词也要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。考试中常见的词汇有:order , command ,suggestion ,advice ,proposal ,demand ,request ,desire ,advisable ,desirable 。 五、wish that…和 if only 引导的虚拟语气的构成 Wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的感叹句都用虚拟语气来表示一种没有实现或 无法实现的愿望,其中 wish that 句型往往翻译为:多么希望…;if only 表示的愿望较 wish that 更强烈, 常翻译为但愿; 要是…就好了。 两者的用法基本相同。 两者的用法是: 1、当表示与现在的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:did/were; 2、当表示与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:had done; 3、当表示未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:would do。 六、would rather 引导的虚拟语气的构成 Would rather 的意思是“宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去 that )通常用虚拟 语气表示一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设 A 、B 是两个人,通过牢记一下句式来 记住其用法: 1、A would rather B did sth :表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。 2、A would rather B had done sth:表示与过去事实相反的一种假设 七、It is (high) time that…句型中虚拟语气的构成 It is (high) time that…句型表示“早该是…的时候了” ,在 that 从句中,谓语动词一般用(did ) 例:1、It’s high time we did something to stop traffic accident. 2、Don’t you think it is time you gave up smoking? 八、in case、lest 、for fear that 引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 in case、lest 、for fear that 引导的目的状语从句,表示忧虑或担心,翻译为“以防万一…” , 从句的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。 例:1、Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the electric version. 2、I wrote it down in case I should forget it. 九、含蓄虚

拟语气的构成 虚拟条件句有时不是通过 if 虚拟条件从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中, 这种情况称作含蓄虚拟语气。经常标志性地用于含虚拟语气的介词、副词有:without (要是没有) ,but for(要不是) ,otherwise (否则,要不然) 。只要见到这几个词,所要 选择的虚拟语气的构成多用 would have done 形式。 例:1、Without your help, we would not have achieved so much. 2、But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. 十、as if,as though 引导的虚拟语气的构成 As if,as though 翻译为“好像” ,谈论的往往是不可能或不真实的情况,他们所引导的状语 从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词采用的形式和 wish that 句型中谓语动词采用的形式相同。 十一、it is+形容词+that 引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 在 it is+形容词+that 引导的从句中,如果该形容词表示“重要的、必须的、强制的” 、者“惊 奇的、令人不满的” ,that 从句中的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。 1、用于表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”的形容词常见的有:important 、vital (极重要的) 、 critical 决定性的) crucial 决定性的) necessary 、 ( 、 ( 、 essential 必不可少的) urgent 、 ( 、 compulsory ,obligatory (必须的) ,imperative (必要的、紧急的) 2、用于表示“惊奇的、令人不满的”的形容词常见的有:strange 、surprising 、amazing , unthinkable 、odd (奇怪的) 、incredible (不可信的,不能相信的) 、ridiculous 。 十二、虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合 一句话中, 句子的一部分采用虚拟语气的构成形式, 另一部分则采用与事实相对应的某一种 时态,这样就形成了虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合的现象。在这种情况下,最为常见的一 个词是 but ,一般情况下在虚拟与不虚拟相混合的句子中,由 but 引起的句子选择与事 实相对应的某一种时态,而不采用虚拟语气的构成形式。 例:I would have come earlier, but I didn’t know you were waiting.我本来可以早些到,但我不 知道你在等我。 十三、情态动词用于虚拟语气 记住以下句式及其含义: 1、should/ought to have done sth 本来应该做某事而未做 2、should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth 本来不应该做某事而做了 3、need have done sth:本来需要做某事而未做 4、need not have done sth 本来不需要做某事而做了 5、could have done sth 本来能够做某事而未做 6、could not have done sth 本来不能够做某事而做了 7、might have done sth 本来可以做某事而未做 8、might not have done sth 本来不可以做某事而做了 第五节 非谓语动词 一、动词不定式 动词不定时的基本结构和用法 1、动词不定式的基本结构及其否定式 主动形式 一般式 完成式 进行式 (not )to make (not )to have made (not )to be making 被动形式 (not )to be made (not )to have been made 2、动词不定式的语法功能 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由不定式符号 to 加动词原形构成。在句子中可以充当主 语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 例: (1)Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I’m pleased to meet you. (2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best. 3、动词不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语 (一般情况下是动词不定式前面的名词) 是不定式所表示的动作的对象 (或动作的承受者)时,不定式一般要用被动式。 例: (1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house to be decorated so well. (2)The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 4、动词不定式的完成式 当不定式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动词不定时的完成式。 例: (1)Judging from his manner at the party, he doesn’t seem to have received much education. (2)The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now. 5、动词不定式的复合结构 如果需要指出不定式所表示的动作的发出者(即逻辑主语)时,要再不定式前用 for 加名词 (或代词)表示。 例: (1)It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish. (2)It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately. 6、同一动词接不定式和动名词的区别 英语中有些动词既可以接动词不定式,又可以后接动名词,但是两种形式所表达的意思却是 截然不同的。考试中常见的形式有: Stop to do :停下来去做另外一件事情 stop doing:停下正在做的事情 Go on to do:继续去做另外一件事情 go

on doing:继续做正在做的事情 Try to do:尽力去做某事 try doing:尝试去做某事 Mean to do :打算做某事 mean doing 意味着某事 Remember to do:记得要去做事情 remember doing:记得曾经做过某事 Forget to do:忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 Regret to do :不得不去做某事 regret doing 后悔曾经做过某事 例:1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest. 2、Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy.

3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that? 4、Don’t forget to close the window before leaving the room. 二、动名词 动名词即动词 ing 形式,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。 1、动名词的基本形式 主动形式 一般时 完成时 Doing Having 被动形式 Being done Having been done 例: 、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late. (1) (2) 、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling his time. (3) 、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story. 2、英语中后接动名词的常见动词有: Admit 、appreciate 、avoid (避免) 、consider 、delay 、deny (否认、拒绝) 、enjoy 、escape 、 finish 、imagine 、miss 、practice 、risk 、suggest 等。 例:We shall appreciate hearing from you soon. 3、英语中接动名词的常见词组有: Be accustomed to doing (惯常的, 习惯于) be used to doing 、 (过去习惯) devote to doing , (把… 奉献、专用) 、feel like doing、look forward to doing、object (反感) to doing、can’t help doing、have trouble (in )doing 、have difficulty doing 、have a hard timedoing 等。 4、英语中后接动名词的常见形容词有: Be busy doing,be worth doing 等。 5、英语中后接动名词的常见名词有: There is no use doing、there is no point (意义)doing 、there is no good doing、 there is no need doing 6、动名词的否定式 动名词的否定式是在动名词前面直接加 not 。 例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts. 7、动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词。 例: 、He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife’s birthday party.

(1) (2) object to his making private calls on the office phone.我反对他用办公室的电话打私人 、I 电话 8、动名词的完成时 当动名词表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动名词的完成时。 例: 、I don’t remember having ever said that. (1) (2) regret having done such a thing. 我后悔做了这样的事。 、I 9、动名词的被动式 例: 、No one avoid being influenced by advertisements. (1) (2) 、Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 三、分词 1、现在分词的具体形式: 主动形式 一般式 完成式 Doing Having 被动形式 Being done Having been done 过去分词的形式:done 2、现在分词和过去分词的区别以及分词在句子中的语法功能 1) 、现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时态上。在语态上,现在分词表示主动的 意思,即现在分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是主动关系(现在分词表示的动作是 句子的主语发出来的) ;过去分词表示被动的意思,即过去分词与句子的主语在 逻辑上是被动的关系(句子的主语是过去分词表示的动作的承受者,或者可以 说过去分词表示的动作所针对的对象是句子的主语) ;在时间上,现在分词表示 动作正在进行,过去分词则表示动作已经完成。简而言之,现在分词表主动、 表进行;过去分词表被动、表完成。这一原则要牢记。 2) 、分词在句中的语法功能:分词在句子中可以做状语、补足语、表语和定语。其中分词作 状语的用法最为常考。 3) 、分词的否定式实在分词的前面加 not 。 例: 、Seeing on the top of hill, we find that the village seems very small. (1) 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (2) 、Seen from the top of hill, the village seems very small. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (3) 、She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (4) 、Damaged in the war, the bridge needs repairing now. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (5) 、Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 现在分词的否定式表主动做原因状语。 (6) 、We kept our fire burning all

night to frighten the wolves. 现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行。 4) 、两个经常考查的用过去分词形式做状语的词是 convince 和 compare 。 例:They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over. 5) 、现在分词和过去分词转化的形容词的区别:在语法功能上,他们都可以做定语和表语, 但是以 ed 形式结尾的形容词修饰人,以 ing 形式结尾的形容词修饰物。 例: 、She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. (1) (2) 、My parents are pleased with my progress. 6) 、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:现在分词的被动式(being done)表示在进行着 的被动,过去分词(done )表示完成了的被动。 例: 、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed (1) answers the questions. (2) 、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods. (现在分词的被动式) (3) 、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 (过去分词表示动作的 完成和结果)

3、分词与句子主语在逻辑关系上的一致性 现在分词表主动, 过去分词表被动, 分词与句子主语的逻辑关系常常是三级英语出题的知识 点。 例: 、Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. (1) (2) 、Arriving at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there. 4、分词的独立主格结构 当句子前后两部分的主语指代事物不一致(简称主语前后不一致) ,又需要其中一个部分作 状语时,往往把该部分形成名词/代词+分词(n./pron.+doing/done)的形式,这种形 式被称作分词的独立主格结构。在这种结构内部,当名词/代词与分词是逻辑上的主 动关系时,用现在分词;当名词/代词是逻辑上的被动关系时,用过去分词。独立主 格结构常做原因状语或伴随状语,是考试重点。 例: 、The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. (1) (2) 、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace. 5、with 结构作状语 With 结构做状语,其构成是:with +名词+现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式/形容词/介词结构, 由于经常考查 with +名词+现在分词/过去分词这种形式,所以放在这里讲解,并且要 明确何时用 with +名词+现在分词结构,何时用 with +名词+过去分词结构;如果分词 与 with 后面的名词是主动关系,用现在分词;如果分词与 with 后面的名词是被动 关系,则用过去分词。 例: 、He walked across the meeting room with everyone looking at her. (1) (2) 、With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (3) 、With the novel published, the writer becomes a famous person. (4) 、With the matter to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow, we leave the company.

(5) 、With the price so high, they still determine to buy the car. (6) 、With the book in the hand, the teacher came in the classroom. 第六节 各种从句 一、名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。如果一个句子在一句话中充当主语、 宾语、或者表语,那么该句子就被称作主语从句、宾语从句或者表语从句。名词性 从句是三级英语考试的重点,我们应该明确以下几个方面的内容: 1、主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句都用陈述语序,二不用疑问语序。 2、应对主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的题型,我们要牢记整体性原则,即首先要保证从 句的完整性,一般要添加适当的连接代词、连接副词或者从属连词使从句完整, 然后才能在主句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。 3、考试中常见的从属连词、连接代词、连接副词有: 从属连词:that (只起连接句子的作用,不具任何意义) ,if ,whether ; 连接代词:what ,whatever ,who ,whoever ,whom ,whomever ,whose ; 连接副词:when, where, how, why 例: 、Who let out the news remained unknown.(It remained unknown who let out the news.) (1) 谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 (2) 、When we’ll start is not clear.(It is not clear when we’ll start.)我们何时出发还不清楚。 (3) 、What I saw two men crossing the street. (4) 、What the press reported was not the way the event happened (5) don’t doubt that he is telling the truth. 、I (6) 、Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes people love it so much? (7) 、The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was

aware of where. (8) 、He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather.

(9) 、The reason I don’t go there was that I got a new job. (10) 、This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。 (11) 、The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 4、在下列情况下不能用 if ,而用 whether 1) 、后面直接跟 or not:I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.我不知道我 能否赶上末班车 2) 、引导主语从句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.我们胜利也好,失败也好, 对我来说都是一样的。 3) 、后跟不定式:He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。 4) 前面有介词: raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我 、 He 们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。 二、定语从句 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫作定语从句, 被修饰或者限定的那个次叫作先行词。 定语从 句分为两种: 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句——紧跟在先行词后面, 不用逗 号和先行词分开的定语从句叫作限定性定语从句; 而用逗号和先行词分开的定语从 句叫作非限定性定语从句。 1、引导定语从句 ude 关联词包括: 关系代词:that 、which 、whose 、who 、whom 、as ; 关系副词:when 、where 、why 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的成分。 2、which 指物,who 或者 whom 指人,whose 表示所属关系,这些关系代词既可用于限定性 定语从句,又可用于非限定性定语从句;that 既可以指人,又可以指物,但是 只能用于限定性定语从句。 例: 、The company official who I thought would be fired received a raise. (1) (2) 、The investigation, whose results will soon be published, was made by john. (3) 、An old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with, telephone me from the airport. (4) don’t like the way that/in which you speak. 、I 3、关系副词 when ,where ,why 引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示时间的名词,一般用 when ,如果先行词是表示地点的名词,一般用 where ,但是也应注意例外的情 况;如先行词是 reason ,则用 why 。关系副词相当于介词加关系代词。 例: 、The time will come when man can fly to outer space freely. (1) (2) will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. 、I (3) 、I’ll never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood. (4) 、I’ll never forget the village which I visited last year. (5) don’t know the reason why (for which ) he did that. 、I 4、先行词也可以是整个句子,这时定语从句一般用 which 或 as 来引导,修饰整个句子的内 容。Which 一般只能置于句中或句末,而 as 的位置比较灵活。 例: 、He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to (1) science. (2) 、He was awarded a gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor. (3) 、As we all know, the earth is round. 5、 “名词(代词)+of +which/whom”意思上等于 whose +名词,表示所属关系,一般出现在 非限定性定语从句。 例: 、We’ ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely water proof (1)

(2) The United States is composed of fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by 、 land or water. 6、当先行词由 the same 或 such 修饰时,关系代词用 as 指代前面作为先行词的人或物,形 成“the same…as”“such…as”结构。 , 例:It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us. 7、当先行词由形容词的最高级、序数词或 the only/next/very 等修饰时,关系代词用 that 而 不用 which 。 例: 、This is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater. (1) (2) 、This is the very bike that I am looking for. 8、 当先行词是不定代词 all ,anything ,nothing ,everything ,something 等时,关系代词用 that 而不用 which 。 例:I couldn’t find anything that satisfies my needs. 9、关系代词前带介词的定语从句:如果关系代词在定语从句中做了动词词组的宾语。有些 动词词组所包含的介词可以提到关系代词的前面。 例:Before her marriage, she spent a considerable(相当的) time in that very part of shanghai to which she belonged. 三、同位语从句 常跟在 fact ,news ,idea ,hope ,belief ,thought ,plan ,evidence 等名词的后面,由连词 that 引导的从句称为同位语从句, 在同

位语从句中不做任何成文, that 这是与定语从句 的区别,同位语从句对前面的名词起进一步解释的作用。 例: 、Would the news that he failed to pass the exam bother you? (1)(2)

had no idea that you were here.我没有想到你会在这里。 、I 四、状语从句 在主从句复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原 因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 (一) 、时间状语从句 常用的连词有:when ,whenever (无论什么时候) ,ever since,un til hardly…when/no sooner…than/no sooner ...than/as soon as/the moment/the minute(一…就…) 。 例: 、No sooner had they got the goods covered up than it started raining (1) hard. (2) 、She has wanted to become a nurse ever since she was a young girl. (二) 、条件状语从句 常用 if ,unless ,as/so long as, provided that(假如) 例: 、Unless I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before. (1) (2) 、Unless you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine(交罚 款). (三) 、原因状语从句 需要区别 because 和 because of:because 是连词,引导原因状语从句;because of 是介词, 后接名词形成介宾结构作原因状语。 例: 、He cannot go to school because he is ill.他因为生病不能上学。 (1) (2) 、He cannot go to school because of his illness. (四) 、让步状语从句 1、让步状语从句表示:尽管…,或无论…,常用 though/although, as(尽管) ,even if/though, however, wherever, whatever, whomever, no matter how/where/what/who/whom 等引导。Despite 、in spite of(尽管) 。 例: 、In short, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society. (1) (where 引导让步状语,wherever=no matter where) (2) 、Whoever you are, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. (3)Even if you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. 2、as 引起的让步状语从句的构成是:形容词/副词/名词/分词+as +主语+谓语动词。 例: 、Young as he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. (1) (2) 、Child as he is, he knows quite a lot about society. (3) 、Much as he likes her, he gets annoyed(打扰)with her sometimes. (4) 、Published as it was at such a time, his book still attracted much attention. 第七节 主谓一致 一、名词 physics (物理) ,maths (数学) ,news ,means (方法) ,works (工厂)等一般被 认为形式是复数形式,意思是单数的名词,它们作主语的时候动词一般用但属性是。 例: 、 (1) The news coming from different parts of the world is often extremely discouraging these days. (2) 、Every means has been trid. 二、动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 例:When and where the new hospital will be built remain a mystery. 三、当主语是 a number+of +复数名词时,翻译为“许多…” ,谓语动词用复数;当主语 是 the number+of +可数或不可数名词时,翻译为“…的数目” ,谓语动词用单数。 例: 、The number of errors made by him was surprising. (1) (2) number of cars are parked in front of my house. 、A 四、 当主语由 as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。 当句中的主语后接 with , well as, as along with,together with,including ,accompanied by,but 等短语+名词(代词)时,主 语与谓语的一致关系不受影响,主语是单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是 复数形式时,谓语动词用复数形式, 例: 、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. (1) 约翰和二十个朋友正在计划句型一个集会。 (2) 、No one but Jane and Tom was there then. 那时除了珍妮和汤姆之外,没有别人在那儿。 五、当用 and 连接的名词前有 each ,every 等修饰而形成“each…and…”或者“every… and every…”结构时,谓语动词用单数。 例: (1)Each soldier and sailor was given a gun.每个战士和水手都被发放了一支枪。 (2)In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 六、当主语是由 many a/more/ than one+单数名词构成时,谓语动词用单数。 例:Many singer is to attend our evening party.许多歌唱家将参加我们的晚会。 七、表示度量(金钱、重量、容积、长度)和时间等的复数名词做主语时,常被看做一 个整体,谓语动词用单数。 例: (1)Two hundred miles is a long distance. (2)Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her. 八、

由 not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor 或者 or 连接并列主语时,通常采用 就近原则,谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。 例: (1)Either I or he is responsible for it. (2)Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has offended me.

(3)Not only he but also his family members are interested in foot ball match. (4)There is one book and two pens on the desk. 九、在定语从句中,当前面的先行词是“one of+复数名词”时,后面定语从句中的谓 语动词用复数形式;当前面的先行词是“the/the only one of+复数名词”时,后面 定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。 例: (1)Tom is one of the students who have got the prize. (2)Tom is the only one of the students who has got the prize. 第八节 倒装句 一、否定句放置句首时,助动词或 be 动词要放置在主语的前面,构成倒装。常用的否定词 有:not, few, little, no longer, no more, not only, not until, scarcely, rarely, seldom(罕 见) ,at no time, by no means, in no way, under no circumstance, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。 例:

(1)Not until I reminded him for the third time did he stop working and look up. (2)Little do they realize the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. (3)No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. 二、 “only+状语(副词/介词结构/状语从句) ”位于句首时句子要到装。 例: (1)Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 只有在这样的条件下,他才会取得扎实的进步。 (2)Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 三、nor ,neither ,so 用于句首时,句子要到装 例: (1)So little did I know about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. (2)I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither did he. 第九节 强调结构 一、强调句型的基本形式 It is (was )+被强调部分+that…。 例:It is on each individual(个别的,单独的)effort(努力) that the safety and happiness of the whole depend. 二、强调句型用来强调状语 例(1)It was in that small room that they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. (2)It is because she is very devoted to(专心于) her students that she is respected by them. (3)It was not until she arrived in class that she realized she had forgotten her book. 第十节 附加疑问句 一、附加疑问句的基本用法 附加疑问句往往放在陈述句的后面,形成陈述句+附加问句的结构。一般的规则是:前肯定, 后否定;前否定,后肯定。 例: (1)He had to finish the work yesterday, did he? (2)There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening, will there? 二、含有否定词的用法 若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly ,scarcely (仅仅,几乎不) ,never ,seldom 等词时,反 问句部分要用肯定。 例: (1)She scarcely cares for anything, does she? (2)You never told me you have seen the film, did you? 三、祈使句:祈使句的附加疑问句一般都是“will you ?” ,但是对于 let 引起的祈使句,当 与宾语缩写(Let’s)时,用“shall we?”形式。 例:

(1)Please let us have more time, will you? (2)Let’s go, shall we? (3)Don’t forget to write to me, will you? 四、特殊用法:如果句子的主语是第一人称,且由谓语动词 think 、believe 和 suppose 引起 从句时,附加疑问句要和从句保持一致,如果谓语动词是 think 、believe 和 suppose 的否定形式,要实行否定转移,把从句看作是否定的,附加疑问句仍要和从句保持 一致。 例: (1)I suppose you’re serious, aren’t you? (2)I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, have you? Why not + do+ sth = why don’t you do sth A+倍数+as +adj/adv+as +B +v A+倍数+比较级+than +B +v A+倍数+名词(尺寸、宽度等)+of +B The river is three times length of ……

第一节 动词的时态 一、一般现在时: 1、 由 when 、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till 、until 等引起的时间状语从句, 以及由 if 、unless 、provided that 等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将 来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。 例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams. 2、 当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。 例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。 二、一般过去时: 区分三个短语的用法: 1、 used to do sth:过去常常做某事。 2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。 3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。 三、一般将来时: 1、 be to+动词原形: 表示安排或计划好了的动作。 The Third-Ring Road is to be open 例: to traffic before National Day. 2、 be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座 即将开始。 3、 一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常 常用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情, 这类动词常见的有如: start, go, leave, come, arrive 等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去 北京。 四、进行时态: 重点区分 when 和 while 引起的时间状语的用法。 When 表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时…” ,主句多 用进行时态;while 引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当…时” ,该从句用进行时态。 例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry. I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. 五、现在完成时: 重点区分 have(has)been to: 某人去过某地, 表示一种经历, 强调状态, 可以和 once, twice, often, never, ever 连用; Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时 间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。 六、过去完成时: 1、强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时。 2、It was the first/second/last time that…,在该句型,that 从句用过去完成时态。 七、将来完成时: 常常标志性地由 by 、by the time、by the end of 引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语, 主句用将来完成时态。 第二节 感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构 一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一感觉” (see 、 watch 、look 、notice 、observe ;hear 、listen to;feel ) ,在主动语态中用动词原形或现在 分词作宾补,如 see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加 to ,如 sb be seen to do sth。 二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有 make 、let 、have ,在主 动语态中用动词原形做宾补, make sb do sth, 如 改为被动语态时则要加 to , sb be made 如 to do sth, 两种形式都表示使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我 们被要求努力学习。 三 、 英 语 中 常 考 的 句 式 结 构 一 : sth need/ want/ require doing 某 物 需 要 … ( =sth need/want/require to be done)(此句式主语为物) 例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理). 四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get 后接宾语为物) 例:I have taken many photos. I’m going to get the filmdeveloped. 五、 情态动词的被动语态, 其构成为: 情态动词+be +过去动词。 The work must be finished 例: before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 第三节 情态动词 常见的情态动词有 can 、could ;may 、might ;must 、need ;should ;ought to,对于情态动词 常考其两方面的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部 分的讲解放在虚拟语气) 一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有: 1、Can/may do sth:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。 二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型: 1、can/may have done sth:表示对过去内容的可能性; 2、must have done sth:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。 例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied. 2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. 第四节 虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示与客

观事实相反的假设,由 if 虚拟条件从句和主句构成。 一、虚拟语气的基本内容 根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的 if 虚拟条件从句与主 句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式: 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实可能相反 If 虚拟条件从句 Did/were Had done Were to do/did/should do 主句 Would/should do Would/should have done Would/should do 例:1、I wouldn’t talk that way if I were Peter. 2、 the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would If have been lost 3、Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. 4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. 5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language. 6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time. 二、.if 的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构) 在 if 虚拟条件从句中,如果谓语部分包含 were ,should ,had 等词,则可以把这些词放 到主语前,省略 if ,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。 三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成 当虚拟语气的 if 虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表示的 时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。 例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now. 四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成 在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的 that 宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。这类常见的主 观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五要求” ,分别是: 一坚持:insist 二命令:order 、command 三建议:suggest 、advise (n advice) 、propose (提议、建议) 五要求:ask 、demand 、require 、request 、desire 例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life. 2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. 同时, 如果在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词形式, 题干中从句部 分的谓语动词也要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。考试中常见的词汇有:order , command ,suggestion ,advice ,proposal ,demand ,request ,desire ,advisable ,desirable 。 五、wish that…和 if only 引导的虚拟语气的构成 Wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的感叹句都用虚拟语气来表示一种没有实现或 无法实现的愿望,其中 wish that 句型往往翻译为:多么希望…;if only 表示的愿望较 wish that 更强烈, 常翻译为但愿; 要是…就好了。 两者的用法基本相同。 两者的用法是: 1、当表示与现在的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:did/were; 2、当表示与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:had done; 3、当表示未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,wish that 引导的宾语从句和 if only 引起的 感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:would do。 六、would rather 引导的虚拟语气的构成 Would rather 的意思是“宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去 that )通常用虚拟 语气表示一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设 A 、B 是两个人,通过牢记一下句式来 记住其用法: 1、A would rather B did sth :表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。 2、A would rather B had done sth:表示与过去事实相反的一种假设 七、It is (high) time that…句型中虚拟语气的构成 It is (high) time that…句型表示“早该是…的时候了” ,在 that 从句中,谓语动词一般用(did ) 例:1、It’s high time we did something to stop traffic accident. 2、Don’t you think it is time you gave up smoking? 八、in case、lest 、for fear that 引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 in case、lest 、for fear that 引导的目的状语从句,表示忧虑或担心,翻译为“以防万一…” , 从句的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。 例:1、Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the electric version. 2、I wrote it down in case I should forget it. 九、含蓄虚

拟语气的构成 虚拟条件句有时不是通过 if 虚拟条件从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中, 这种情况称作含蓄虚拟语气。经常标志性地用于含虚拟语气的介词、副词有:without (要是没有) ,but for(要不是) ,otherwise (否则,要不然) 。只要见到这几个词,所要 选择的虚拟语气的构成多用 would have done 形式。 例:1、Without your help, we would not have achieved so much. 2、But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. 十、as if,as though 引导的虚拟语气的构成 As if,as though 翻译为“好像” ,谈论的往往是不可能或不真实的情况,他们所引导的状语 从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词采用的形式和 wish that 句型中谓语动词采用的形式相同。 十一、it is+形容词+that 引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成 在 it is+形容词+that 引导的从句中,如果该形容词表示“重要的、必须的、强制的” 、者“惊 奇的、令人不满的” ,that 从句中的谓语动词要用 should +动词原形,should 可以省略。 1、用于表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”的形容词常见的有:important 、vital (极重要的) 、 critical 决定性的) crucial 决定性的) necessary 、 ( 、 ( 、 essential 必不可少的) urgent 、 ( 、 compulsory ,obligatory (必须的) ,imperative (必要的、紧急的) 2、用于表示“惊奇的、令人不满的”的形容词常见的有:strange 、surprising 、amazing , unthinkable 、odd (奇怪的) 、incredible (不可信的,不能相信的) 、ridiculous 。 十二、虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合 一句话中, 句子的一部分采用虚拟语气的构成形式, 另一部分则采用与事实相对应的某一种 时态,这样就形成了虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合的现象。在这种情况下,最为常见的一 个词是 but ,一般情况下在虚拟与不虚拟相混合的句子中,由 but 引起的句子选择与事 实相对应的某一种时态,而不采用虚拟语气的构成形式。 例:I would have come earlier, but I didn’t know you were waiting.我本来可以早些到,但我不 知道你在等我。 十三、情态动词用于虚拟语气 记住以下句式及其含义: 1、should/ought to have done sth 本来应该做某事而未做 2、should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth 本来不应该做某事而做了 3、need have done sth:本来需要做某事而未做 4、need not have done sth 本来不需要做某事而做了 5、could have done sth 本来能够做某事而未做 6、could not have done sth 本来不能够做某事而做了 7、might have done sth 本来可以做某事而未做 8、might not have done sth 本来不可以做某事而做了 第五节 非谓语动词 一、动词不定式 动词不定时的基本结构和用法 1、动词不定式的基本结构及其否定式 主动形式 一般式 完成式 进行式 (not )to make (not )to have made (not )to be making 被动形式 (not )to be made (not )to have been made 2、动词不定式的语法功能 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由不定式符号 to 加动词原形构成。在句子中可以充当主 语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 例: (1)Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I’m pleased to meet you. (2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best. 3、动词不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语 (一般情况下是动词不定式前面的名词) 是不定式所表示的动作的对象 (或动作的承受者)时,不定式一般要用被动式。 例: (1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house to be decorated so well. (2)The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 4、动词不定式的完成式 当不定式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动词不定时的完成式。 例: (1)Judging from his manner at the party, he doesn’t seem to have received much education. (2)The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now. 5、动词不定式的复合结构 如果需要指出不定式所表示的动作的发出者(即逻辑主语)时,要再不定式前用 for 加名词 (或代词)表示。 例: (1)It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish. (2)It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately. 6、同一动词接不定式和动名词的区别 英语中有些动词既可以接动词不定式,又可以后接动名词,但是两种形式所表达的意思却是 截然不同的。考试中常见的形式有: Stop to do :停下来去做另外一件事情 stop doing:停下正在做的事情 Go on to do:继续去做另外一件事情 go

on doing:继续做正在做的事情 Try to do:尽力去做某事 try doing:尝试去做某事 Mean to do :打算做某事 mean doing 意味着某事 Remember to do:记得要去做事情 remember doing:记得曾经做过某事 Forget to do:忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 Regret to do :不得不去做某事 regret doing 后悔曾经做过某事 例:1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest. 2、Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy.

3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that? 4、Don’t forget to close the window before leaving the room. 二、动名词 动名词即动词 ing 形式,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。 1、动名词的基本形式 主动形式 一般时 完成时 Doing Having 被动形式 Being done Having been done 例: 、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late. (1) (2) 、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling his time. (3) 、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story. 2、英语中后接动名词的常见动词有: Admit 、appreciate 、avoid (避免) 、consider 、delay 、deny (否认、拒绝) 、enjoy 、escape 、 finish 、imagine 、miss 、practice 、risk 、suggest 等。 例:We shall appreciate hearing from you soon. 3、英语中接动名词的常见词组有: Be accustomed to doing (惯常的, 习惯于) be used to doing 、 (过去习惯) devote to doing , (把… 奉献、专用) 、feel like doing、look forward to doing、object (反感) to doing、can’t help doing、have trouble (in )doing 、have difficulty doing 、have a hard timedoing 等。 4、英语中后接动名词的常见形容词有: Be busy doing,be worth doing 等。 5、英语中后接动名词的常见名词有: There is no use doing、there is no point (意义)doing 、there is no good doing、 there is no need doing 6、动名词的否定式 动名词的否定式是在动名词前面直接加 not 。 例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts. 7、动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词。 例: 、He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife’s birthday party.

(1) (2) object to his making private calls on the office phone.我反对他用办公室的电话打私人 、I 电话 8、动名词的完成时 当动名词表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动名词的完成时。 例: 、I don’t remember having ever said that. (1) (2) regret having done such a thing. 我后悔做了这样的事。 、I 9、动名词的被动式 例: 、No one avoid being influenced by advertisements. (1) (2) 、Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 三、分词 1、现在分词的具体形式: 主动形式 一般式 完成式 Doing Having 被动形式 Being done Having been done 过去分词的形式:done 2、现在分词和过去分词的区别以及分词在句子中的语法功能 1) 、现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时态上。在语态上,现在分词表示主动的 意思,即现在分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是主动关系(现在分词表示的动作是 句子的主语发出来的) ;过去分词表示被动的意思,即过去分词与句子的主语在 逻辑上是被动的关系(句子的主语是过去分词表示的动作的承受者,或者可以 说过去分词表示的动作所针对的对象是句子的主语) ;在时间上,现在分词表示 动作正在进行,过去分词则表示动作已经完成。简而言之,现在分词表主动、 表进行;过去分词表被动、表完成。这一原则要牢记。 2) 、分词在句中的语法功能:分词在句子中可以做状语、补足语、表语和定语。其中分词作 状语的用法最为常考。 3) 、分词的否定式实在分词的前面加 not 。 例: 、Seeing on the top of hill, we find that the village seems very small. (1) 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (2) 、Seen from the top of hill, the village seems very small. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (3) 、She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 现在分词表主动做伴随状语。 (4) 、Damaged in the war, the bridge needs repairing now. 过去分词表被动做伴随状语。 (5) 、Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 现在分词的否定式表主动做原因状语。 (6) 、We kept our fire burning all

night to frighten the wolves. 现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行。 4) 、两个经常考查的用过去分词形式做状语的词是 convince 和 compare 。 例:They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over. 5) 、现在分词和过去分词转化的形容词的区别:在语法功能上,他们都可以做定语和表语, 但是以 ed 形式结尾的形容词修饰人,以 ing 形式结尾的形容词修饰物。 例: 、She told me that it was the most delighting gift her daughter had received. (1) (2) 、My parents are pleased with my progress. 6) 、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:现在分词的被动式(being done)表示在进行着 的被动,过去分词(done )表示完成了的被动。 例: 、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed (1) answers the questions. (2) 、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods. (现在分词的被动式) (3) 、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 (过去分词表示动作的 完成和结果)

3、分词与句子主语在逻辑关系上的一致性 现在分词表主动, 过去分词表被动, 分词与句子主语的逻辑关系常常是三级英语出题的知识 点。 例: 、Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep. (1) (2) 、Arriving at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there. 4、分词的独立主格结构 当句子前后两部分的主语指代事物不一致(简称主语前后不一致) ,又需要其中一个部分作 状语时,往往把该部分形成名词/代词+分词(n./pron.+doing/done)的形式,这种形 式被称作分词的独立主格结构。在这种结构内部,当名词/代词与分词是逻辑上的主 动关系时,用现在分词;当名词/代词是逻辑上的被动关系时,用过去分词。独立主 格结构常做原因状语或伴随状语,是考试重点。 例: 、The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground. (1) (2) 、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace. 5、with 结构作状语 With 结构做状语,其构成是:with +名词+现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式/形容词/介词结构, 由于经常考查 with +名词+现在分词/过去分词这种形式,所以放在这里讲解,并且要 明确何时用 with +名词+现在分词结构,何时用 with +名词+过去分词结构;如果分词 与 with 后面的名词是主动关系,用现在分词;如果分词与 with 后面的名词是被动 关系,则用过去分词。 例: 、He walked across the meeting room with everyone looking at her. (1) (2) 、With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (3) 、With the novel published, the writer becomes a famous person. (4) 、With the matter to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow, we leave the company.

(5) 、With the price so high, they still determine to buy the car. (6) 、With the book in the hand, the teacher came in the classroom. 第六节 各种从句 一、名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。如果一个句子在一句话中充当主语、 宾语、或者表语,那么该句子就被称作主语从句、宾语从句或者表语从句。名词性 从句是三级英语考试的重点,我们应该明确以下几个方面的内容: 1、主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句都用陈述语序,二不用疑问语序。 2、应对主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的题型,我们要牢记整体性原则,即首先要保证从 句的完整性,一般要添加适当的连接代词、连接副词或者从属连词使从句完整, 然后才能在主句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。 3、考试中常见的从属连词、连接代词、连接副词有: 从属连词:that (只起连接句子的作用,不具任何意义) ,if ,whether ; 连接代词:what ,whatever ,who ,whoever ,whom ,whomever ,whose ; 连接副词:when, where, how, why 例: 、Who let out the news remained unknown.(It remained unknown who let out the news.) (1) 谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 (2) 、When we’ll start is not clear.(It is not clear when we’ll start.)我们何时出发还不清楚。 (3) 、What I saw two men crossing the street. (4) 、What the press reported was not the way the event happened (5) don’t doubt that he is telling the truth. 、I (6) 、Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes people love it so much? (7) 、The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was

aware of where. (8) 、He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather.

(9) 、The reason I don’t go there was that I got a new job. (10) 、This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。 (11) 、The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 4、在下列情况下不能用 if ,而用 whether 1) 、后面直接跟 or not:I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.我不知道我 能否赶上末班车 2) 、引导主语从句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.我们胜利也好,失败也好, 对我来说都是一样的。 3) 、后跟不定式:He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。 4) 前面有介词: raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我 、 He 们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。 二、定语从句 在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫作定语从句, 被修饰或者限定的那个次叫作先行词。 定语从 句分为两种: 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句——紧跟在先行词后面, 不用逗 号和先行词分开的定语从句叫作限定性定语从句; 而用逗号和先行词分开的定语从 句叫作非限定性定语从句。 1、引导定语从句 ude 关联词包括: 关系代词:that 、which 、whose 、who 、whom 、as ; 关系副词:when 、where 、why 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的成分。 2、which 指物,who 或者 whom 指人,whose 表示所属关系,这些关系代词既可用于限定性 定语从句,又可用于非限定性定语从句;that 既可以指人,又可以指物,但是 只能用于限定性定语从句。 例: 、The company official who I thought would be fired received a raise. (1) (2) 、The investigation, whose results will soon be published, was made by john. (3) 、An old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with, telephone me from the airport. (4) don’t like the way that/in which you speak. 、I 3、关系副词 when ,where ,why 引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示时间的名词,一般用 when ,如果先行词是表示地点的名词,一般用 where ,但是也应注意例外的情 况;如先行词是 reason ,则用 why 。关系副词相当于介词加关系代词。 例: 、The time will come when man can fly to outer space freely. (1) (2) will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village. 、I (3) 、I’ll never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood. (4) 、I’ll never forget the village which I visited last year. (5) don’t know the reason why (for which ) he did that. 、I 4、先行词也可以是整个句子,这时定语从句一般用 which 或 as 来引导,修饰整个句子的内 容。Which 一般只能置于句中或句末,而 as 的位置比较灵活。 例: 、He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to (1) science. (2) 、He was awarded a gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor. (3) 、As we all know, the earth is round. 5、 “名词(代词)+of +which/whom”意思上等于 whose +名词,表示所属关系,一般出现在 非限定性定语从句。 例: 、We’ ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely water proof (1)

(2) The United States is composed of fifty states, two of which are separated from the others by 、 land or water. 6、当先行词由 the same 或 such 修饰时,关系代词用 as 指代前面作为先行词的人或物,形 成“the same…as”“such…as”结构。 , 例:It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us. 7、当先行词由形容词的最高级、序数词或 the only/next/very 等修饰时,关系代词用 that 而 不用 which 。 例: 、This is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater. (1) (2) 、This is the very bike that I am looking for. 8、 当先行词是不定代词 all ,anything ,nothing ,everything ,something 等时,关系代词用 that 而不用 which 。 例:I couldn’t find anything that satisfies my needs. 9、关系代词前带介词的定语从句:如果关系代词在定语从句中做了动词词组的宾语。有些 动词词组所包含的介词可以提到关系代词的前面。 例:Before her marriage, she spent a considerable(相当的) time in that very part of shanghai to which she belonged. 三、同位语从句 常跟在 fact ,news ,idea ,hope ,belief ,thought ,plan ,evidence 等名词的后面,由连词 that 引导的从句称为同位语从句, 在同

位语从句中不做任何成文, that 这是与定语从句 的区别,同位语从句对前面的名词起进一步解释的作用。 例: 、Would the news that he failed to pass the exam bother you? (1)(2)

had no idea that you were here.我没有想到你会在这里。 、I 四、状语从句 在主从句复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原 因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 (一) 、时间状语从句 常用的连词有:when ,whenever (无论什么时候) ,ever since,un til hardly…when/no sooner…than/no sooner ...than/as soon as/the moment/the minute(一…就…) 。 例: 、No sooner had they got the goods covered up than it started raining (1) hard. (2) 、She has wanted to become a nurse ever since she was a young girl. (二) 、条件状语从句 常用 if ,unless ,as/so long as, provided that(假如) 例: 、Unless I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before. (1) (2) 、Unless you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine(交罚 款). (三) 、原因状语从句 需要区别 because 和 because of:because 是连词,引导原因状语从句;because of 是介词, 后接名词形成介宾结构作原因状语。 例: 、He cannot go to school because he is ill.他因为生病不能上学。 (1) (2) 、He cannot go to school because of his illness. (四) 、让步状语从句 1、让步状语从句表示:尽管…,或无论…,常用 though/although, as(尽管) ,even if/though, however, wherever, whatever, whomever, no matter how/where/what/who/whom 等引导。Despite 、in spite of(尽管) 。 例: 、In short, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society. (1) (where 引导让步状语,wherever=no matter where) (2) 、Whoever you are, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. (3)Even if you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. 2、as 引起的让步状语从句的构成是:形容词/副词/名词/分词+as +主语+谓语动词。 例: 、Young as he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. (1) (2) 、Child as he is, he knows quite a lot about society. (3) 、Much as he likes her, he gets annoyed(打扰)with her sometimes. (4) 、Published as it was at such a time, his book still attracted much attention. 第七节 主谓一致 一、名词 physics (物理) ,maths (数学) ,news ,means (方法) ,works (工厂)等一般被 认为形式是复数形式,意思是单数的名词,它们作主语的时候动词一般用但属性是。 例: 、 (1) The news coming from different parts of the world is often extremely discouraging these days. (2) 、Every means has been trid. 二、动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 例:When and where the new hospital will be built remain a mystery. 三、当主语是 a number+of +复数名词时,翻译为“许多…” ,谓语动词用复数;当主语 是 the number+of +可数或不可数名词时,翻译为“…的数目” ,谓语动词用单数。 例: 、The number of errors made by him was surprising. (1) (2) number of cars are parked in front of my house. 、A 四、 当主语由 as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。 当句中的主语后接 with , well as, as along with,together with,including ,accompanied by,but 等短语+名词(代词)时,主 语与谓语的一致关系不受影响,主语是单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是 复数形式时,谓语动词用复数形式, 例: 、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. (1) 约翰和二十个朋友正在计划句型一个集会。 (2) 、No one but Jane and Tom was there then. 那时除了珍妮和汤姆之外,没有别人在那儿。 五、当用 and 连接的名词前有 each ,every 等修饰而形成“each…and…”或者“every… and every…”结构时,谓语动词用单数。 例: (1)Each soldier and sailor was given a gun.每个战士和水手都被发放了一支枪。 (2)In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 六、当主语是由 many a/more/ than one+单数名词构成时,谓语动词用单数。 例:Many singer is to attend our evening party.许多歌唱家将参加我们的晚会。 七、表示度量(金钱、重量、容积、长度)和时间等的复数名词做主语时,常被看做一 个整体,谓语动词用单数。 例: (1)Two hundred miles is a long distance. (2)Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her. 八、

由 not only…but also,either…or,neither…nor 或者 or 连接并列主语时,通常采用 就近原则,谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。 例: (1)Either I or he is responsible for it. (2)Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has offended me.

(3)Not only he but also his family members are interested in foot ball match. (4)There is one book and two pens on the desk. 九、在定语从句中,当前面的先行词是“one of+复数名词”时,后面定语从句中的谓 语动词用复数形式;当前面的先行词是“the/the only one of+复数名词”时,后面 定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。 例: (1)Tom is one of the students who have got the prize. (2)Tom is the only one of the students who has got the prize. 第八节 倒装句 一、否定句放置句首时,助动词或 be 动词要放置在主语的前面,构成倒装。常用的否定词 有:not, few, little, no longer, no more, not only, not until, scarcely, rarely, seldom(罕 见) ,at no time, by no means, in no way, under no circumstance, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。 例:

(1)Not until I reminded him for the third time did he stop working and look up. (2)Little do they realize the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. (3)No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. 二、 “only+状语(副词/介词结构/状语从句) ”位于句首时句子要到装。 例: (1)Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 只有在这样的条件下,他才会取得扎实的进步。 (2)Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 三、nor ,neither ,so 用于句首时,句子要到装 例: (1)So little did I know about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me. (2)I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither did he. 第九节 强调结构 一、强调句型的基本形式 It is (was )+被强调部分+that…。 例:It is on each individual(个别的,单独的)effort(努力) that the safety and happiness of the whole depend. 二、强调句型用来强调状语 例(1)It was in that small room that they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come. (2)It is because she is very devoted to(专心于) her students that she is respected by them. (3)It was not until she arrived in class that she realized she had forgotten her book. 第十节 附加疑问句 一、附加疑问句的基本用法 附加疑问句往往放在陈述句的后面,形成陈述句+附加问句的结构。一般的规则是:前肯定, 后否定;前否定,后肯定。 例: (1)He had to finish the work yesterday, did he? (2)There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening, will there? 二、含有否定词的用法 若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly ,scarcely (仅仅,几乎不) ,never ,seldom 等词时,反 问句部分要用肯定。 例: (1)She scarcely cares for anything, does she? (2)You never told me you have seen the film, did you? 三、祈使句:祈使句的附加疑问句一般都是“will you ?” ,但是对于 let 引起的祈使句,当 与宾语缩写(Let’s)时,用“shall we?”形式。 例:

(1)Please let us have more time, will you? (2)Let’s go, shall we? (3)Don’t forget to write to me, will you? 四、特殊用法:如果句子的主语是第一人称,且由谓语动词 think 、believe 和 suppose 引起 从句时,附加疑问句要和从句保持一致,如果谓语动词是 think 、believe 和 suppose 的否定形式,要实行否定转移,把从句看作是否定的,附加疑问句仍要和从句保持 一致。 例: (1)I suppose you’re serious, aren’t you? (2)I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, have you? Why not + do+ sth = why don’t you do sth A+倍数+as +adj/adv+as +B +v A+倍数+比较级+than +B +v A+倍数+名词(尺寸、宽度等)+of +B The river is three times length of ……


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