一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）
环境科学：environmental science
环境工程：environmental engineering
定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science
定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science
衰减再生：decay and recycling
新陈代谢率：metabolic rates
外来物质：foreign matter
研究和发展：Research and Development
一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant
氧含量：Oxygen content
点源：point sources
沥青残留物：asphaltic residue
酸雨：acid rain
设备维护：facilities maintenance
废物最小化：waste minimization
正常浓度：normal concentration
胡乱收集：magpie collection
需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required
闭合回路：closed-loop
微生物：microbe/microorganisms
揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps
空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring
氧化剂：oxidizer
石油精炼:petroleum refining
活性炭：activated carbon
质量控制：quality control
海轮：ocean liner
挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals
沙漠化：desertification
火山喷发：volcanic eruption
间歇源：intermittent sources
衡量浓度：trace concentrations
氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates
风化：wind erosion
不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion
化石燃料：fossil fuels
液滴：liquid droplets
SO3:sulfur trioxide
for managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因
stacks of generating stations许多发电站
Roman empire罗马皇帝
Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟
Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）
phosphorous acid亚磷酸
phosphoric 磷的（五价）
carbonates ，bicarbonates 碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐
carbohydrates 碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳
TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳
COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量
BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量
Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物
BOD5 BOD 的测试标准化
rborne diseases 水传染的疾病
epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion 深水层thermocline 热变形层
become depleted of oxygen 缺氧
二、重点句子翻译
UNIT2
1.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear ，touch ，smell ，and taste.
环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
2.System,according to Webster dictionary
is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole ；as ，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”
系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物; 比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。
3.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical ，or biological characteristics of the air，water ，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival ，or activities of humans or other living organisms.
污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
4.Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process. 资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. 废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
5.Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或
作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。
6.Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。
7.Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques废物回收/废物最少化技术(包括以下几点)
●product changes产品改变 ●process changes过程改变
●equipment modifications设备改造 ●operating practices操作训练
●recycling and reuse回收和再利用
8. What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. 什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
9.There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染 。
10.A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
11.A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
12.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrates constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage. 在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质。）
三、课后的NOTES 部分（UNIT1、2、3、8、12、13）
Unit1
1) Care and impartiality in gathering and recording date, as well as independent
verification, are the cornerstones of science.
在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。
2) When the collection and organization of date reveal certain regularities, it may be
possible to formulate a generalization or hypothesis
当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时，可能归纳出概况或假设。
3）the two types of logic are qualitative and quantitative logic.
两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学。
4）theories,and in particular,mathematical theories,often enable us to bridge the gap between experimentally controlled observations and observations made in the field. 理论，尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补（缩小）实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。
5）environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation,notably in the provision of
safe,palatable,and ample public water supplies.
环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程，用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。
1) APS materials,inc,generated two hazardous wastes,1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.
美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即1,1,1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。
2) AT&T美国最大的电话电信公司
3) CFC=chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃
4) Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks ， valves ，or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.
随意马虎的内部管理习惯，例如储罐、阀门或泵的泄漏，都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施。
Unit8
1）the geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico city ，makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.
一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响。
2）by themselves，measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants，because threshold levels，synergy ，and biological magnification are also determining factors
测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素。
1）most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow suit.
目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里，并鼓励航海轮船也这样做。
四、课文填空：UNIT13的第一部分（1、Pollution of streams and rivers） PoHution of Streams and Rivers
When sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream ，the stream becomes pollution 。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from "Polutionville." There processes are going on, all at the same time. Process1. The bacteria are feasting on the sewage. because of this action ，the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing，so the BOD is going down。
Process2. As the bacteria consume the sewage， they also use dissolved oxygen，so that concentration，too ，start to decrease。
Process3. some of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。
For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen （process3）simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria（process2），so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die，but it is not the sewage that is killing them。（In fact，the sewage provides food.）Instead ，the fish die from lack of oxygen，beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter，depending on the particular species。
The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time ，as the sewage is used up by bacteria，the BOD goes down (process1)，the consumption of oxygen also slows down，and the natural ability of the river to recover（process3）becomes predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself 。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again，and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former，unpolluted level。
Of course，if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is complete，as shown in the illustration at 160km，the river becomes pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced，pollution becomes practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition，which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world ，support no fish ，are high in bacterial content （usually including pathogenic organisms ），appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae ，and ，in extreme cases，stink from putrefaction and fermentation。
一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）
环境科学：environmental science
环境工程：environmental engineering
定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science
定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science
衰减再生：decay and recycling
新陈代谢率：metabolic rates
外来物质：foreign matter
研究和发展：Research and Development
一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant
氧含量：Oxygen content
点源：point sources
沥青残留物：asphaltic residue
酸雨：acid rain
设备维护：facilities maintenance
废物最小化：waste minimization
正常浓度：normal concentration
胡乱收集：magpie collection
需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required
闭合回路：closed-loop
微生物：microbe/microorganisms
揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps
空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring
氧化剂：oxidizer
石油精炼:petroleum refining
活性炭：activated carbon
质量控制：quality control
海轮：ocean liner
挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals
沙漠化：desertification
火山喷发：volcanic eruption
间歇源：intermittent sources
衡量浓度：trace concentrations
氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates
风化：wind erosion
不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion
化石燃料：fossil fuels
液滴：liquid droplets
SO3:sulfur trioxide
for managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因
stacks of generating stations许多发电站
Roman empire罗马皇帝
Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟
Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）
phosphorous acid亚磷酸
phosphoric 磷的（五价）
carbonates ，bicarbonates 碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐
carbohydrates 碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳
TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳
COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量
BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量
Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物
BOD5 BOD 的测试标准化
rborne diseases 水传染的疾病
epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion 深水层thermocline 热变形层
become depleted of oxygen 缺氧
二、重点句子翻译
UNIT2
1.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear ，touch ，smell ，and taste.
环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
2.System,according to Webster dictionary
is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole ；as ，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”
系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物; 比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙” 。
3.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical ，or biological characteristics of the air，water ，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival ，or activities of humans or other living organisms.
污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
4.Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process. 资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. 废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
5.Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或
作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。
6.Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。
7.Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques废物回收/废物最少化技术(包括以下几点)
●product changes产品改变 ●process changes过程改变
●equipment modifications设备改造 ●operating practices操作训练
●recycling and reuse回收和再利用
8. What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. 什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
9.There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染 。
10.A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
11.A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
12.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrates constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage. 在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质。）
三、课后的NOTES 部分（UNIT1、2、3、8、12、13）
Unit1
1) Care and impartiality in gathering and recording date, as well as independent
verification, are the cornerstones of science.
在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。
2) When the collection and organization of date reveal certain regularities, it may be
possible to formulate a generalization or hypothesis
当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时，可能归纳出概况或假设。
3）the two types of logic are qualitative and quantitative logic.
两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学。
4）theories,and in particular,mathematical theories,often enable us to bridge the gap between experimentally controlled observations and observations made in the field. 理论，尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补（缩小）实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。
5）environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation,notably in the provision of
safe,palatable,and ample public water supplies.
环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程，用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。
1) APS materials,inc,generated two hazardous wastes,1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.
美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即1,1,1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。
2) AT&T美国最大的电话电信公司
3) CFC=chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃
4) Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks ， valves ，or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.
随意马虎的内部管理习惯，例如储罐、阀门或泵的泄漏，都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施。
Unit8
1）the geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico city ，makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.
一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响。
2）by themselves，measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants，because threshold levels，synergy ，and biological magnification are also determining factors
测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素。
1）most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow suit.
目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里，并鼓励航海轮船也这样做。
四、课文填空：UNIT13的第一部分（1、Pollution of streams and rivers） PoHution of Streams and Rivers
When sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream ，the stream becomes pollution 。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from "Polutionville." There processes are going on, all at the same time. Process1. The bacteria are feasting on the sewage. because of this action ，the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing，so the BOD is going down。
Process2. As the bacteria consume the sewage， they also use dissolved oxygen，so that concentration，too ，start to decrease。
Process3. some of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。
For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen （process3）simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria（process2），so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die，but it is not the sewage that is killing them。（In fact，the sewage provides food.）Instead ，the fish die from lack of oxygen，beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter，depending on the particular species。
The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time ，as the sewage is used up by bacteria，the BOD goes down (process1)，the consumption of oxygen also slows down，and the natural ability of the river to recover（process3）becomes predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself 。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again，and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former，unpolluted level。
Of course，if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is complete，as shown in the illustration at 160km，the river becomes pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced，pollution becomes practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition，which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world ，support no fish ，are high in bacterial content （usually including pathogenic organisms ），appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae ，and ，in extreme cases，stink from putrefaction and fermentation。