初中英语语法：被动语态
概念：英语有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者或发出者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。
构成：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成；
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成 被动语态的否定式是在助动词后加否定词not ；而疑问式是将助动词移到主语前面即可 Stamps can be used for sending letters. 邮票能用来寄信。
He was asked to go to the meeting immediately. 他被要求立刻去参加这个会议。
This kind of bike is not made in Tianjin. 这种自行车不是天津制造的。
Is this kind of bike make in Tianjin? 这种自行车是在天津制造的吗？
用法1. 当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁或没有必要知道时，常用被动语态。
These desks are made of wood. 这些桌子是由木头做成的。
2. 当需要强调动作的承受者时，常用被动语态。
Dictionaries can’t be used in the English exam. 词典不能在英语测试中使用。
3. 为了使语气婉转、避免提到自己或对方、或由于修饰的需要而使用被动语态。
The homework must be handed in next Monday. 作业必须下周一交上。
被动语态的转换步骤：当主动语态变为被动语态时，通常要经过四步：
1. 先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其谓语动词。
2. 把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变成被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词时，应把宾格
变为主格
3. 把主动句中的谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。
4. 把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by 的宾语（没必要说出动作的执
行者时可略去“by+宾语”），若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变成宾格。
我们每天打扫教室。
教室每天都由我们打扫。
主动语态变被动语态应注意：1. 时态要一致。
I wrote a letter to my pen pal yesterday. (一般过去时)
A letter was written to my pen pal yesterday (by me).
2. 含双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动结构变为被动结构时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变；如果将主动结构的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，这时一般要加个介词to 或for 。My parents gave me a watch.
His father bought him a computer last week.
3. 在主动语态中，使役动词如make ，let ，have 或感官动词如hear ，watch ，see 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态里必须带to 。
My parents often made me babysit my little sister .
I was often made to babysit my little sister by my parents.
4. 如果主动语态中含有动词短语变被动语态时，不可丢掉短语末尾的介词或副词。
(一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。)
You can look up this word in the dictionary.This word can be looked up in the dictionary.
5. 如果主动语态中含有复合宾语变被动语态时，常把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语 （这时宾语补足语也变为了主语补足语了）
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. Our classroom must be kept clean and tidy 含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it 来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。
They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。
It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。
We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。
提示：带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。
We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。
He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。
Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。
I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。 无被动语态的情况
1. 反身代词、相互代词作宾语。
The man taught himself history well. 这个男人自学历史很成功。
2. 谓语动词表存在、所有等，如happen ，take place，belong to，suit ，fit ，have ，last （持续），cost （花费），break out（爆发），appear ，hold （容纳），agree with（同意）
Many changes have taken place in the town.这个城镇发生了很多变化。
3. 主动形式表被动含义
1）谓语动词是连系动词如sound ，taste ，smell ，feel ，look 等，而且主语是物时，用主动形式表被动形式。The medicine tastes bitter.这药味道苦。
2）一些不及物动词用主动形式表被动含义，如：open ，close ，shut ，read ，sell ，wear ，cook ，eat ，write ，drink ，pay ，draw 等。These mobile phones sell well.这些手机销路很好。
3）在“某物需要（need ，require ）+动名词”结构中，主动形式表被动含义。
The flowers needs watching.=The flowers needs to be watered.
4）“be worth+动名词”结构，用主动形式表被动含义。
The movie is worth seeing.=The movie is worthy of being seen.=The movie is worthy to be seen. 这部电影值得看。
被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed 形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
A. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构） The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）
注意：少数“连系动词be + 用作表语的动词-ed 形式”也带by 短语。
The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）
B. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。
The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）
The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
C. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much 修饰。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构）
He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
D. be + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。
Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。The honoured guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。 E. 表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。
F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。
G. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。
The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构）
The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.English ______ (speak) by a large number of people in the world.
2.Tea _______ (grow) in the southeast of China.
3.Yesterday he _______(told) to finish the work by eleven.
4.Such plants must _______(water) three times a day.
5.Look, a new bridge _______(build).
6.Ten English songs _______(teach) to us by our teacher so far.
7.Do you know when the trees on the hill ________(plant)?
8.He is made ________(do)a lot of homework every day.
9.Bicycles of this kind ________(sell) well.
10.An American film ________(show) on TV next Saturday evening.
11.The bag _________(take) away by a woman just now.
12.A lot of rivers __________(pollute) in the last few years.
13.The students were made _________(clean) the classroom after class.
14.Can the word ________(look up) in the dictionary?
15.The floor ________(sweep) by my mother now.
16.The article ________(translate) into English by Sally yesterday.
17.The book ________(not write) by Lu Xun.
18.Tom should ________(allow) to play soccer after school.
19.We _______(tell) to close the windows before we left the lab.
20.A bicycle _______(buy) for her by her father yesterday.
21.Who _______ potato chips ________(invent) by?
22.He won’t go to bed until his homework _______.(finish)
23.The Olympic Games ________(hold) every four years.
24.Betty is often seen _______ (help) the old man with his housework.
25.The pen _______(wirte) well.
26.The fish ________(taste) good.
27.The accident ________(happened) at 3 o’clock.
将下列各句改为被动句
1.A young man caught the thief. The thief ______ ______ by a young man.
2.Many people don’t do it like this in China.
It ______ _______ like this by many people in China.
3.Did your sister leave her homework at home yesterday?
______ your sister’s homework _______ at home yesterday?
4.Many classmates often laugh at me.I _______ often _______ at by my classmates.
5.We can plant the trees on the hill.The trees _______ ________ on the hill.
6.They grow rice in South China.Rice ______ _______ in South China.
7.The teacher showed us a map of the world in class.
We ______ _______ a map of the world in class.
8.The students are cleaning the classmroom now.
The classroom ______ _______ _______ now.
9.Jim has worked out the math problems.
The math problems ______ _______ ______ _______ by Jim.
10.Everyone must keep the room clean.
The room _______ ________ _______ clean.
11.We will cover the desk with a red cloth.
The desk ________ ________ _______ with a red cloth.
12. I can’t find my book. My book ______ _______ _______.
13.We can take good care of the children.
The children can ______ _______ _______ ______ ________.
改为主动语态
14.Music is loved by everyone.Everyone ________ music.
15.A letter was sent to you last month by our teacher.
Our teacher _______ a letter to you last month.
16.The window was broken by Mike this morning.
______ _______ this window this morning.
17.The light was turned off by someone.
Someone ______ ______ the light.
18.She is often heard to sing English songs by me.
I often ______ ______ _______ English songs.
初中英语语法：被动语态
概念：英语有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者或发出者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。
构成：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成；
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成 被动语态的否定式是在助动词后加否定词not ；而疑问式是将助动词移到主语前面即可 Stamps can be used for sending letters. 邮票能用来寄信。
He was asked to go to the meeting immediately. 他被要求立刻去参加这个会议。
This kind of bike is not made in Tianjin. 这种自行车不是天津制造的。
Is this kind of bike make in Tianjin? 这种自行车是在天津制造的吗？
用法1. 当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁或没有必要知道时，常用被动语态。
These desks are made of wood. 这些桌子是由木头做成的。
2. 当需要强调动作的承受者时，常用被动语态。
Dictionaries can’t be used in the English exam. 词典不能在英语测试中使用。
3. 为了使语气婉转、避免提到自己或对方、或由于修饰的需要而使用被动语态。
The homework must be handed in next Monday. 作业必须下周一交上。
被动语态的转换步骤：当主动语态变为被动语态时，通常要经过四步：
1. 先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其谓语动词。
2. 把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变成被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词时，应把宾格
变为主格
3. 把主动句中的谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。
4. 把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by 的宾语（没必要说出动作的执
行者时可略去“by+宾语”），若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变成宾格。
我们每天打扫教室。
教室每天都由我们打扫。
主动语态变被动语态应注意：1. 时态要一致。
I wrote a letter to my pen pal yesterday. (一般过去时)
A letter was written to my pen pal yesterday (by me).
2. 含双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动结构变为被动结构时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变；如果将主动结构的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，这时一般要加个介词to 或for 。My parents gave me a watch.
His father bought him a computer last week.
3. 在主动语态中，使役动词如make ，let ，have 或感官动词如hear ，watch ，see 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态里必须带to 。
My parents often made me babysit my little sister .
I was often made to babysit my little sister by my parents.
4. 如果主动语态中含有动词短语变被动语态时，不可丢掉短语末尾的介词或副词。
(一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。)
You can look up this word in the dictionary.This word can be looked up in the dictionary.
5. 如果主动语态中含有复合宾语变被动语态时，常把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语 （这时宾语补足语也变为了主语补足语了）
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. Our classroom must be kept clean and tidy 含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it 来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。
They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。
It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。
We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。
提示：带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。
We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。
He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。
Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。
I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。 无被动语态的情况
1. 反身代词、相互代词作宾语。
The man taught himself history well. 这个男人自学历史很成功。
2. 谓语动词表存在、所有等，如happen ，take place，belong to，suit ，fit ，have ，last （持续），cost （花费），break out（爆发），appear ，hold （容纳），agree with（同意）
Many changes have taken place in the town.这个城镇发生了很多变化。
3. 主动形式表被动含义
1）谓语动词是连系动词如sound ，taste ，smell ，feel ，look 等，而且主语是物时，用主动形式表被动形式。The medicine tastes bitter.这药味道苦。
2）一些不及物动词用主动形式表被动含义，如：open ，close ，shut ，read ，sell ，wear ，cook ，eat ，write ，drink ，pay ，draw 等。These mobile phones sell well.这些手机销路很好。
3）在“某物需要（need ，require ）+动名词”结构中，主动形式表被动含义。
The flowers needs watching.=The flowers needs to be watered.
4）“be worth+动名词”结构，用主动形式表被动含义。
The movie is worth seeing.=The movie is worthy of being seen.=The movie is worthy to be seen. 这部电影值得看。
被动语态与系表结构
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed 形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
A. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构） The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）
注意：少数“连系动词be + 用作表语的动词-ed 形式”也带by 短语。
The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）
B. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。
The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）
The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
C. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much 修饰。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构）
He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
D. be + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。
Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。The honoured guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。 E. 表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。
F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。
G. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。
The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构）
The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.English ______ (speak) by a large number of people in the world.
2.Tea _______ (grow) in the southeast of China.
3.Yesterday he _______(told) to finish the work by eleven.
4.Such plants must _______(water) three times a day.
5.Look, a new bridge _______(build).
6.Ten English songs _______(teach) to us by our teacher so far.
7.Do you know when the trees on the hill ________(plant)?
8.He is made ________(do)a lot of homework every day.
9.Bicycles of this kind ________(sell) well.
10.An American film ________(show) on TV next Saturday evening.
11.The bag _________(take) away by a woman just now.
12.A lot of rivers __________(pollute) in the last few years.
13.The students were made _________(clean) the classroom after class.
14.Can the word ________(look up) in the dictionary?
15.The floor ________(sweep) by my mother now.
16.The article ________(translate) into English by Sally yesterday.
17.The book ________(not write) by Lu Xun.
18.Tom should ________(allow) to play soccer after school.
19.We _______(tell) to close the windows before we left the lab.
20.A bicycle _______(buy) for her by her father yesterday.
21.Who _______ potato chips ________(invent) by?
22.He won’t go to bed until his homework _______.(finish)
23.The Olympic Games ________(hold) every four years.
24.Betty is often seen _______ (help) the old man with his housework.
25.The pen _______(wirte) well.
26.The fish ________(taste) good.
27.The accident ________(happened) at 3 o’clock.
将下列各句改为被动句
1.A young man caught the thief. The thief ______ ______ by a young man.
2.Many people don’t do it like this in China.
It ______ _______ like this by many people in China.
3.Did your sister leave her homework at home yesterday?
______ your sister’s homework _______ at home yesterday?
4.Many classmates often laugh at me.I _______ often _______ at by my classmates.
5.We can plant the trees on the hill.The trees _______ ________ on the hill.
6.They grow rice in South China.Rice ______ _______ in South China.
7.The teacher showed us a map of the world in class.
We ______ _______ a map of the world in class.
8.The students are cleaning the classmroom now.
The classroom ______ _______ _______ now.
9.Jim has worked out the math problems.
The math problems ______ _______ ______ _______ by Jim.
10.Everyone must keep the room clean.
The room _______ ________ _______ clean.
11.We will cover the desk with a red cloth.
The desk ________ ________ _______ with a red cloth.
12. I can’t find my book. My book ______ _______ _______.
13.We can take good care of the children.
The children can ______ _______ _______ ______ ________.
改为主动语态
14.Music is loved by everyone.Everyone ________ music.
15.A letter was sent to you last month by our teacher.
Our teacher _______ a letter to you last month.
16.The window was broken by Mike this morning.
______ _______ this window this morning.
17.The light was turned off by someone.
Someone ______ ______ the light.
18.She is often heard to sing English songs by me.
I often ______ ______ _______ English songs.