Contents
1.
词性 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 主要词性的列表 ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 非谓语动词 （不定式和动名词） ...................................................................................... 7 2. 3. 4.
句子成分 ................................................................................................................................. 7 单句 ......................................................................................................................................... 9 从句 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 从句的分类 ......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.1状语从句 . ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 名词性 从句 ................................................................................................................. 11 4.1.3 定语从句 ...................................................................................................................... 12 5.
语法的常见错误 ................................................................................................................... 14 5.1 关于冠词和单复数的语法错误 ......................................................................................... 14 5.2 词性使用错误 ..................................................................................................................... 16 5.3 谓语错误 ............................................................................................................................. 18 5.3.1 主谓不一致 .................................................................................................................. 18 5.3.2 时态 .............................................................................................................................. 19 5.3.3 情态动词+do . ............................................................................................................... 20 5.3.4 被动语态或者是主系表结构没有加be 动词 ............................................................ 20 5.3.5动词原形之前永远不能加be 动词（包括is, are等） ........................................... 20 5.3.6 不可能同时出现两个助动词，或者一个情态动词+一个助动词 ............................ 20 5.4 6
句子结构的常见问题 ................................................................................................... 21
附录 ....................................................................................................................................... 23 6.1 附录1 一些比较容易搞错的不可数名词 ....................................................................... 23
i. 前言
非母语学习者学习英文一定要注意语法。 因为他们是用眼睛学英文的，而不是用耳朵和嘴巴。
即便他们每天和native speakers交流，也很难短时间熟悉很多句子。
花1-2天学习语法的规则和概念，可以提高你们的改错能力，句子的写作能力。这是英文学习的基础。
很多同学会问，那么语法学习学到什么程度才算达标呢？ 下面是老顾所总结的语法学习的几个衡量标准。 1 懂得词性（譬如说动词介词等）和用法特点 2 懂得单词在句子之中充当的成分（譬如说主谓宾等） 3 懂得察觉语法错误或者句子错误。
一般来说，雅思如果有四大错误，就很难获得六分。 1 冠词和名词单复数错误
2 词性错误（譬如说介词当连词使用） 3 谓语错误 4 句子结构错误
ii.
本文档使用方法
1 在第一页的目录点击问题，就可以达到这个问题的页面，阅读相关解释
2 电脑按ctrl+F ， 在屏幕上出现的“查找”功能里，输入关键词，也可以去到整个文件里所有出现这些关键词的地方查阅相关解释。
1. 词性
1.1 主要词性的列表
1 名词 noun
包括可数(countable)和不可数 (uncountable)
2 代词pronoun
代词在作文中使用比较的灵活和多变，代词的选择错误也是常见问题 主格：代词做主语， 譬如说 I am a teacher 宾格：代词做宾语，譬如说My father talked to me .
形容词性物主代词：是代词充当定语，譬如说my job is to help students improve writing skills.
名词性物主代词：代词充当主语、宾语或者表语，一般是指代前面说过的某个名词，譬如说His car is expensive, and mine is cheap. （这里的mine 是my car的意思）
反身代词：充当主语和宾语，这个代词一般是和前面说过的一个名词或者代词是同一个人或者物体。He worked for himself . （himself 和he 是同一个人）
3 动名词 gerund
就是动词加上ing ， 用作名词
譬如说：I enjoy working as a teacher. (working就是个动名词)
4不定式 infinitive (to do or to do something) 不定式和动名词一样，也是类似于名词的东西
譬如说：I want to work as a teacher. (to work as a teacher就是不定式)
5 动词 verb,
包括及物(transitive verb)和不及物 (intransitive verb)
6 形容词 adjective
7 现在分词 present participle 现在分词可能是谓语的一部分
例：I am working from home now. （working 现在分词，表示进行时态） 也可能是类似于形容词的东西
例:：This company has many employees working from home. (working from home现在分词，充当定语)
8 过去分词 past participle 过去分词可能是谓语的一部分
例：I have done this task. （done 过去分词，表示完成时态） 也可能是类似于形容词的东西
例:：I have many books written in English. (written in English过去分词，充当定语)
9 介词（preposition ）和介宾短语
介词和冠词一样，称之为虚词，因为它独立不能够充当任何成分 一般介词后面加名词或者动名词，统称为介宾短语。
例： I am living in New Zealand. (in 是介词，不能够独立存在，要加上New Zealand, in New Zealand 整个称之为介宾短语)
10 数词 numerals
11 副词 adverb
12 冠词 the, a, an
一般和名词结合使用，冠词本身不充当成分
例子：I live in a small flat. （a 是冠词，不能独立存在，要加上名词flat ）
13 连词 conjunction
连词有两种，从属连词和并列连词 并列连词 and, or, but
从属连词 while, although, because, if, when, before, after
∙ 从属连词一定要连接独立的句子 While, because, although等
∙ 在没有连词的情况下，不能句子里有两个动词 The lack of money leads to people do not receive education 错误的原因：lead to和do not receive都是动词
正确的句子：people do not receive education because of the lack of money.
1 从属连词后面加从句，一定要有主句。
2 从属连词后面一定要加独立的句子，不能少成分。
1.2 非谓语动词 （不定式和动名词）
很多同学有时候看到不定式和动名词很长，不知道怎么运用。
去掉主语，谓语动词改成to do或者是doing, 后面保持不变，然后整个当作一个名词看。 譬如说：I studied science at university.
那么studying science at university 整个可以看作是一个动名词 Studying science at university was a great experience. （充当主语） 那么to study science at university 不定式也可以看作是一个名词 It is my decision to study science at university （充当主语）
用动名词和不定式做主语有什么区别吗
动名词一般强调一个事情，这个事情可能目前正在进行，或者是客观存在 而不定式是表示一个还没发生的事情。
Studying science at university was a great experience. （已经发生） It is my decision to study science at university （还没发生）
2. 句子成分
修饰的成分：状语、定语、同位语 必备的成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语
状语：修饰动词或者句子的东西 定语：修饰名词的东西，起限定的作用 补语：补充说明一个名词的语法成分
同位语：解释或者说明前面一个名词的东西(可能是名词、代词、同位语从句) Obama, president of the United States, visited China last month. President 是同位语
She likes eating fast food such as fries and hamburgers. Fries and hamburgers 是同位语
3. 单句
主语+及物动词+宾语 主语+不及物动词 主语+系+表
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 被动语态 There be句型
什么叫独立的句子（independent sentences）？ 就是去掉从句和修饰成分之后，还有一个独立的单句 被动语态
有及物动词作谓语的三个基本单句都可以改写成被动语态 主语+及物动词+宾语
The government should support children from poor homes. Children from poor homes should be supported by the government.
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
Schools require all students to obey school rules. All students are required to obey school rules.
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Some companies offer outstanding students scholarships. Outstanding students are offered scholarships. 被动语态
4. 从句
4.1 从句的分类
4.1.1状语从句
从句充当状语的功能 原因状语：because, since, as 时间状语：when, after, before
让步状语：although, even if, even though 条件状语：if, when, once, as long as
连词+从句
While 的两种用法： 1 对比
While the birth rate rose, the death rate dropped.
2 表示同时进行的两个事情
While I was out for a business trip, they finished this project.
4.1.2 名词性 从句
主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
第一种：以“that ”引导的名词性从句必定有个独立的句子 The population is growing older. (人口增加变老)
I believe that the population is growing older. （宾语从句） It is believed that the population is growing older. （主语从句）
The fact is that the population is growing older. （表语从句）
The demand for health care is increasing, due to the fact that the population is growing older. （同位语从句）
第二种：以“wh ”引导的名词性从句（what, why, how, when, where等）
4.1.3 定语从句
定语从句是从句充当定语的功能，类似于形容词。因此很多人叫定语从句叫形容词从句。
第一种：以关系代词who, that, whom, which引导
第二种：以关系副词why, where, when 引导
常见错误1：where, why和when 引导的定语从句，句子必须是完整独立的句子。 There are many foreign universities where provide good courses for international students.
错误的原因：where 引导的定语从句后面缺主语。
正确的句子：There are many foreign universities which provide good courses for international students.
常见错误2：定语从句修饰的名词如果是人，用who 或者that ，如果是物体，用which 或者that 引导
People which break laws will go to prison.
错误的原因：定语从句先行词是人的时候，不可以用which ，要用who 正确的句子：People who break laws will go to prison.
常见错误3：定语从句的谓语要完整（譬如说被动语态要出现be 动词） There was an increase in the percentage of people who employed by large companies.
错误的原因：People who were employed 定语从句的谓语动词不完整 正确的句子：There was an increase in the percentage of people who were employed by large companies.
常见错误3：定语从句的先行词放在从句可以还原成完整的句子。
By taking on part-time jobs, universities students can learn skills which cannot get at university.
错误的原因：先行词“skills ”充当从句“get ”的宾语，那么从句缺乏一个主语。 正确的句子：By taking on part-time jobs, universities students can learn skills which they cannot get at university.
常见错误4：非限制性定语从句，如果修饰的是名词，那么和这个名词保持主谓一致
例子：Innovations play an important role in many industries, such as music, which holds the key to social progress. 错误的原因：定语从句修饰的名词是Industries ， 是个复数
正确的句子：Innovations play an important role in many industries, such as music, which hold the key to social progress.
常见错误5：非限制性定语从句，如果是修饰一个句子，从句的谓语永远用单数， 改 affects
例子：Buying luxuries can cost a lot of money, which affect their living standards. 错误的原因：定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，因此应该动词用单数
正确的句子：Buying luxuries can cost a lot of money, which affects their living standards.
5. 语法的常见错误
5.1 关于冠词和单复数的语法错误
5.1.1 冠词使用的几种情况
确定冠词还有单复数主要是考虑3个要素
a. 指示代词this 要加名词单数，these, those要加可数名词复数 These knowledge is important to students.
错误的原因： knowledge不可数名词，不能和these 连用 正确的句子：this kind of knowledge is important to students.
b. 量词或者形容词a number of, few, a few, numerous, many等一般都不加不可数名词，而是加可数名词复数
Many scientific knowledge can be used in teaching students. 错误的原因： knowledge不可数名词，不和many 连用
正确的句子：Many materials about science can be used in teaching students.
Children from poor homes have few opportunity to receive education. 错误的原因： few 后面要加可数名词复数
正确的句子：Children from poor homes have few opportunities to receive education.
c. 量词或者形容词a large amount of, a large quantity of, little, a little, much等一般加不可数名词，不能加可数名词复数
d. 可数名词不裸奔，也就是要有冠词或者是复数 This policy has positive effect on companies. 错误的原因：effect 是可数名词
正确的句子：This policy has a positive effect on companies.
e. 不可数名词前面不加a 或者an
It is not easy to find a full-time employment.
错误的原因：Employment 不可数名词，不能加冠词a 正确的句子：It is not easy to find a full-time job.
f. 不可数名词没有复数
Some young people can receive trainings. 错误的原因：training 不可数
正确的句子：Some young people can receive training.
可数名词和不可数名词常见混淆看附录1
元音开头的形容词或者名词前面要用an ，而不是a News meda are a important influence on the public. 错误的原因：important 元音开头，应该是an
正确的句子：News media are an important influence on the public.
5.2 词性使用错误
a. 及物动词一定要有宾语
Machines enable to complete tasks efficiently. 错误的原因： Enable 是个及物动词，要有宾语.
正确的句子：Machines enable us to complete tasks efficiently.
b. 不及物动词不能够直接加名词作宾语
Many people disagree this idea.
错误的原因： Disagree 不及物动词，需要加介词 正确的句子：Many people disagree with this idea.
c. 不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态
People can find good jobs when they are graduated.
错误的原因：”are graduated” 改成graduate, 不及物动词没有被动语态 正确的句子：People can find good jobs when they graduate.
d. 介词不能加动词
Library users have access to use computers and videos as educational resources. 错误的原因：”access to”的to 是介词，不能加动词“use ”，去掉这个动词 正确的句子：Library users have access to computers and videos as educational resources.
e. 介词不能加句子
Men prefer to talk about advance career.
错误的原因：About 是介词，后面不能加动词或者句子，而advance 是动词 正确的句子：Men prefer to talk about career advancement.
f. 介词不能加副词
g. 形容词不能修饰句子、动词和形容词 Well-educated people can settle conflicts easier.
错误的原因： easy 是形容词，不能修饰句子或者动词，改成easily 正确的句子：Some technologies can be used daily.
h. 副词一般不作表语
例：Communication has become more easily.
错误的原因： 副词一般不能作表语，因为表语是修饰主语的，而形容词修饰名词 正确的句子：Communication has become easier.
i. 副词不是连词
5.3 谓语错误
5.3.1 主谓不一致
a. 不可数名词和可数名词的单数做主语， 谓语动词都是单数
例子It is common knowledge that fast food normally contain high fat. 错误的原因： Fast food不可数名词， 后面的动词contain 用单数
正确的句子：It is common knowledge that fast food normally contains high fat.
b. 动名词做主语，谓语动词是单数
Shopping on the Internet provide many choices for sellers and buyers. 错误的原因：“shopping ”动名词做主语，谓语动词应该用单数“provides ”
正确的句子：Shopping on the Internet provides many choices for sellers and buyers.
c. 可数名词的复数，谓语动词就是复数
news media becomes more important than before. 错误的原因：media 一般是复数，谓语动词要用复数
正确的句子：news media have become more important than before.
5.3.2 时态
红色是常用的几种时态，掌握这些时态基本上应付雅思作文和口语已经足够了
The old building has been demolished.
Many children are obese. 滥用过去时
Pollution became a serious problem.
错误的原因：如果用became （过去时），意味着环境问题过去是个问题，暗示现在不是了。
正确的句子：Pollution has become a serious problem.
一般出现recently, in recent years, over the past decades等提示词的，要用现在完成时态
Recently, many people are interested in spending enormously on special occasions.
错误的原因：Recently 的句子用完成时态比较多
正确的句子：Recently, many people have been interested in spending enormously on special occasions.
5.3.3 情态动词+do
Can, may, should, must, will, would, might, may, could+ do
例子Reading will possibly broadening horizons. 错误的原因：broadening 是分词，变成broaden
正确的句子：Reading will possibly broaden readers’ horizons.
5.3.4 被动语态或者是主系表结构没有加be 动词
例子：Children can interested in reading if they develop this habit from a young age.
错误的原因：主句是主系表结构，缺乏系动词
正确的句子：children can be interested in reading if they develop this habit from a young age.
5.3.5动词原形之前永远不能加be 动词（包括is, are等）
例子 cultures are differ from country to country 错误的原因：“be+动词原形” 永远是错的，将are 去掉
正确的句子：cultures differ from country to country.
5.3.6 不可能同时出现两个助动词，或者一个情态动词+一个助动词 例子The shortage of water is cannot attract worldwide attention. 错误的原因：is 是进行时态的助动词，而can 是另外一个助动词 正确的句子：The shortage of water is attracting worldwide attention.
5.4
句子结构的常见问题 英文两个独立的句子（independent sentences），是不能用逗号连接的，逗号不是连词，可以用分号或者句号连接。
副词（therefore, thus, however）或者是连接的表达（as a consequence, as a result, because of this, in addition, for example, in contrast）等都不是连词
Children from poor families cannot receive education, therefore, they are more likely to violate the law.
错误的原因：therefore 是副词，不是连词，需要前面加上句号或者是分号，或者改成连词so
正确的句子：Children from poor families cannot receive education; therefore, they are more likely to violate the law. 正确的句子：Children from poor families cannot receive education, so they are more likely to violate the law.
从属连词while, because, as,一定要连接两个完整的句子，不能够只是连接一个句子。 Young people are more willing to adopt advanced technology. Because they want to find jobs in the hi-tech industry.
错误的原因：because 是连词，一定要连接两个句子。 正确的句子：Young people are more willing to adopt advanced technology, because they want to find jobs in the hi-tech industry.
介词（because of， due to, despite, in spite of, of等）不是连词
The proportion of people who went to the cinema decreased.
The proportion of people decreased.
The proportion of people going to the cinema decreased.
句子一般不可能连续出现两个动词，在没有连词或者是从句的情况下
There was a river crossed the area from north to south.
错误的原因：一个句子两个动词was, crossed。要么“which crossed”，要么就是“crossing ”
正确的句子：There was a river which crossed the area from north to south.
This causes global temperatures rise.
错误的原因：一个句子两个动词cause 和rise. 要说“to rise”不定式充当补语
正确的句子：This causes global temperatures to rise.
除了句号和分号外，用连词and 或者是从属连词because, if等去连接也是正常的方法。
有时候，会用定语从句联系两个句子。
This is particulary the case for younger generation, they may lose confidence in the future life. 错误的原因：两个独立的句子没有连词，They 改成who ，变成定语从句
正确的句子：This is particulary the case for younger generation, who may lose confidence in the future life.
状语从句主句和从句都必须是独立的句子
When come to school age, most children spend most of the day in their school with their teachers and classmates.
错误的原因：when 后面要跟完整的句子，when they start school
正确的句子：When they start school, most children spend most of the day at school with their teachers and classmates.
6 附录
6.1 附录1 一些比较容易搞错的不可数名词
1. Employment 不可数 find employment 对应： employment opportunities
2. Work 表示“工作”的时候不可数，find work 对应： job 可数名词
3. Information 不可数， search for information 对应：figures 可数名词
4. Equipment 不可数， electrical equipment 对应：facilities 可数名词
5. Research 不可数， scientific research
6. Capital 不可数，foreign capital
对应： funds 可数名词
7. Knowledge 不可数，acquire knowledge
8. Architecture 不可数， classical architecture 对应： buildings 可数名词
9. Pollution 不可数，air pollution
对应：pollutants 可数名词
10. Software 不可数，word-processing software 对应：software packages
11. Aid 不可数， financial aid
12. News不可数, breaking news
对应： news stories
13. training不可数, staff training
对应：courses
14. travel不可数, air travel
对应：trips
15. Advice不可数, practical advice 对应：ideas
16. Waste不可数, toxic waste
对应：Landfills
17. Progress不可数, social progress 对应：advances
18. Labour不可数, manual labour 对应：workers
19. Access不可数, internet access
20. Transport不可数, means of transport 21 workforce 不可数
对应： workers
22 Advertising 不可数
对应：advertisements, or commercials 23 Well-being不可数
Contents
1.
词性 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 主要词性的列表 ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 非谓语动词 （不定式和动名词） ...................................................................................... 7 2. 3. 4.
句子成分 ................................................................................................................................. 7 单句 ......................................................................................................................................... 9 从句 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 从句的分类 ......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.1状语从句 . ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 名词性 从句 ................................................................................................................. 11 4.1.3 定语从句 ...................................................................................................................... 12 5.
语法的常见错误 ................................................................................................................... 14 5.1 关于冠词和单复数的语法错误 ......................................................................................... 14 5.2 词性使用错误 ..................................................................................................................... 16 5.3 谓语错误 ............................................................................................................................. 18 5.3.1 主谓不一致 .................................................................................................................. 18 5.3.2 时态 .............................................................................................................................. 19 5.3.3 情态动词+do . ............................................................................................................... 20 5.3.4 被动语态或者是主系表结构没有加be 动词 ............................................................ 20 5.3.5动词原形之前永远不能加be 动词（包括is, are等） ........................................... 20 5.3.6 不可能同时出现两个助动词，或者一个情态动词+一个助动词 ............................ 20 5.4 6
句子结构的常见问题 ................................................................................................... 21
附录 ....................................................................................................................................... 23 6.1 附录1 一些比较容易搞错的不可数名词 ....................................................................... 23
i. 前言
非母语学习者学习英文一定要注意语法。 因为他们是用眼睛学英文的，而不是用耳朵和嘴巴。
即便他们每天和native speakers交流，也很难短时间熟悉很多句子。
花1-2天学习语法的规则和概念，可以提高你们的改错能力，句子的写作能力。这是英文学习的基础。
很多同学会问，那么语法学习学到什么程度才算达标呢？ 下面是老顾所总结的语法学习的几个衡量标准。 1 懂得词性（譬如说动词介词等）和用法特点 2 懂得单词在句子之中充当的成分（譬如说主谓宾等） 3 懂得察觉语法错误或者句子错误。
一般来说，雅思如果有四大错误，就很难获得六分。 1 冠词和名词单复数错误
2 词性错误（譬如说介词当连词使用） 3 谓语错误 4 句子结构错误
ii.
本文档使用方法
1 在第一页的目录点击问题，就可以达到这个问题的页面，阅读相关解释
2 电脑按ctrl+F ， 在屏幕上出现的“查找”功能里，输入关键词，也可以去到整个文件里所有出现这些关键词的地方查阅相关解释。
1. 词性
1.1 主要词性的列表
1 名词 noun
包括可数(countable)和不可数 (uncountable)
2 代词pronoun
代词在作文中使用比较的灵活和多变，代词的选择错误也是常见问题 主格：代词做主语， 譬如说 I am a teacher 宾格：代词做宾语，譬如说My father talked to me .
形容词性物主代词：是代词充当定语，譬如说my job is to help students improve writing skills.
名词性物主代词：代词充当主语、宾语或者表语，一般是指代前面说过的某个名词，譬如说His car is expensive, and mine is cheap. （这里的mine 是my car的意思）
反身代词：充当主语和宾语，这个代词一般是和前面说过的一个名词或者代词是同一个人或者物体。He worked for himself . （himself 和he 是同一个人）
3 动名词 gerund
就是动词加上ing ， 用作名词
譬如说：I enjoy working as a teacher. (working就是个动名词)
4不定式 infinitive (to do or to do something) 不定式和动名词一样，也是类似于名词的东西
譬如说：I want to work as a teacher. (to work as a teacher就是不定式)
5 动词 verb,
包括及物(transitive verb)和不及物 (intransitive verb)
6 形容词 adjective
7 现在分词 present participle 现在分词可能是谓语的一部分
例：I am working from home now. （working 现在分词，表示进行时态） 也可能是类似于形容词的东西
例:：This company has many employees working from home. (working from home现在分词，充当定语)
8 过去分词 past participle 过去分词可能是谓语的一部分
例：I have done this task. （done 过去分词，表示完成时态） 也可能是类似于形容词的东西
例:：I have many books written in English. (written in English过去分词，充当定语)
9 介词（preposition ）和介宾短语
介词和冠词一样，称之为虚词，因为它独立不能够充当任何成分 一般介词后面加名词或者动名词，统称为介宾短语。
例： I am living in New Zealand. (in 是介词，不能够独立存在，要加上New Zealand, in New Zealand 整个称之为介宾短语)
10 数词 numerals
11 副词 adverb
12 冠词 the, a, an
一般和名词结合使用，冠词本身不充当成分
例子：I live in a small flat. （a 是冠词，不能独立存在，要加上名词flat ）
13 连词 conjunction
连词有两种，从属连词和并列连词 并列连词 and, or, but
从属连词 while, although, because, if, when, before, after
∙ 从属连词一定要连接独立的句子 While, because, although等
∙ 在没有连词的情况下，不能句子里有两个动词 The lack of money leads to people do not receive education 错误的原因：lead to和do not receive都是动词
正确的句子：people do not receive education because of the lack of money.
1 从属连词后面加从句，一定要有主句。
2 从属连词后面一定要加独立的句子，不能少成分。
1.2 非谓语动词 （不定式和动名词）
很多同学有时候看到不定式和动名词很长，不知道怎么运用。
去掉主语，谓语动词改成to do或者是doing, 后面保持不变，然后整个当作一个名词看。 譬如说：I studied science at university.
那么studying science at university 整个可以看作是一个动名词 Studying science at university was a great experience. （充当主语） 那么to study science at university 不定式也可以看作是一个名词 It is my decision to study science at university （充当主语）
用动名词和不定式做主语有什么区别吗
动名词一般强调一个事情，这个事情可能目前正在进行，或者是客观存在 而不定式是表示一个还没发生的事情。
Studying science at university was a great experience. （已经发生） It is my decision to study science at university （还没发生）
2. 句子成分
修饰的成分：状语、定语、同位语 必备的成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语
状语：修饰动词或者句子的东西 定语：修饰名词的东西，起限定的作用 补语：补充说明一个名词的语法成分
同位语：解释或者说明前面一个名词的东西(可能是名词、代词、同位语从句) Obama, president of the United States, visited China last month. President 是同位语
She likes eating fast food such as fries and hamburgers. Fries and hamburgers 是同位语
3. 单句
主语+及物动词+宾语 主语+不及物动词 主语+系+表
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 被动语态 There be句型
什么叫独立的句子（independent sentences）？ 就是去掉从句和修饰成分之后，还有一个独立的单句 被动语态
有及物动词作谓语的三个基本单句都可以改写成被动语态 主语+及物动词+宾语
The government should support children from poor homes. Children from poor homes should be supported by the government.
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
Schools require all students to obey school rules. All students are required to obey school rules.
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Some companies offer outstanding students scholarships. Outstanding students are offered scholarships. 被动语态
4. 从句
4.1 从句的分类
4.1.1状语从句
从句充当状语的功能 原因状语：because, since, as 时间状语：when, after, before
让步状语：although, even if, even though 条件状语：if, when, once, as long as
连词+从句
While 的两种用法： 1 对比
While the birth rate rose, the death rate dropped.
2 表示同时进行的两个事情
While I was out for a business trip, they finished this project.
4.1.2 名词性 从句
主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
第一种：以“that ”引导的名词性从句必定有个独立的句子 The population is growing older. (人口增加变老)
I believe that the population is growing older. （宾语从句） It is believed that the population is growing older. （主语从句）
The fact is that the population is growing older. （表语从句）
The demand for health care is increasing, due to the fact that the population is growing older. （同位语从句）
第二种：以“wh ”引导的名词性从句（what, why, how, when, where等）
4.1.3 定语从句
定语从句是从句充当定语的功能，类似于形容词。因此很多人叫定语从句叫形容词从句。
第一种：以关系代词who, that, whom, which引导
第二种：以关系副词why, where, when 引导
常见错误1：where, why和when 引导的定语从句，句子必须是完整独立的句子。 There are many foreign universities where provide good courses for international students.
错误的原因：where 引导的定语从句后面缺主语。
正确的句子：There are many foreign universities which provide good courses for international students.
常见错误2：定语从句修饰的名词如果是人，用who 或者that ，如果是物体，用which 或者that 引导
People which break laws will go to prison.
错误的原因：定语从句先行词是人的时候，不可以用which ，要用who 正确的句子：People who break laws will go to prison.
常见错误3：定语从句的谓语要完整（譬如说被动语态要出现be 动词） There was an increase in the percentage of people who employed by large companies.
错误的原因：People who were employed 定语从句的谓语动词不完整 正确的句子：There was an increase in the percentage of people who were employed by large companies.
常见错误3：定语从句的先行词放在从句可以还原成完整的句子。
By taking on part-time jobs, universities students can learn skills which cannot get at university.
错误的原因：先行词“skills ”充当从句“get ”的宾语，那么从句缺乏一个主语。 正确的句子：By taking on part-time jobs, universities students can learn skills which they cannot get at university.
常见错误4：非限制性定语从句，如果修饰的是名词，那么和这个名词保持主谓一致
例子：Innovations play an important role in many industries, such as music, which holds the key to social progress. 错误的原因：定语从句修饰的名词是Industries ， 是个复数
正确的句子：Innovations play an important role in many industries, such as music, which hold the key to social progress.
常见错误5：非限制性定语从句，如果是修饰一个句子，从句的谓语永远用单数， 改 affects
例子：Buying luxuries can cost a lot of money, which affect their living standards. 错误的原因：定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，因此应该动词用单数
正确的句子：Buying luxuries can cost a lot of money, which affects their living standards.
5. 语法的常见错误
5.1 关于冠词和单复数的语法错误
5.1.1 冠词使用的几种情况
确定冠词还有单复数主要是考虑3个要素
a. 指示代词this 要加名词单数，these, those要加可数名词复数 These knowledge is important to students.
错误的原因： knowledge不可数名词，不能和these 连用 正确的句子：this kind of knowledge is important to students.
b. 量词或者形容词a number of, few, a few, numerous, many等一般都不加不可数名词，而是加可数名词复数
Many scientific knowledge can be used in teaching students. 错误的原因： knowledge不可数名词，不和many 连用
正确的句子：Many materials about science can be used in teaching students.
Children from poor homes have few opportunity to receive education. 错误的原因： few 后面要加可数名词复数
正确的句子：Children from poor homes have few opportunities to receive education.
c. 量词或者形容词a large amount of, a large quantity of, little, a little, much等一般加不可数名词，不能加可数名词复数
d. 可数名词不裸奔，也就是要有冠词或者是复数 This policy has positive effect on companies. 错误的原因：effect 是可数名词
正确的句子：This policy has a positive effect on companies.
e. 不可数名词前面不加a 或者an
It is not easy to find a full-time employment.
错误的原因：Employment 不可数名词，不能加冠词a 正确的句子：It is not easy to find a full-time job.
f. 不可数名词没有复数
Some young people can receive trainings. 错误的原因：training 不可数
正确的句子：Some young people can receive training.
可数名词和不可数名词常见混淆看附录1
元音开头的形容词或者名词前面要用an ，而不是a News meda are a important influence on the public. 错误的原因：important 元音开头，应该是an
正确的句子：News media are an important influence on the public.
5.2 词性使用错误
a. 及物动词一定要有宾语
Machines enable to complete tasks efficiently. 错误的原因： Enable 是个及物动词，要有宾语.
正确的句子：Machines enable us to complete tasks efficiently.
b. 不及物动词不能够直接加名词作宾语
Many people disagree this idea.
错误的原因： Disagree 不及物动词，需要加介词 正确的句子：Many people disagree with this idea.
c. 不及物动词和系动词没有被动语态
People can find good jobs when they are graduated.
错误的原因：”are graduated” 改成graduate, 不及物动词没有被动语态 正确的句子：People can find good jobs when they graduate.
d. 介词不能加动词
Library users have access to use computers and videos as educational resources. 错误的原因：”access to”的to 是介词，不能加动词“use ”，去掉这个动词 正确的句子：Library users have access to computers and videos as educational resources.
e. 介词不能加句子
Men prefer to talk about advance career.
错误的原因：About 是介词，后面不能加动词或者句子，而advance 是动词 正确的句子：Men prefer to talk about career advancement.
f. 介词不能加副词
g. 形容词不能修饰句子、动词和形容词 Well-educated people can settle conflicts easier.
错误的原因： easy 是形容词，不能修饰句子或者动词，改成easily 正确的句子：Some technologies can be used daily.
h. 副词一般不作表语
例：Communication has become more easily.
错误的原因： 副词一般不能作表语，因为表语是修饰主语的，而形容词修饰名词 正确的句子：Communication has become easier.
i. 副词不是连词
5.3 谓语错误
5.3.1 主谓不一致
a. 不可数名词和可数名词的单数做主语， 谓语动词都是单数
例子It is common knowledge that fast food normally contain high fat. 错误的原因： Fast food不可数名词， 后面的动词contain 用单数
正确的句子：It is common knowledge that fast food normally contains high fat.
b. 动名词做主语，谓语动词是单数
Shopping on the Internet provide many choices for sellers and buyers. 错误的原因：“shopping ”动名词做主语，谓语动词应该用单数“provides ”
正确的句子：Shopping on the Internet provides many choices for sellers and buyers.
c. 可数名词的复数，谓语动词就是复数
news media becomes more important than before. 错误的原因：media 一般是复数，谓语动词要用复数
正确的句子：news media have become more important than before.
5.3.2 时态
红色是常用的几种时态，掌握这些时态基本上应付雅思作文和口语已经足够了
The old building has been demolished.
Many children are obese. 滥用过去时
Pollution became a serious problem.
错误的原因：如果用became （过去时），意味着环境问题过去是个问题，暗示现在不是了。
正确的句子：Pollution has become a serious problem.
一般出现recently, in recent years, over the past decades等提示词的，要用现在完成时态
Recently, many people are interested in spending enormously on special occasions.
错误的原因：Recently 的句子用完成时态比较多
正确的句子：Recently, many people have been interested in spending enormously on special occasions.
5.3.3 情态动词+do
Can, may, should, must, will, would, might, may, could+ do
例子Reading will possibly broadening horizons. 错误的原因：broadening 是分词，变成broaden
正确的句子：Reading will possibly broaden readers’ horizons.
5.3.4 被动语态或者是主系表结构没有加be 动词
例子：Children can interested in reading if they develop this habit from a young age.
错误的原因：主句是主系表结构，缺乏系动词
正确的句子：children can be interested in reading if they develop this habit from a young age.
5.3.5动词原形之前永远不能加be 动词（包括is, are等）
例子 cultures are differ from country to country 错误的原因：“be+动词原形” 永远是错的，将are 去掉
正确的句子：cultures differ from country to country.
5.3.6 不可能同时出现两个助动词，或者一个情态动词+一个助动词 例子The shortage of water is cannot attract worldwide attention. 错误的原因：is 是进行时态的助动词，而can 是另外一个助动词 正确的句子：The shortage of water is attracting worldwide attention.
5.4
句子结构的常见问题 英文两个独立的句子（independent sentences），是不能用逗号连接的，逗号不是连词，可以用分号或者句号连接。
副词（therefore, thus, however）或者是连接的表达（as a consequence, as a result, because of this, in addition, for example, in contrast）等都不是连词
Children from poor families cannot receive education, therefore, they are more likely to violate the law.
错误的原因：therefore 是副词，不是连词，需要前面加上句号或者是分号，或者改成连词so
正确的句子：Children from poor families cannot receive education; therefore, they are more likely to violate the law. 正确的句子：Children from poor families cannot receive education, so they are more likely to violate the law.
从属连词while, because, as,一定要连接两个完整的句子，不能够只是连接一个句子。 Young people are more willing to adopt advanced technology. Because they want to find jobs in the hi-tech industry.
错误的原因：because 是连词，一定要连接两个句子。 正确的句子：Young people are more willing to adopt advanced technology, because they want to find jobs in the hi-tech industry.
介词（because of， due to, despite, in spite of, of等）不是连词
The proportion of people who went to the cinema decreased.
The proportion of people decreased.
The proportion of people going to the cinema decreased.
句子一般不可能连续出现两个动词，在没有连词或者是从句的情况下
There was a river crossed the area from north to south.
错误的原因：一个句子两个动词was, crossed。要么“which crossed”，要么就是“crossing ”
正确的句子：There was a river which crossed the area from north to south.
This causes global temperatures rise.
错误的原因：一个句子两个动词cause 和rise. 要说“to rise”不定式充当补语
正确的句子：This causes global temperatures to rise.
除了句号和分号外，用连词and 或者是从属连词because, if等去连接也是正常的方法。
有时候，会用定语从句联系两个句子。
This is particulary the case for younger generation, they may lose confidence in the future life. 错误的原因：两个独立的句子没有连词，They 改成who ，变成定语从句
正确的句子：This is particulary the case for younger generation, who may lose confidence in the future life.
状语从句主句和从句都必须是独立的句子
When come to school age, most children spend most of the day in their school with their teachers and classmates.
错误的原因：when 后面要跟完整的句子，when they start school
正确的句子：When they start school, most children spend most of the day at school with their teachers and classmates.
6 附录
6.1 附录1 一些比较容易搞错的不可数名词
1. Employment 不可数 find employment 对应： employment opportunities
2. Work 表示“工作”的时候不可数，find work 对应： job 可数名词
3. Information 不可数， search for information 对应：figures 可数名词
4. Equipment 不可数， electrical equipment 对应：facilities 可数名词
5. Research 不可数， scientific research
6. Capital 不可数，foreign capital
对应： funds 可数名词
7. Knowledge 不可数，acquire knowledge
8. Architecture 不可数， classical architecture 对应： buildings 可数名词
9. Pollution 不可数，air pollution
对应：pollutants 可数名词
10. Software 不可数，word-processing software 对应：software packages
11. Aid 不可数， financial aid
12. News不可数, breaking news
对应： news stories
13. training不可数, staff training
对应：courses
14. travel不可数, air travel
对应：trips
15. Advice不可数, practical advice 对应：ideas
16. Waste不可数, toxic waste
对应：Landfills
17. Progress不可数, social progress 对应：advances
18. Labour不可数, manual labour 对应：workers
19. Access不可数, internet access
20. Transport不可数, means of transport 21 workforce 不可数
对应： workers
22 Advertising 不可数
对应：advertisements, or commercials 23 Well-being不可数